{ "id": "LB-en-aback-032", "slug": "aback", "title": { "en": "ABACK · 吃了一惊／感到惊愕", "zh-Hans": "ABACK · 吃了一惊／感到惊愕" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "aback", "pronunciation": "/əˈbæk/", "part_of_speech": "adverb · 副词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "吃惊地", "pronunciation": "chījīng de" }, { "role": "historical-spatial-candidate", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "背", "pronunciation": "bèi" }, { "role": "related-word", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "back", "pronunciation": "/bæk/" }, { "role": "translation-of-back", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "dos", "pronunciation": "/do/" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-aback-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "aback", "pronunciation": "/əˈbæk/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "吃了一惊／感到惊愕", "pronunciation": "chī le yī jīng / gǎndào jīngè" }, "gloss": { "en": "chiefly in taken aback: suddenly surprised or startled", "zh-Hans": "主要用于 taken aback：突然吃惊、猝不及防" }, "meaning": { "en": "Chiefly in taken aback: suddenly surprised or startled. The historical spatial comparison with 背 is separate.", "zh-Hans": "主要用于 taken aback：突然吃惊／感到惊愕。历史空间层与背的比较另列。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard / Modern Semantic Mapping; Featured independently selected or Pending", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Published", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Aback continues Middle English abak and Old English on bæc ‘on/at the back’. Its relation to English back is genuine.", "zh-Hans": "aback 延续中古英语 abak 与古英语 on bæc“在背后／向后”；它与英语 back 的关系真实。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABACK-001", "claim": { "en": "Aback continues Middle English abak and Old English on bæc ‘on/at the back’. Its relation to English back is genuine.", "zh-Hans": "aback 延续中古英语 abak 与古英语 on bæc“在背后／向后”；它与英语 back 的关系真实。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABACK" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABACK", "REF-OALD-ABACK", "REF-MW-BACK" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "English back and Mandarin 背 bèi share a broad initial consonant and back-related meanings, but no historical link or regular sound law is established.", "zh-Hans": "英语 back 与普通话“背”bèi 有宽泛起始辅音与后背义交集，但无已证历史联系或规律音变。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABACK-001", "claim": { "en": "English back and Mandarin 背 bèi share a broad initial consonant and back-related meanings, but no historical link or regular sound law is established.", "zh-Hans": "英语 back 与普通话“背”bèi 有宽泛起始辅音与后背义交集，但无已证历史联系或规律音变。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "BACKWARD → RECOIL → SURPRISE helps explain the modern idiom taken aback; ‘civilization behind us’ is literary.", "zh-Hans": "向后 → 退缩 → 吃惊，有助理解现代习语 taken aback；“文明在背后”属于文学表达。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ABACK-001", "claim": { "en": "BACKWARD → RECOIL → SURPRISE helps explain the modern idiom taken aback; ‘civilization behind us’ is literary.", "zh-Hans": "向后 → 退缩 → 吃惊，有助理解现代习语 taken aback；“文明在背后”属于文学表达。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "The English internal history is established; the English–Chinese resemblance remains a candidate only.", "zh-Hans": "英语内部词史已建立；英汉近似仍只属候选。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABACK-001", "claim": { "en": "The English internal history is established; the English–Chinese resemblance remains a candidate only.", "zh-Hans": "英语内部词史已建立；英汉近似仍只属候选。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ABACK-001", "claim": { "en": "English back and Mandarin 背 bèi share a broad initial consonant and back-related meanings, but no historical link or regular sound law is established.", "zh-Hans": "英语 back 与普通话“背”bèi 有宽泛起始辅音与后背义交集，但无已证历史联系或规律音变。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "ABACK", "AT/ON THE BACK", "TAKEN ABACK", "BACK", "背后", "SURPRISE" ], "relation": "a + back → at/on the back → backward → taken aback → surprise | back ↔ 背 (candidate)", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "back", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical source family", "family": "Old English bæc", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABACK" ] }, { "word": "背 bèi", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "phonetic-semantic candidate", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ABACK-001", "relation": "BACKWARD → RECOIL → SURPRISE helps explain the modern idiom taken aback; ‘civilization behind us’ is literary.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ABACK-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “aback，背后。背 bei。back 与背 bei 同音。文明在背后。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“aback，背后。背 bei。back 与背 bei 同音。文明在背后。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "aback", "向后／吃惊地" ], "counterexamples": [ "The English internal history is established; the English–Chinese resemblance remains a candidate only.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK" ] }, { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-ABACK-A-PREFIX-002", "type": "Author morphological interpretation", "claim": { "en": "The author proposes treating a- as semantically empty in a.back for a present-day structural reading.", "zh-Hans": "作者提出：在现代结构阅读 a.back 中，可以把 a- 看作不承载独立词义。