{ "id": "LB-en-a-article-029", "slug": "a-indefinite-article", "title": { "en": "A / AN · Indefinite Article", "zh-Hans": "A / AN · Indefinite Article" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "a", "pronunciation": "not recorded", "part_of_speech": "indefinite article · 不定冠词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "一个／一", "pronunciation": "yí ge / yī" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-a-indefinite-article-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "a", "pronunciation": "a /ə, eɪ/; an /ən, æn/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "不定冠词；依语境译“一＋量词”或不显译", "pronunciation": "Not applicable: grammatical function / construction, not a single Chinese word" }, "gloss": { "en": "the indefinite article used before a nonspecific singular count noun", "zh-Hans": "用于非特指单数可数名词前的不定冠词" }, "meaning": { "en": "Featured Mapping: Pending。English indefinite article a/an；a + singular count noun ↔ 一 + classifier + noun仅为适用构式中的Structural-Semantic comparison，不是逐词等价。historical ONE ↔ 一 yī只属于历史数词层。Consonant-group expansion: Not applicable。", "zh-Hans": "Featured Mapping: Pending。English indefinite article a/an；a + singular count noun ↔ 一 + classifier + noun仅为适用构式中的Structural-Semantic comparison，不是逐词等价。historical ONE ↔ 一 yī只属于历史数词层。Consonant-group expansion: Not applicable。" }, "mapping_type": "Grammatical function; contextual translation, not lexical equivalence", "rationale": { "en": "Numeral, classifier and indefiniteness remain separate. a teacher → 老师：可以不出现“一”。 三个人 / 这个人都有量词“个”，不能推出“个”等于a。 Numeral、classifier、indefiniteness分别处理；不声称两种语言具有相同语法化年表。", "zh-Hans": "Numeral, classifier and indefiniteness remain separate. a teacher → 老师：可以不出现“一”。 三个人 / 这个人都有量词“个”，不能推出“个”等于a。 Numeral、classifier、indefiniteness分别处理；不声称两种语言具有相同语法化年表。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "English a is the reduced form of an, historically from Old English ān ‘one’. This Germanic history does not establish a relation to Chinese 甲 or Cantonese forms.", "zh-Hans": "英语 a 是 an 的弱化形式，历史上来自古英语 ān“一”；该日耳曼词史不建立它与汉字“甲”或粤语形式的关系。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "English a is the reduced form of an, historically from Old English ān ‘one’. This Germanic history does not establish a relation to Chinese 甲 or Cantonese forms.", "zh-Hans": "英语 a 是 an 的弱化形式，历史上来自古英语 ān“一”；该日耳曼词史不建立它与汉字“甲”或粤语形式的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Rejected", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Rejected / Raw Research: 甲 jiǎ, Cantonese gaap3, has no supported ONE/indefinite-article mapping. The legacy gaa3 reading is unverified; exact original locality/audio Pending.", "zh-Hans": "Rejected / Raw Research: 甲 jiǎ, Cantonese gaap3, has no supported ONE/indefinite-article mapping. The legacy gaa3 reading is unverified; exact original locality/audio Pending." }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "Rejected / Raw Research: 甲 jiǎ, Cantonese gaap3, has no supported ONE/indefinite-article mapping. The legacy gaa3 reading is unverified; exact original locality/audio Pending.", "zh-Hans": "Rejected / Raw Research: 甲 jiǎ, Cantonese gaap3, has no supported ONE/indefinite-article mapping. The legacy gaa3 reading is unverified; exact original locality/audio Pending." }, "status": "Rejected", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "ONE → AN INDEFINITE SINGLE MEMBER explains the grammatical development from numeral to article.", "zh-Hans": "ONE → 一个非特指单体，解释了数词向冠词的语法发展。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "ONE → AN INDEFINITE SINGLE MEMBER explains the grammatical development from numeral to article.", "zh-Hans": "ONE → 一个非特指单体，解释了数词向冠词的语法发展。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "本词法记录与已发表的文学记录 AT／在／爱分开；查询 a 指向此条，at 保持不变。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "本词法记录与已发表的文学记录 AT／在／爱分开；查询 a 指向此条，at 保持不变。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "Rejected / Raw Research: 甲 jiǎ, Cantonese gaap3, has no supported ONE/indefinite-article mapping. The legacy gaa3 reading is unverified; exact original locality/audio Pending.", "zh-Hans": "Rejected / Raw Research: 甲 jiǎ, Cantonese gaap3, has no supported ONE/indefinite-article mapping. The legacy gaa3 reading is unverified; exact original locality/audio Pending." }, "status": "Rejected / Raw Research", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "NUMERAL ONE", "CLASSIFIER", "INDEFINITENESS" ], "relation": "Grammatical/structural comparison; not lexical equivalence", "status": "Reviewed comparison; Featured Pending" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "an", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical allomorph", "family": "Old English ān", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] }, { "word": "one", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical family", "family": "Old English ān", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] }, { "word": "甲 gaap3", "language": "Cantonese/Chinese", "relationship_type": "Rejected author comparison; retained provenance", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Rejected / Raw Research: 甲 jiǎ, Cantonese gaap3, has no supported ONE/indefinite-article mapping. The legacy gaa3 reading is unverified; exact original locality/audio Pending.", "zh-Hans": "Rejected / Raw Research: 甲 jiǎ, Cantonese gaap3, has no supported ONE/indefinite-article mapping. The legacy gaa3 reading is unverified; exact original locality/audio Pending." }, "status": "Rejected / Raw Research", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "relation": "ONE → AN INDEFINITE SINGLE MEMBER explains the grammatical development from numeral to article.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Rejected / Raw Research: 甲 jiǎ, Cantonese gaap3, has no supported ONE/indefinite-article mapping. The legacy gaa3 reading is unverified; exact original locality/audio Pending.", "zh-Hans": "Rejected / Raw Research: 甲 jiǎ, Cantonese gaap3, has no supported ONE/indefinite-article mapping. The legacy gaa3 reading is unverified; exact original locality/audio Pending." }, "status": "Rejected / Raw Research", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "a", "一个／一" ], "counterexamples": [ "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "statement": { "en": "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "本词法记录与已发表的文学记录 AT／在／爱分开；查询 a 指向此条，at 保持不变。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] }, "a teacher → 老师：可以不出现“一”。", "三个人 / 这个人都有量词“个”，不能推出“个”等于a。", "Numeral、classifier、indefiniteness分别处理；不声称两种语言具有相同语法化年表。" ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Preserved from legacy note", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "ONE → AN INDEFINITE SINGLE MEMBER explains the grammatical development from numeral to article.", "zh-Hans": "ONE → 一个非特指单体，解释了数词向冠词的语法发展。