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "Modern speakers may transparently recognize back inside aback" ], "counterexamples": [ "Historical dictionaries derive the element from Old English on, meaning at/on/toward" ], "testability": { "en": "Keep the synchronic reading separate from the documented historical derivation and test how present-day speakers segment the word.", "zh-Hans": "将现代共时切分与有文献的历史派生分开，并调查现代使用者如何切分该词。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-OALD-ABACK" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-ABACK-001", "statement": { "en": "The English internal history is established; the English–Chinese resemblance remains a candidate only.", "zh-Hans": "英语内部词史已建立；英汉近似仍只属候选。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Published", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "Civilization is behind you, and you are its bearer.", "zh-Hans": "文明在你的背后，而你是文明的载体。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [ { "work_id": "LB-ABACK-POEM-001", "title": { "en": "Civilization Behind You", "zh-Hans": "文明在你背后" }, "text": { "en": "People of the civilized world, who have moved from place to place from ancient times until today—you are the bearers of civilization; civilization stands behind you. Loving you has nothing to do with you. I want to do something for my people; that feeling is my own intention. Your arrival was, within the reach of my sight, something that ought to come. If you are the spark that kindled warmth across my earth, may we also say that the spark chose you as its bearer? I am a fruit nearing ripeness, bright and radiant beneath your sunlight.", "zh-Hans": "那自古至今不断变换地方的，文明世界的人啊，你是文明的载体，文明在你的背后。爱你，与你无关；我想为我的人们做事，那种情感，是我自己的本意。你的来到，在我的眼界中，是你应该来临的。如果说你是我的火种，点燃了我的大地的温暖，那是否可以说，那火种以你为载体？我是那快要成熟的果啊，在你的阳光下，明媚灿烂。" }, "status": "Published", "page_anchor": "words/aback.html#literature" } ], "translations": [ { "language": "Chinese", "status": "Author text, editorially revised" }, { "language": "English", "status": "Literary translation" } ], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "Civilization, the spark, earth, fruit and sunlight are literary images; they are not evidence for etymology or cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "文明、火种、大地、果实与阳光属于文学意象，不构成词源或同源证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: aback，背。背 bei。back 与背 bei 同音", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/aback%ef%bc%8c%e8%83%8c%e5%90%8e%e3%80%82%e6%96%87%e6%98%8e%e5%9c%a8%e8%83%8c%e5%90%8e/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABACK", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: aback", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-BACK", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: back", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/back", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-OALD-ABACK", "title": "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: aback", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/aback", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary and word-origin reference; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-01", "title": "Merriam-Webster: aback", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-02", "title": "Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries: aback", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/aback", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-03", "title": "Etymonline: aback", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/aback", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-04", "title": "汉典：背", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/背", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-05", "title": "识典古籍《汉语大词典》摘要：背", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://www.shidianguji.com/character/背", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-06", "title": "汉典：退", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/退", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-07", "title": "汉典：却", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/却", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-08", "title": "汉典：反", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/反", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-09", "title": "汉典：返", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/返", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-10", "title": "汉典：北", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/北", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-11", "title": "汉典：怕", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/怕", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-12", "title": "人民日报海外版：蒙与懵（2019-03-02）", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/page/2019-03/02/05/rmrbhwb2019030205.pdf", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-13", "title": "汉典：蒙", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/蒙", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-14", "title": "汉典：懵", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/懵", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-15", "title": "汉典：愕", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/愕", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-16", "title": "汉典：白", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/白", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-ABACK-17", "title": "汉典：百", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/百", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Aback Literary Revision v1.0 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-04", "published": "2026-09-04" }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Candidate; priority 88.3/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Candidate；优先分 88.3/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "The English internal history is established; the English–Chinese resemblance remains a candidate only.", "zh-Hans": "英语内部词史已建立；英汉近似仍只属候选。" }, { "en": "Featured Mapping is optional. Pending is a valid research result, not a migration failure. Entry, publication, Featured and evidence statuses are independent.", "zh-Hans": "Featured可空；Pending是有效研究结果。