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The legacy image may be developed as literature or mnemonic, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "旧站意象可作为文学或记忆法展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: a，甲 jia。粤语一为甲与英语类似", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e3%80%82%e7%94%b2jia%e3%80%82%e7%b2%a4%e8%af%ad%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%ba%e7%94%b2%e4%b8%8e%e8%8b%b1%e8%aa%9e%e7%b1%bb%e4%bc%bc/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-A", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: a", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "TCA-E1", "title": "Merriam-Webster a, indefinite article section", "type": "Approved Discovery source; access status scoped", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a", "path": null, "provenance": "Direct dictionary entry; homonyms excluded" }, { "reference_id": "TCA-E2", "title": "American Heritage an¹, Word History", "type": "Approved Discovery source; access status scoped", "url": "https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=an", "path": null, "provenance": "Direct dictionary account; precise first attestation not established" }, { "reference_id": "TCA-E3", "title": "Oxford a/an pronunciation and usage", "type": "Approved Discovery source; access status scoped", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/a_1", "path": null, "provenance": "Direct modern IPA and usage" }, { "reference_id": "TCA-C1", "title": "汉典 一：基本/详细解释及音韵方言", "type": "Approved Discovery source; access status scoped", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/一", "path": null, "provenance": "Online entry; not a verified Mainland print edition" }, { "reference_id": "TCA-C2", "title": "汉典 个：gè量词义", "type": "Approved Discovery source; access status scoped", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/个", "path": null, "provenance": "Online entry and mediated old quotations; print original Pending" }, { "reference_id": "TCA-C3", "title": "汉典 甲：义项及广东话gaap3", "type": "Approved Discovery source; access status scoped", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/甲", "path": null, "provenance": "Online reading; exact Mainland dialect dictionary page Pending" }, { "reference_id": "TCA-C4", "title": "汉典 某：mǒu代词义", "type": "Approved Discovery source; access status scoped", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/某", "path": null, "provenance": "Online basic/detailed section only" }, { "reference_id": "TCA-C5", "title": "汉典 啊：a语气助词义", "type": "Approved Discovery source; access status scoped", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/啊", "path": null, "provenance": "Online detailed section only" }, { "reference_id": "TCA-C6", "title": "汉典 安：ān安定义", "type": "Approved Discovery source; access status scoped", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/安", "path": null, "provenance": "Online basic/detailed section only" }, { "reference_id": "TCA-P1", "title": "王珲、吴义诚《数词与定指：以数词“一”为例》，外国语文2024(3):55–64", "type": "Approved Discovery source; access status scoped", "url": "https://xb.sisu.edu.cn/docs/2024-06/74381e9491924e30ac9292d454d896d3.pdf", "path": null, "provenance": "Publisher indexed first page/abstract read; direct full PDF retriever timed out. Author argument, not universal consensus." }, { "reference_id": "TCA-P2", "title": "Indefinite determiner introducing definite referent: a special use of yi one + classifier in Chinese, Lingua113(12),1169–1184", "type": "Approved Discovery source; access status scoped", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024384102001638", "path": null, "provenance": "Publisher abstract read; full paper not inspected; supplementary international research" }, { "reference_id": "TCA-P3", "title": "大陆高校托管《外国语》2024,47(1)论文片段：冠词功能与独立词类之区分", "type": "Approved Discovery source; access status scoped", "url": "https://wgyxy.hznu.edu.cn/upload/resources/file/2024/05/21/7831668.pdf", "path": null, "provenance": "Search-index excerpt only; direct PDF404. Bibliographic identity/full argument Pending; counterevidence lead only" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Legacy Website Import Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Reviewed; priority 89.2/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Reviewed；优先分 89.2/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "本词法记录与已发表的文学记录 AT／在／爱分开；查询 a 指向此条，at 保持不变。" }, { "en": "Featured Mapping: Pending。English indefinite article a/an；a + singular count noun ↔ 一 + classifier + noun仅为适用构式中的Structural-Semantic comparison，不是逐词等价。historical ONE ↔ 一 yī只属于历史数词层。Consonant-group expansion: Not applicable。 Rejected / Raw Research: 甲 jiǎ, Cantonese gaap3, has no supported ONE/indefinite-article mapping. The legacy gaa3 reading is unverified; exact original locality/audio Pending.", "zh-Hans": "Featured Mapping: Pending。English indefinite article a/an；a + singular count noun ↔ 一 + classifier + noun仅为适用构式中的Structural-Semantic comparison，不是逐词等价。historical ONE ↔ 一 yī只属于历史数词层。Consonant-group expansion: Not applicable。 Rejected / Raw Research: 甲 jiǎ, Cantonese gaap3, has no supported ONE/indefinite-article mapping. The legacy gaa3 reading is unverified; exact original locality/audio Pending." } ], "search_terms": [ "a", "an", "indefinite article", "article", "一个", "一", "不定冠词", "甲", "one" ], "page": "words/a-indefinite-article.html", "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e3%80%82%e7%94%b2jia%e3%80%82%e7%b2%a4%e8%af%ad%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%ba%e7%94%b2%e4%b8%8e%e8%8b%b1%e8%aa%9e%e7%b1%bb%e4%bc%bc/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Legacy title/body excerpt retained; punctuation normalized only where needed for readability.", "raw_note": "a，一个。甲 jia。粤语一为甲，与英语类似。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 6, "disposition": "Reviewed", "priority_score": 89.2 }, "standard_function": { "source": "a/an", "function": "English indefinite article", "boundary": { "en": "Featured Mapping: Pending。English indefinite article a/an；a + singular count noun ↔ 一 + classifier + noun仅为适用构式中的Structural-Semantic comparison，不是逐词等价。historical ONE ↔ 一 yī只属于历史数词层。Consonant-group expansion: Not applicable。", "zh-Hans": "Featured Mapping: Pending。English indefinite article a/an；a + singular count noun ↔ 一 + classifier + noun仅为适用构式中的Structural-Semantic comparison，不是逐词等价。historical ONE ↔ 一 yī只属于历史数词层。