词条审核、发布、Featured选择、证据状态相互独立。" } ], "search_terms": [ "aback", "taken aback", "back", "向后", "吃惊", "背", "背后", "背 bei", "surprised", "civilization", "文明", "文明在你背后", "a.back", "dos", "bèi", "吃了一惊／感到惊愕" ], "page": "words/aback.html", "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/aback%ef%bc%8c%e8%83%8c%e5%90%8e%e3%80%82%e6%96%87%e6%98%8e%e5%9c%a8%e8%83%8c%e5%90%8e/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Original lexical proposal and poem retained; pinyin and parts of speech normalized; Chinese punctuation lightly edited; English recast as a literary translation.", "raw_note": "英语：a- pref. 这里选择无意义这种说法；aback [ə'bæk] ad. 在背后；a.back；back [bæk] n. 背。法语：dos n. 背。汉语：背【bei】ad.。备注：作者以字母 a 的字母名称与“背”bèi 作读音联想。诗歌：《文明在你背后》，全文已收入文学层。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 9, "disposition": "Candidate", "priority_score": 88.3 }, "standard_translation": { "source": "taken aback", "target": "吃了一惊／感到惊愕", "status": "Supported", "is_featured_mapping": false, "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03" ] }, "modern_standard_semantic_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-aback-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "aback", "pronunciation": "/əˈbæk/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "吃了一惊／感到惊愕", "pronunciation": "chī le yī jīng / gǎndào jīngè" }, "gloss": { "en": "chiefly in taken aback: suddenly surprised or startled", "zh-Hans": "主要用于 taken aback：突然吃惊、猝不及防" }, "meaning": { "en": "Chiefly in taken aback: suddenly surprised or startled. The historical spatial comparison with 背 is separate.", "zh-Hans": "主要用于 taken aback：突然吃惊／感到惊愕。历史空间层与背的比较另列。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard / Modern Semantic Mapping; Featured independently selected or Pending", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "diachronic_semantic_mapping": { "model_version": "0.1", "historical_stages": [ { "stage_id": "A1", "form": "on bæc / aback", "variants": [], "unit_kind": "lemma", "language": { "name": "Old / Middle English", "code": null }, "period": { "label": "OE c.450–1100 → ME c.1100–1500; dictionary first-attestation boundaries differ", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "language_period", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03" ] }, "attestation_status": "attested", "meaning": { "gloss": "behind / backward", "pos": null, "constraints": [] }, "pronunciations": [], "relations": [], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03" ], "evidence_status": "mediated", "mapping_selection": "selected", "selection_note": "bæc is a BACK component, not a modern surprise meaning; historical sound not frozen. Modern back /bæk/ comparison remains in Discovery archive." }, { "stage_id": "A2", "form": "aback / taken aback", "variants": [], "unit_kind": "lemma", "language": { "name": "English nautical usage", "code": null }, "period": { "label": "Nautical construction recorded 1754 in the consulted dictionary, not absolute earliest", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "language_period", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03" ] }, "attestation_status": "attested", "meaning": { "gloss": "wind on the forward face of the sails; progress arrested", "pos": null, "constraints": [] }, "pronunciations": [], "relations": [ { "from_stage_ref": "A1", "relation_type": "sense_continuation", "semantic_operation": { "type": "sense_extension", "description": "Directional use in a sailing context; not necessarily the boat reversing course.", "status": "supported" }, "status": "supported", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03" ], "evidence_status": "mediated", "mapping_selection": "selected", "selection_note": "Existing comparison has research value; no new candidate search." }, { "stage_id": "A3", "form": "taken aback", "variants": [], "unit_kind": "lemma", "language": { "name": "Modern English", "code": null }, "period": { "label": "Figurative construction recorded 1792; modern reference", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "language_period", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03" ] }, "attestation_status": "attested", "meaning": { "gloss": "surprised / startled; momentarily disconcerted", "pos": null, "constraints": [] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "PR-A3", "value": "/əˈbæk/ (aback component in taken aback)", "notation": "source_notation", "phonological_layer": "Modern English", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern English", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03" ] } ], "relations": [ { "from_stage_ref": "A2", "relation_type": "sense_continuation", "semantic_operation": { "type": "metaphor", "description": "Sailing setback to psychological surprise; no strict antonym reversal.", "status": "supported" }, "status": "supported", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03" ], "evidence_status": "mediated", "mapping_selection": "selected", "selection_note": "Existing comparison has research value; no new candidate search." } ], "mappings": [ { "stage_mapping_id": "SM-A1", "stage_ref": "A1", "selection_reasons": [ "explanatory_value" ], "freeze": { "version": "0.1", "meaning_note": "behind / backward", "excluded_senses": [ "No transfer of a different stage’s meaning or pronunciation" ], "status": "editor_reviewed" }, "search": { "status": "candidates_recorded", "scope": { "lexical_layers": [ "Modern Mandarin" ], "phonological_layers": [ "Existing documented reference pronunciations only" ], "semantic_seeds": [ "behind / backward" ], "consonant_hypotheses": [ "b-p-m-f" ], "note": "Bounded migration of existing candidate inventory; not a new Discovery Work search." }, "run_refs": [], "stop_reason": "Existing review retained. No forced Chinese winner; unresolved evidence remains Pending." }, "candidates": [ { "candidate_id": "PF-A01", "family_key": "aback-BACK", "target": { "form": "背", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "人体后背；物体后面", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "不取 bēi 背负义；不把字母 a 的名称当 aback 发音；OC另见专项" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-A01", "value": "bèi", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-04", "PF-ABACK-05" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-04", "PF-ABACK-05" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A1", "source_pronunciation_ref": null, "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-A01", "source_span": "on bæc / aback", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "b baseline；不是同音", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "shortlisted", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "direct", "confidence": "High", "rationale": "direct 对 back 名词；partial 对 aback 方向副词；对 A3 mismatch", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-04", "PF-ABACK-05" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "not_evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "rationale": "Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: weak：/bæk/ 对 [pei˥˩]；b/[p]清浊不同，æ/ei不同，-k缺失；整词还多ə-", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/bæk/ 对 [pei˥˩]；b/[p]清浊不同，æ/ei不同，-k缺失；整词还多ə-", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/bæk/ 对 [pei˥˩]；b/[p]清浊不同，æ/ei不同，-k缺失；整词还多ə-", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/bæk/ 对 [pei˥˩]；b/[p]清浊不同，æ/ei不同，-k缺失；整词还多ə-", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/bæk/ 对 [pei˥˩]；b/[p]清浊不同，æ/ei不同，-k缺失；整词还多ə-", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/bæk/ 对 [pei˥˩]；b/[p]清浊不同，æ/ei不同，-k缺失；整词还多ə-" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-04", "PF-ABACK-05" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-04", "PF-ABACK-05" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-04", "PF-ABACK-05" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "不取 bēi 背负义；不把字母 a 的名称当 aback 发音；OC另见专项", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "不取 bēi 背负义；不把字母 a 的名称当 aback 发音；OC另见专项; Featured Mapping: Pending。背仅比较历史空间／back成分；蒙仅为突发失措子义候选。Pending是有效研究结果，不是页面错误。", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-A02", "family_key": "aback-BACK", "target": { "form": "背后", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "后方／后面，背的方位构式", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "不等于突然吃惊；不是新的独立音义成功" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-A02", "value": "bèi hòu", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-04" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-04" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A1", "source_pronunciation_ref": null, "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-A02", "source_span": "on bæc / aback", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "b baseline，同背家族", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "meaning_control", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "direct", "confidence": "High", "rationale": "direct 位置；运动需向背后等构式", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-04" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "not_evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "rationale": "Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: weak：两音节对aback两音节不构成逐音节对应；hòu无相应音段", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：两音节对aback两音节不构成逐音节对应；hòu无相应音段", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：两音节对aback两音节不构成逐音节对应；hòu无相应音段", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：两音节对aback两音节不构成逐音节对应；hòu无相应音段", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：两音节对aback两音节不构成逐音节对应；hòu无相应音段", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：两音节对aback两音节不构成逐音节对应；hòu无相应音段" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-04" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-04" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-04" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "不等于突然吃惊；不是新的独立音义成功", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "不等于突然吃惊；不是新的独立音义成功; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-A03", "family_key": "aback-A03", "target": { "form": "退", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；古义版本Pending", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "向后移动", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "不是所有aback情境都真的移动；现代taken