Consonant-group expansion: Not applicable。" } }, "standard_translation": { "source": "a/an", "target": "不定冠词；依语境译“一＋量词”或不显译", "status": "Supported", "is_featured_mapping": false, "source_refs": [ "TCA-E1", "TCA-E3" ] }, "modern_standard_semantic_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-a-indefinite-article-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "a", "pronunciation": "a /ə, eɪ/; an /ən, æn/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "不定冠词；依语境译“一＋量词”或不显译", "pronunciation": "Not applicable: grammatical function / construction, not a single Chinese word" }, "gloss": { "en": "the indefinite article used before a nonspecific singular count noun", "zh-Hans": "用于非特指单数可数名词前的不定冠词" }, "meaning": { "en": "Featured Mapping: Pending。English indefinite article a/an；a + singular count noun ↔ 一 + classifier + noun仅为适用构式中的Structural-Semantic comparison，不是逐词等价。historical ONE ↔ 一 yī只属于历史数词层。Consonant-group expansion: Not applicable。", "zh-Hans": "Featured Mapping: Pending。English indefinite article a/an；a + singular count noun ↔ 一 + classifier + noun仅为适用构式中的Structural-Semantic comparison，不是逐词等价。historical ONE ↔ 一 yī只属于历史数词层。Consonant-group expansion: Not applicable。" }, "mapping_type": "Grammatical function; contextual translation, not lexical equivalence", "rationale": { "en": "Numeral, classifier and indefiniteness remain separate. a teacher → 老师：可以不出现“一”。 三个人 / 这个人都有量词“个”，不能推出“个”等于a。 Numeral、classifier、indefiniteness分别处理；不声称两种语言具有相同语法化年表。", "zh-Hans": "Numeral, classifier and indefiniteness remain separate. a teacher → 老师：可以不出现“一”。 三个人 / 这个人都有量词“个”，不能推出“个”等于a。 Numeral、classifier、indefiniteness分别处理；不声称两种语言具有相同语法化年表。" } }, "featured_mapping_status": "Pending", "publication_status": "Published", "diachronic_semantic_mapping": { "model_version": "0.1", "historical_stages": [ { "stage_id": "A1", "form": "ān", "variants": [], "unit_kind": "lemma", "language": { "name": "Old English", "code": null }, "period": { "label": "约450–1100年语言层；非该词首次见证年", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "language_period", "source_refs": [ "TCA-E1", "TCA-E2" ] }, "attestation_status": "attested", "meaning": { "gloss": "ONE：数词一", "pos": null, "constraints": [] }, "pronunciations": [], "relations": [], "source_refs": [ "TCA-E1", "TCA-E2" ], "evidence_status": "mediated", "mapping_selection": "selected", "selection_note": "语法化的来源基础; Historical IPA not independently verified; keep source spelling ān" }, { "stage_id": "A2", "form": "an / a", "variants": [], "unit_kind": "lemma", "language": { "name": "Middle English", "code": null }, "period": { "label": "约1100–1500；AHD描述early Middle English；精确起点Pending", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "language_period", "source_refs": [ "TCA-E2" ] }, "attestation_status": "attested", "meaning": { "gloss": "不定限定功能；与数词用法分化", "pos": null, "constraints": [] }, "pronunciations": [], "relations": [ { "from_stage_ref": "A1", "relation_type": "derivation", "semantic_operation": { "type": "sense_extension", "description": "Numeral to indefinite function with weak pronunciation; exact first year Pending.", "status": "supported" }, "status": "supported", "source_refs": [ "TCA-E2" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "TCA-E2" ], "evidence_status": "mediated", "mapping_selection": "not_selected", "selection_note": "弱读、元音弱化及辅音前n脱落；不是只按字母分配; Full historical IPA Pending; no modern IPA back-projection" }, { "stage_id": "A3", "form": "a / an", "variants": [], "unit_kind": "lemma", "language": { "name": "Modern English", "code": null }, "period": { "label": "约1500年至今；本轮比较当代标准用法", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "language_period", "source_refs": [ "TCA-E1", "TCA-E3" ] }, "attestation_status": "attested", "meaning": { "gloss": "引入不定个体、类别成员等；不局限于听者/说者均未知", "pos": null, "constraints": [] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "PR-A3", "value": "a /ə/, strong /eɪ/; an /ən/, strong /æn/", "notation": "IPA", "phonological_layer": "Modern English", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern English", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "TCA-E3" ] } ], "relations": [ { "from_stage_ref": "A2", "relation_type": "sense_continuation", "semantic_operation": { "type": "sense_continuation", "description": "Modern a/an coexist as conditioned allomorphs; not an→a replacement of all uses.", "status": "supported" }, "status": "supported", "source_refs": [ "TCA-E2", "TCA-E3" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "TCA-E1", "TCA-E3" ], "evidence_status": "mediated", "mapping_selection": "selected", "selection_note": "共时异形a/an及强弱式，不是两个依次替代的阶段; a /ə/, strong /eɪ/; an /ən/, strong /æn/" } ], "mappings": [ { "stage_mapping_id": "SM-A1", "stage_ref": "A1", "selection_reasons": [ "explanatory_value" ], "freeze": { "version": "0.1", "meaning_note": "ONE：数词一", "excluded_senses": [ "No transfer of a different stage’s meaning or pronunciation" ], "status": "editor_reviewed" }, "search": { "status": "candidates_recorded", "scope": { "lexical_layers": [ "Modern Mandarin", "Dialect" ], "phonological_layers": [ "Existing documented reference pronunciations only" ], "semantic_seeds": [ "ONE：数词一" ], "consonant_hypotheses": [], "note": "Bounded migration of existing candidate inventory; not a new Discovery Work search." }, "run_refs": [], "stop_reason": "Existing review retained. No forced Chinese winner; unresolved evidence remains Pending." }, "candidates": [ { "candidate_id": "TCA-C01", "family_key": "legacy-a-indefinite-article", "target": { "form": "一", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代读音；古义引文不等于古音", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "数词ONE；排除统一、全部等其他义", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "无定/类别功能不能只由数词ONE推出" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-TCA-C01", "value": "yī", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A1", "source_pronunciation_ref": null, "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-TCA-C01", "source_span": "ān", "scope": "semantic_only", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "Not applicable", "version": "Protocol v0.2: consonant-group generation is optional; not evidence" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "shortlisted", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "direct", "confidence": "Medium", "rationale": "High at ONE; partial at modern article", "source_refs": [ "TCA-E1", "TCA-E2", "TCA-C1" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "not_evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "rationale": "Low modern; historical not_evaluated; [i]与/ə,eɪ/不等同；不能将现代yī用作上古音", "features": { "onset": "No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.", "vowel": "[i]与/ə,eɪ/不等同；不能将现代yī用作上古音", "coda_other_consonants": "[i]与/ə,eɪ/不等同；不能将现代yī用作上古音", "syllables": "Same syllable count is not evidence of equivalence.", "prosody": "Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred." }, "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1" ], "locator": null, "note": "Online sense supported; print/early dating Pending" }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "无定/类别功能不能只由数词ONE推出", "a teacher → 老师：可以不出现“一”。", "三个人 / 这个人都有量词“个”，不能推出“个”等于a。", "Numeral、classifier、indefiniteness分别处理；不声称两种语言具有相同语法化年表。" ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "historical ONE ↔ 一 yī: direct semantic comparison only; not modern article equivalence.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved final Tier C Editorial Freeze; no new Discovery." } }, { "candidate_id": "TCA-C03", "family_key": "legacy-a-indefinite-article", "target": { "form": "一", "lexical_layer": "Dialect", "language_variety": "Contemporary Cantonese reference; exact original observation locality Pending", "period": { "label": "现代粤语参照；地域细分原始方言条目Pending", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "数词一；量词构式功能不能凭读音继承", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "旧注未指定地点/录音；不能排除其他方言变体，也不能把旧记音认作标准粤语" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-TCA-C03", "value": "jat1", "notation": "source_notation", "phonological_layer": "Contemporary Cantonese", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Guangzhou/Hong Kong reference, not all Yue varieties", "system": "Jyutping as listed by Zdic", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A1", "source_pronunciation_ref": null, "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-TCA-C03", "source_span": "ān", "scope": "semantic_only", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "Not applicable", "version": "Protocol v0.2: consonant-group generation is optional; not evidence" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "direct", "confidence": "Medium", "rationale": "High for ONE; article role Pending", "source_refs": [ "TCA-E1", "TCA-E2", "TCA-C1" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "not_evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "rationale": "Low; jat1有/j/和塞音尾/t/，a无此两项，an尾/n/也不同；声调不等于重音", "features": { "onset": "No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.", "vowel": "jat1有/j/和塞音尾/t/，a无此两项，an尾/n/也不同；声调不等于重音", "coda_other_consonants": "jat1有/j/和塞音尾/t/，a无此两项，an尾/n/也不同；声调不等于重音", "syllables": "Same syllable count is not evidence of equivalence.", "prosody": "Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred." }, "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1" ], "locator": null, "note": "Online Cantonese reading; Mainland dialect print entry/construction Pending" }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "旧注未指定地点/录音；不能排除其他方言变体，也不能把旧记音认作标准粤语", "a teacher → 老师：可以不出现“一”。", "三个人 / 这个人都有量词“个”，不能推出“个”等于a。", "Numeral、classifier、indefiniteness分别处理；不声称两种语言具有相同语法化年表。" ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "Retain limited; no Featured; 旧注未指定地点/录音；不能排除其他方言变体，也不能把旧记音认作标准粤语", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved final Tier C Editorial Freeze; no new Discovery." } } ], "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved final Tier C Editorial Freeze; no new Discovery." } }, { "stage_mapping_id": "SM-A3", "stage_ref": "A3", "selection_reasons": [ "explanatory_value", "phonetic_form_value" ], "freeze": { "version": "0.1", "meaning_note": "引入不定个体、类别成员等；不局限于听者/说者均未知", "excluded_senses": [ "No transfer of a different stage’s meaning or pronunciation" ], "status": "editor_reviewed" }, "search": { "status": "candidates_recorded", "scope": { "lexical_layers": [ "Modern Mandarin" ], "phonological_layers": [ "Existing documented reference pronunciations only" ], "semantic_seeds": [ "引入不定个体、类别成员等；不局限于听者/说者均未知" ], "consonant_hypotheses": [], "note": "Bounded migration of existing candidate inventory; not a new Discovery Work search." }, "run_refs": [], "stop_reason": "Existing review retained. No forced Chinese winner; unresolved evidence remains Pending." }, "candidates": [ { "candidate_id": "TCA-C02", "family_key": "legacy-a-indefinite-article", "target": { "form": "一 + classifier + noun", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "当代；完整语法化年代链Pending", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "适用构式中引入一个个体；数词/限定功能须逐例区分", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "并非所有“一量名”都无定；不主张已形成独立冠词词类或与英语相同年代史" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-TCA-C02", "value": "yī + classifier + noun (dictionary forms; connected speech varies)", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1", "TCA-C2", "TCA-P1", "TCA-P2" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1", "TCA-C2", "TCA-P1", "TCA-P2" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-TCA-C02", "source_span": "a + singular count noun; grammatical/structural comparison", "scope": "semantic_only", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "Not applicable", "version": "Protocol v0.2: consonant-group generation is optional; not evidence" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "shortlisted", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "direct", "confidence": "Medium", "rationale": "High in selected indefinite NPs; not universal", "source_refs": [ "TCA-E1", "TCA-E3", "TCA-C1", "TCA-C2", "TCA-P1", "TCA-P2" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "Low; 多成分构式不能被缩成/a/；音节数和辅音均不匹配", "features": { "onset": "No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.", "vowel": "多成分构式不能被缩成/a/；音节数和辅音均不匹配", "coda_other_consonants": "多成分构式不能被缩成/a/；音节数和辅音均不匹配", "syllables": "Construction length is not a one-syllable match.", "prosody": "Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred." }, "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1", "TCA-C2", "TCA-P1", "TCA-P2" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1", "TCA-C2", "TCA-P1", "TCA-P2" ], "locator": null, "note": "Online senses + Mainland paper abstract + supplementary research abstract" }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C1", "TCA-C2", "TCA-P1", "TCA-P2" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "并非所有“一量名”都无定；不主张已形成独立冠词词类或与英语相同年代史", "a teacher → 老师：可以不出现“一”。", "三个人 / 这个人都有量词“个”，不能推出“个”等于a。", "Numeral、classifier、indefiniteness分别处理；不声称两种语言具有相同语法化年表。" ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "Structural Mapping ≠ lexical equivalence. 