aback不必后退" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-A03", "value": "tuì", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-06" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-06" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A1", "source_pronunciation_ref": null, "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-A03", "source_span": "on bæc / aback", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "组外；t不能因d-t-n-l而与b自动对应", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "meaning_control", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "direct", "confidence": "High", "rationale": "direct 对向后运动；对帆状态仅partial", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-06" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "not_evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "rationale": "Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: mismatch：/bæk/ 与 [tʰwei] 声韵均异", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：/bæk/ 与 [tʰwei] 声韵均异", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：/bæk/ 与 [tʰwei] 声韵均异", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：/bæk/ 与 [tʰwei] 声韵均异", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：/bæk/ 与 [tʰwei] 声韵均异", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：/bæk/ 与 [tʰwei] 声韵均异" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-06" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-06" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-06" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "不是所有aback情境都真的移动；现代taken aback不必后退", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "不是所有aback情境都真的移动；现代taken aback不必后退; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-A04", "family_key": "aback-A04", "target": { "form": "却", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；退却义历史层首证Pending", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "退、却步、退却", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "区分退却动词与现代转折副词却；不证明英语惊讶义来自汉语" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-A04", "value": "què", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-07" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-07" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A1", "source_pronunciation_ref": null, "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-A04", "source_span": "on bæc / aback", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "组外；q不临时塞入g-k-h；末尾-k不能改作声母命中", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "shortlisted", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "direct", "confidence": "High", "rationale": "direct 对退却；A2 partial", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-07" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "not_evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "rationale": "Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: mismatch：现代 [tɕʰɥe] 对 /bæk/；古音未评分", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代 [tɕʰɥe] 对 /bæk/；古音未评分", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代 [tɕʰɥe] 对 /bæk/；古音未评分", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代 [tɕʰɥe] 对 /bæk/；古音未评分", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代 [tɕʰɥe] 对 /bæk/；古音未评分", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代 [tɕʰɥe] 对 /bæk/；古音未评分" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-07" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-07" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-07" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "区分退却动词与现代转折副词却；不证明英语惊讶义来自汉语", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "区分退却动词与现代转折副词却；不证明英语惊讶义来自汉语; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-A05", "family_key": "aback-A05", "target": { "form": "反 / 返", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；古文返回义的具体版本Pending", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "反：翻转、相反；返：回归原处；古反可表返", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "反、返不是所有义项可互换；返航不是taken aback的航海义" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-A05", "value": "fǎn", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-08", "PF-ABACK-09" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-08", "PF-ABACK-09" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A1", "source_pronunciation_ref": null, "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-A05", "source_span": "on bæc / aback", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": "b-p-m-f", "hit": true, "position": "b-p-m-f 扩展 f", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial：反向有用；回归原点不是aback必含义", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-08", "PF-ABACK-09" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "not_evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "rationale": "Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: weak：f/b 发音方式不同，an/æk韵尾不同，无ə-；古音not_evaluated", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：f/b 发音方式不同，an/æk韵尾不同，无ə-；古音not_evaluated", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：f/b 发音方式不同，an/æk韵尾不同，无ə-；古音not_evaluated", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：f/b 