一 + classifier + noun对应限定构式，不表示a等于一；Phonetic Fit Low。", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved final Tier C Editorial Freeze; no new Discovery." } }, { "candidate_id": "TCA-C04", "family_key": "legacy-a-indefinite-article", "target": { "form": "个", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代；页面古例仅mediated，不证明冠词起点", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "量词；限“来了个人”等个体化构式", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "不能把一＋个整体功能全部归给个；排除gě自个儿义和古代这/那义" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-TCA-C04", "value": "gè", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C2", "TCA-P2" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "TCA-C2", "TCA-P2" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-TCA-C04", "source_span": "a / an", "scope": "semantic_only", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "Not applicable", "version": "Protocol v0.2: consonant-group generation is optional; not evidence" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Medium", "rationale": "Partial; construction-dependent", "source_refs": [ "TCA-E1", "TCA-E3", "TCA-C2", "TCA-P2" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "Low; /k/为额外声母；局部弱读元音近似不能抵消句法差异", "features": { "onset": "No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.", "vowel": "/k/为额外声母；局部弱读元音近似不能抵消句法差异", "coda_other_consonants": "/k/为额外声母；局部弱读元音近似不能抵消句法差异", "syllables": "Same syllable count is not evidence of equivalence.", "prosody": "Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred." }, "source_refs": [ "TCA-C2", "TCA-P2" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C2", "TCA-P2" ], "locator": null, "note": "Concrete online classifier sense; exact grammatical status Pending" }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C2", "TCA-P2" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "不能把一＋个整体功能全部归给个；排除gě自个儿义和古代这/那义", "a teacher → 老师：可以不出现“一”。", "三个人 / 这个人都有量词“个”，不能推出“个”等于a。", "Numeral、classifier、indefiniteness分别处理；不声称两种语言具有相同语法化年表。" ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "Retain limited Research; 不能把一＋个整体功能全部归给个；排除gě自个儿义和古代这/那义", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved final Tier C Editorial Freeze; no new Discovery." } }, { "candidate_id": "TCA-C05", "family_key": "legacy-a-indefinite-article", "target": { "form": "甲", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代参照；旧注采集年代/地域未明", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "甲壳、天干首位等；本轮未发现ONE/indefinite article义", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "首位/第一不等于数词一，更不等于不定冠词；不得替作者猜成个或其他字" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-TCA-C05", "value": "jiǎ", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C3" ] }, { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-TCA-C05-YUE", "value": "gaap3", "notation": "source_notation", "phonological_layer": "Contemporary Cantonese", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Contemporary Cantonese", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C3" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "TCA-C3" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-TCA-C05", "source_span": "a / an", "scope": "semantic_only", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "Not applicable", "version": "Protocol v0.2: consonant-group generation is optional; not evidence" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "rejected", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "mismatch", "confidence": "Medium", "rationale": "Mismatch", "source_refs": [ "TCA-E1", "TCA-E3", "TCA-C3" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "Low; 粤语有/k/及/p/尾；普通话有/tɕ/介音；都不等于a/an", "features": { "onset": "No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.", "vowel": "粤语有/k/及/p/尾；普通话有/tɕ/介音；都不等于a/an", "coda_other_consonants": "粤语有/k/及/p/尾；普通话有/tɕ/介音；都不等于a/an", "syllables": "Same syllable count is not evidence of equivalence.", "prosody": "Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred." }, "source_refs": [ "TCA-C3" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C3" ], "locator": null, "note": "Online contrary reading/sense evidence; original author hearing unresolved" }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C3" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "首位/第一不等于数词一，更不等于不定冠词；不得替作者猜成个或其他字", "a teacher → 老师：可以不出现“一”。", "三个人 / 这个人都有量词“个”，不能推出“个”等于a。", "Numeral、classifier、indefiniteness分别处理；不声称两种语言具有相同语法化年表。" ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "Reject current Mapping; retain provenance; 首位/第一不等于数词一，更不等于不定冠词；不得替作者猜成个或其他字", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved final Tier C Editorial Freeze; no new Discovery." } }, { "candidate_id": "TCA-K01", "family_key": "legacy-a-indefinite-article", "target": { "form": "啊", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "句末语气，不是限定词", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "同为弱读/虚词不证明同类语法功能" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-TCA-K01", "value": "a (neutral-tone particle)", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C5" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "TCA-C5" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-TCA-K01", "source_span": "a / an", "scope": "semantic_only", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "Not applicable", "version": "Protocol v0.2: consonant-group generation is optional; not evidence" } }, "role": "sound_control", "decision": "rejected", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "mismatch", "confidence": "Medium", "rationale": "Mismatch", "source_refs": [ "TCA-E1", "TCA-E3", "TCA-C5" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "Limited surface resemblance only; 元音单音节有表层兴趣，但/a/不等于弱式/ə/或强式/eɪ/；句法位置不同", "features": { "onset": "No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.", "vowel": "元音单音节有表层兴趣，但/a/不等于弱式/ə/或强式/eɪ/；句法位置不同", "coda_other_consonants": "元音单音节有表层兴趣，但/a/不等于弱式/ə/或强式/eɪ/；句法位置不同", "syllables": "Same syllable count is not evidence of equivalence.", "prosody": "Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred." }, "source_refs": [ "TCA-C5" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C5" ], "locator": null, "note": "Online concrete particle sense" }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C5" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "同为弱读/虚词不证明同类语法功能", "a teacher → 老师：可以不出现“一”。", "三个人 / 这个人都有量词“个”，不能推出“个”等于a。", "Numeral、classifier、indefiniteness分别处理；不声称两种语言具有相同语法化年表。" ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "Sound control; rejected Featured; 同为弱读/虚词不证明同类语法功能", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved final Tier C Editorial Freeze; no new Discovery." } }, { "candidate_id": "TCA-K02", "family_key": "legacy-a-indefinite-article", "target": { "form": "安", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代读音、安定义", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "安定/安全；不取疑问义", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "不得将尾n套入d-t-n-l；不比较未核Old English IPA" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-TCA-K02", "value": "ān", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C6" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "TCA-C6" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-TCA-K02", "source_span": "a / an", "scope": "semantic_only", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "Not applicable", "version": "Protocol v0.2: consonant-group generation is optional; not evidence" } }, "role": "sound_control", "decision": "rejected", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "mismatch", "confidence": "Medium", "rationale": "Mismatch", "source_refs": [ "TCA-E1", "TCA-E3", "TCA-C6" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "Medium partial against strong an; no semantic support; 都有鼻音尾/n/；元音/æ/与汉语an有差异且有声调；拼写an相同不等于同音", "features": { "onset": "No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.", "vowel": "都有鼻音尾/n/；元音/æ/与汉语an有差异且有声调；拼写an相同不等于同音", "coda_other_consonants": "都有鼻音尾/n/；元音/æ/与汉语an有差异且有声调；拼写an相同不等于同音", "syllables": "Same syllable count is not evidence of equivalence.", "prosody": "Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred." }, "source_refs": [ "TCA-C6" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C6" ], "locator": null, "note": "Online concrete sense" }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C6" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "不得将尾n套入d-t-n-l；不比较未核Old English IPA", "a teacher → 老师：可以不出现“一”。", "三个人 / 这个人都有量词“个”，不能推出“个”等于a。", "Numeral、classifier、indefiniteness分别处理；不声称两种语言具有相同语法化年表。" ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "Sound control; rejected Featured; 不得将尾n套入d-t-n-l；不比较未核Old English IPA", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved final Tier C Editorial Freeze; no new Discovery." } }, { "candidate_id": "TCA-K03", "family_key": "legacy-a-indefinite-article", "target": { "form": "某", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代；引用古例年代仅属原文metadata", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "不明说/不明确指明的人或物", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "某常意味着特定但不明说；a可有非特指、类指和职业类别义" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-TCA-K03", "value": "mǒu", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C4" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "TCA-C4" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-TCA-K03", "source_span": "a / an", "scope": "semantic_only", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "Not applicable", "version": "Protocol v0.2: consonant-group generation is optional; not evidence" } }, "role": "meaning_control", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Medium", "rationale": "High in selected unspecified contexts; partial overall", "source_refs": [ "TCA-E1", "TCA-E3", "TCA-C4" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "Low; /m/与复合韵母不匹配a/an；入b-p-m-f无来源声母支撑", "features": { "onset": "No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.", "vowel": "/m/与复合韵母不匹配a/an；入b-p-m-f无来源声母支撑", "coda_other_consonants": "/m/与复合韵母不匹配a/an；入b-p-m-f无来源声母支撑", "syllables": "Same syllable count is not evidence of equivalence.", "prosody": "Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred." }, "source_refs": [ "TCA-C4" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C4" ], "locator": null, "note": "Online basic/detailed sense" }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "TCA-C4" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "某常意味着特定但不明说；a可有非特指、类指和职业类别义", "a teacher → 老师：可以不出现“一”。", "三个人 / 这个人都有量词“个”，不能推出“个”等于a。", "Numeral、classifier、indefiniteness分别处理；不声称两种语言具有相同语法化年表。" ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "Semantic control; not shortlisted; 某常意味着特定但不明说；a可有非特指、类指和职业类别义", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved final Tier C Editorial Freeze; no new Discovery." } } ], "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved final Tier C Editorial Freeze; no new Discovery." } } ], "display_selection": { "featured_candidate_ref": null, "stage_cards": [ { "stage_mapping_ref": "SM-A3", "candidate_ref": "TCA-C02" }, { "stage_mapping_ref": "SM-A1", "candidate_ref": "TCA-C01" } ], "review_status": "approved", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "reason": "Featured Mapping: Pending。English indefinite article a/an；a + singular count noun ↔ 一 + classifier + noun仅为适用构式中的Structural-Semantic comparison，不是逐词等价。historical ONE ↔ 一 yī只属于历史数词层。Consonant-group expansion: Not applicable。" }, "historical_path": "Old English ān → Middle English an/a → Modern English a/an; modern one is a related continuation, not an ancestor.", "semantic_path": "ONE → indefinite grammatical function; modern numeral, classifier and indefiniteness are distinct.", "boundary": { "en": "Featured Mapping: Pending。English indefinite article a/an；a + singular count noun ↔ 一 + classifier + noun仅为适用构式中的Structural-Semantic comparison，不是逐词等价。historical ONE ↔ 一 yī只属于历史数词层。Consonant-group expansion: Not applicable。", "zh-Hans": "Featured Mapping: Pending。English indefinite article a/an；a + singular count noun ↔ 一 + classifier + noun仅为适用构式中的Structural-Semantic comparison，不是逐词等价。historical ONE ↔ 一 yī只属于历史数词层。Consonant-group expansion: Not applicable。" } }, "structural_semantic_mapping": { "source_stage_refs": [ "A3" ], "chinese_candidate_ref": "TCA-C02", "source_construction": "a + singular count noun", "target_construction": "一 + classifier + noun", "type": "Grammatical / Structural-Semantic comparison", "fit": "High within selected constructions, not all uses", "phonetic_fit": "Low", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "counterexamples": [ "a teacher → 老师：可以不出现“一”。", "三个人 / 这个人都有量词“个”，不能推出“个”等于a。", "Numeral、classifier、indefiniteness分别处理；不声称两种语言具有相同语法化年表。" ], "lexical_equivalence": false }, "consonant_group_expansion": { "status": "Not applicable", "reason": "No applicable consonant-onset anchor; an coda n is not an onset group hit." }, "research_candidate_discovery": { "run_id": "tier-c-final-a-discovery-2026-09-20", "candidates": [ { "id": "C01", "chinese_form": "一", "reading": "yī", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin; inherited numeral sense", "chinese_period": "现代读音；古义引文不等于古音", "target_stage": "A1", "documented_meaning": "数词ONE；排除统一、全部等其他义", "semantic_fit": "High at ONE; partial at modern article", "phonetic_fit": "Low modern; historical not_evaluated", "phonetic_rationale": "[i]与/ə,eɪ/不等同；不能将现代yī用作上古音", "evidence_status": "Online sense supported; print/early dating Pending", "source_refs": [ "C1" ], "consonant_group_relation": "No applicable onset group", "counterevidence": "无定/类别功能不能只由数词ONE推出", "decision": "Shortlist #2", "discovery_priority": "High", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "mainland_print_status": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" }, { "id": "C02", "chinese_form": "一＋量词＋名词（一个N等）", "reading": "yī＋CL词典式；“一个”语流可读yí ge", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin construction", "chinese_period": "当代；完整语法化年代链Pending", "target_stage": "A2/A3", "documented_meaning": "适用构式中引入一个个体；数词/限定功能须逐例区分", "semantic_fit": "High in selected indefinite NPs; not universal", "phonetic_fit": "Low", "phonetic_rationale": "多成分构式不能被缩成/a/；音节数和辅音均不匹配", "evidence_status": "Online senses + Mainland paper abstract + supplementary research abstract", "source_refs": [ "C1", "C2", "P1", "P2" ], "consonant_group_relation": "Not applicable", "counterevidence": "并非所有“一量名”都无定；不主张已形成独立冠词词类或与英语相同年代史", "decision": "Shortlist #1; structural-semantic", "discovery_priority": "High", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "mainland_print_status": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" }, { "id": "C03", "chinese_form": "一（粤语）", "reading": "jat1（粤拼；不标成gaa/gaap）", "chinese_layer": "Dialect: contemporary Guangzhou/Hong Kong Cantonese reference", "chinese_period": "现代粤语参照；地域细分原始方言条目Pending", "target_stage": "A1; A3 only in a documented construction", "documented_meaning": "数词一；量词构式功能不能凭读音继承", "semantic_fit": "High for ONE; article role Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Low", "phonetic_rationale": "jat1有/j/和塞音尾/t/，a无此两项，an尾/n/也不同；声调不等于重音", "evidence_status": "Online Cantonese reading; Mainland dialect print entry/construction Pending", "source_refs": [ "C1" ], "consonant_group_relation": "No applicable onset group", "counterevidence": "旧注未指定地点/录音；不能排除其他方言变体，也不能把旧记音认作标准粤语", "decision": "Retain limited; no Featured", "discovery_priority": "Medium", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "mainland_print_status": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" }, { "id": "C04", "chinese_form": "个（個）", "reading": "gè；具体口语轻声ge须按构式", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin classifier", "chinese_period": "现代；页面古例仅mediated，不证明冠词起点", "target_stage": "A3", "documented_meaning": "量词；限“来了个人”等个体化构式", "semantic_fit": "Partial; construction-dependent", "phonetic_fit": "Low", "phonetic_rationale": "/k/为额外声母；局部弱读元音近似不能抵消句法差异", "evidence_status": "Concrete online classifier sense; exact grammatical status Pending", "source_refs": [ "C2", "P2" ], "consonant_group_relation": "No g-k-h hit: source a has no /k/", "counterevidence": "不能把一＋个整体功能全部归给个；排除gě自个儿义和古代这/那义", "decision": "Retain limited Research", "discovery_priority": "Medium", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "mainland_print_status": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" }, { "id": "C05", "chinese_form": "甲（旧候选）", "reading": "jiǎ；广东话gaap3，旧记录gaa3未获支持", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin / Cantonese; legacy claim audited", "chinese_period": "现代参照；旧注采集年代/地域未明", "target_stage": "A1/A3 claimed by legacy", "documented_meaning": "甲壳、天干首位等；本轮未发现ONE/indefinite article义", "semantic_fit": "Mismatch", "phonetic_fit": "Low", "phonetic_rationale": "粤语有/k/及/p/尾；普通话有/tɕ/介音；都不等于a/an", "evidence_status": "Online contrary reading/sense evidence; original author hearing unresolved", "source_refs": [ "C3" ], "consonant_group_relation": "No applicable source onset group", "counterevidence": "首位/第一不等于数词一，更不等于不定冠词；不得替作者猜成个或其他字", "decision": "Reject current Mapping; retain provenance", "discovery_priority": "None", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "mainland_print_status": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" }, { "id": "K01", "chinese_form": "啊", "reading": "a（轻声语气助词）", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin control", "chinese_period": "现代", "target_stage": "A3 a", "documented_meaning": "句末语气，不是限定词", "semantic_fit": "Mismatch", "phonetic_fit": "Limited surface resemblance only", "phonetic_rationale": "元音单音节有表层兴趣，但/a/不等于弱式/ə/或强式/eɪ/；句法位置不同", "evidence_status": "Online concrete particle sense", "source_refs": [ "C5" ], "consonant_group_relation": "Not applicable", "counterevidence": "同为弱读/虚词不证明同类语法功能", "decision": "Sound control; rejected Featured", "discovery_priority": "None", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "mainland_print_status": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" }, { "id": "K02", "chinese_form": "安", "reading": "ān", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin control", "chinese_period": "现代读音、安定义", "target_stage": "A3 an", "documented_meaning": "安定/安全；不取疑问义", "semantic_fit": "Mismatch", "phonetic_fit": "Medium partial against strong an; no semantic support", "phonetic_rationale": "都有鼻音尾/n/；元音/æ/与汉语an有差异且有声调；拼写an相同不等于同音", "evidence_status": "Online concrete sense", "source_refs": [ "C6" ], "consonant_group_relation": "Coda /n/ is not an onset group hit", "counterevidence": "不得将尾n套入d-t-n-l；不比较未核Old English IPA", "decision": "Sound control; rejected Featured", "discovery_priority": "None", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "mainland_print_status": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" }, { "id": "K03", "chinese_form": "某", "reading": "mǒu", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin; selected pronominal sense", "chinese_period": "现代；引用古例年代仅属原文metadata", "target_stage": "A3 selected unspecified referent", "documented_meaning": "不明说/不明确指明的人或物", "semantic_fit": "High in selected unspecified contexts; partial overall", "phonetic_fit": "Low", "phonetic_rationale": "/m/与复合韵母不匹配a/an；入b-p-m-f无来源声母支撑", "evidence_status": "Online basic/detailed sense", "source_refs": [ "C4" ], "consonant_group_relation": "Not applicable", "counterevidence": "某常意味着特定但不明说；a可有非特指、类指和职业类别义", "decision": "Semantic control; not shortlisted", "discovery_priority": "None", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "mainland_print_status": "Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码" } ], "freeze": "Featured Mapping: Pending。English indefinite article a/an；a + singular count noun ↔ 一 + classifier + noun仅为适用构式中的Structural-Semantic comparison，不是逐词等价。historical ONE ↔ 一 yī只属于历史数词层。Consonant-group expansion: Not applicable。", "independent_comparisons": [] }, "research_provenance": { "reason": "甲降为Rejected / Raw Research。现核Mandarin jiǎ / Cantonese gaap3；旧gaa3仅为未核旧记录。首位不等于ONE或冠词。", "original_fields": { "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "English a is the reduced form of an, historically from Old English ān ‘one’. This Germanic history does not establish a relation to Chinese 甲 or Cantonese forms.", "zh-Hans": "英语 a 是 an 的弱化形式，历史上来自古英语 ān“一”；该日耳曼词史不建立它与汉字“甲”或粤语形式的关系。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "English a is the reduced form of an, historically from Old English ān ‘one’. This Germanic history does not establish a relation to Chinese 甲 or Cantonese forms.", "zh-Hans": "英语 a 是 an 的弱化形式，历史上来自古英语 ān“一”；该日耳曼词史不建立它与汉字“甲”或粤语形式的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "A comparison with 甲 gaa3 or a Cantonese numeral/classifier requires exact dialect forms and regular correspondences; the legacy note alone is insufficient.", "zh-Hans": "与粤语“甲”gaa3 或数词／量词比较，需要精确方言形式与规律对应；旧注本身证据不足。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "A comparison with 甲 gaa3 or a Cantonese numeral/classifier requires exact dialect forms and regular correspondences; the legacy note alone is insufficient.", "zh-Hans": "与粤语“甲”gaa3 或数词／量词比较，需要精确方言形式与规律对应；旧注本身证据不足。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "ONE → AN INDEFINITE SINGLE MEMBER explains the grammatical development from numeral to article.", "zh-Hans": "ONE → 一个非特指单体，解释了数词向冠词的语法发展。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "ONE → AN INDEFINITE SINGLE MEMBER explains the grammatical development from numeral to article.", "zh-Hans": "ONE → 一个非特指单体，解释了数词向冠词的语法发展。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "本词法记录与已发表的文学记录 AT／在／爱分开；查询 a 指向此条，at 保持不变。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "本词法记录与已发表的文学记录 AT／在／爱分开；查询 a 指向此条，at 保持不变。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "A comparison with 甲 gaa3 or a Cantonese numeral/classifier requires exact dialect forms and regular correspondences; the legacy note alone is insufficient.", "zh-Hans": "与粤语“甲”gaa3 或数词／量词比较，需要精确方言形式与规律对应；旧注本身证据不足。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "A", "AN", "INDEFINITE ARTICLE", "ARTICLE" ], "relation": "a → an → indefinite article → article", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "an", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical allomorph", "family": "Old English ān", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] }, { "word": "one", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical family", "family": "Old English ān", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] }, { "word": "甲 gaa3", "language": "Cantonese/Chinese", "relationship_type": "author comparison requiring research", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “a，一个。甲 jia。粤语一为甲，与英语类似。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“a，一个。甲 jia。粤语一为甲，与英语类似。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "a", "一个／一" ], "counterexamples": [ "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ] } }, "legacy_migration": { "version": "tier-c-final-a-0.1", "baseline_commit": "3b9901d47f0cd9d13252e96329b96dded0be972d", "scope": "Exact archived pre-migration record; old readings and claims are not active evidence.", "previous_fields": { "title": { "en": "a · Legacy Website Import", "zh-Hans": "a · 旧站导入" }, "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-a-indefinite-article-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "a", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "一个／一", "pronunciation": "yí ge / yī" }, "gloss": { "en": "the indefinite article used before a nonspecific singular count noun", "zh-Hans": "用于非特指单数可数名词前的不定冠词" }, "meaning": { "en": "the indefinite article used before a nonspecific singular count noun. The standard mapping is independent from the legacy sound hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "用于非特指单数可数名词前的不定冠词。标准词义 Mapping 与旧站声音假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "English a is the reduced form of an, historically from Old English ān ‘one’. This Germanic history does not establish a relation to Chinese 甲 or Cantonese forms.", "zh-Hans": "英语 a 是 an 的弱化形式，历史上来自古英语 ān“一”；该日耳曼词史不建立它与汉字“甲”或粤语形式的关系。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "English a is the reduced form of an, historically from Old English ān ‘one’. This Germanic history does not establish a relation to Chinese 甲 or Cantonese forms.", "zh-Hans": "英语 a 是 an 的弱化形式，历史上来自古英语 ān“一”；该日耳曼词史不建立它与汉字“甲”或粤语形式的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "A comparison with 甲 gaa3 or a Cantonese numeral/classifier requires exact dialect forms and regular correspondences; the legacy note alone is insufficient.", "zh-Hans": "与粤语“甲”gaa3 或数词／量词比较，需要精确方言形式与规律对应；旧注本身证据不足。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "A comparison with 甲 gaa3 or a Cantonese numeral/classifier requires exact dialect forms and regular correspondences; the legacy note alone is insufficient.", "zh-Hans": "与粤语“甲”gaa3 或数词／量词比较，需要精确方言形式与规律对应；旧注本身证据不足。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "ONE → AN INDEFINITE SINGLE MEMBER explains the grammatical development from numeral to article.", "zh-Hans": "ONE → 一个非特指单体，解释了数词向冠词的语法发展。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "ONE → AN INDEFINITE SINGLE MEMBER explains the grammatical development from numeral to article.", "zh-Hans": "ONE → 一个非特指单体，解释了数词向冠词的语法发展。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "本词法记录与已发表的文学记录 AT／在／爱分开；查询 a 指向此条，at 保持不变。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "本词法记录与已发表的文学记录 AT／在／爱分开；查询 a 指向此条，at 保持不变。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "A comparison with 甲 gaa3 or a Cantonese numeral/classifier requires exact dialect forms and regular correspondences; the legacy note alone is insufficient.", "zh-Hans": "与粤语“甲”gaa3 或数词／量词比较，需要精确方言形式与规律对应；旧注本身证据不足。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "A", "AN", "INDEFINITE ARTICLE", "ARTICLE" ], "relation": "a → an → indefinite article → article", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "an", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical allomorph", "family": "Old English ān", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] }, { "word": "one", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical family", "family": "Old English ān", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] }, { "word": "甲 gaa3", "language": "Cantonese/Chinese", "relationship_type": "author comparison requiring research", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “a，一个。甲 jia。粤语一为甲，与英语类似。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“a，一个。甲 jia。粤语一为甲，与英语类似。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "a", "一个／一" ], "counterexamples": [ "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "statement": { "en": "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "本词法记录与已发表的文学记录 AT／在／爱分开；查询 a 指向此条，at 保持不变。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: a，甲 jia。粤语一为甲与英语类似", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e3%80%82%e7%94%b2jia%e3%80%82%e7%b2%a4%e8%af%ad%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%ba%e7%94%b2%e4%b8%8e%e8%8b%b1%e8%aa%9e%e7%b1%bb%e4%bc%bc/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-A", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: a", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Reviewed; priority 89.2/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Reviewed；优先分 89.2/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "本词法记录与已发表的文学记录 AT／在／爱分开；查询 a 指向此条，at 保持不变。" } ], "page": null }, "previously_absent_fields": [ "standard_function", "standard_translation", "modern_standard_semantic_mapping", "featured_mapping_status", "publication_status", "diachronic_semantic_mapping", "structural_semantic_mapping", "consonant_group_expansion", "research_candidate_discovery", "research_provenance" ] } }