发音方式不同，an/æk韵尾不同，无ə-；古音not_evaluated", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：f/b 发音方式不同，an/æk韵尾不同，无ə-；古音not_evaluated", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：f/b 发音方式不同，an/æk韵尾不同，无ə-；古音not_evaluated" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-08", "PF-ABACK-09" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-08", "PF-ABACK-09" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-08", "PF-ABACK-09" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "反、返不是所有义项可互换；返航不是taken aback的航海义", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "反、返不是所有义项可互换；返航不是taken aback的航海义; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-A06", "family_key": "aback-A06", "target": { "form": "北", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "先秦传世书证经在线转引；读音为现代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "败逃、败北", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "北方义mismatch；bèi违背义另条不混；不能把转身、北方、败逃混为一义" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-A06", "value": "běi", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-10" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-10" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A1", "source_pronunciation_ref": null, "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-A06", "source_span": "on bæc / aback", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "b baseline", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial：退逃附加战败限制", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-10" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "not_evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "rationale": "Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: weak 现代[pei]；不把OC north行借给败逃义加分", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak 现代[pei]；不把OC north行借给败逃义加分", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak 现代[pei]；不把OC north行借给败逃义加分", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak 现代[pei]；不把OC north行借给败逃义加分", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak 现代[pei]；不把OC north行借给败逃义加分", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak 现代[pei]；不把OC north行借给败逃义加分" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-10" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-10" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-10" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "北方义mismatch；bèi违背义另条不混；不能把转身、北方、败逃混为一义", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "北方义mismatch；bèi违背义另条不混；不能把转身、北方、败逃混为一义; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-A11", "family_key": "aback-A11", "target": { "form": "白", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "白色，限此义", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "不能用吓得脸白这种后果补成惊讶义；颜色不是back" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-A11", "value": "bái", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-16" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-16" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A1", "source_pronunciation_ref": null, "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-A11", "source_span": "on bæc / aback", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "b 声音控制", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "sound_control", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "mismatch", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "mismatch", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-16" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "not_evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "rationale": "Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: weak：同为唇塞起首的局部近似；ai≠æ，无-k；不优于背的声音", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：同为唇塞起首的局部近似；ai≠æ，无-k；不优于背的声音", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：同为唇塞起首的局部近似；ai≠æ，无-k；不优于背的声音", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：同为唇塞起首的局部近似；ai≠æ，无-k；不优于背的声音", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：同为唇塞起首的局部近似；ai≠æ，无-k；不优于背的声音", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：同为唇塞起首的局部近似；ai≠æ，无-k；不优于背的声音" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-16" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-16" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-16" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "不能用吓得脸白这种后果补成惊讶义；颜色不是back", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "不能用吓得脸白这种后果补成惊讶义；颜色不是back; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-A12", "family_key": "aback-A12", "target": { "form": "百", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "一百，数词", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "数字义无关；声母命中不能使其入选" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-A12", "value": "bǎi", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-17" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-17" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A1", "source_pronunciation_ref": null, "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-A12", "source_span": "on bæc / aback", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "b 声音控制", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "sound_control", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "mismatch", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "mismatch", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-17" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "not_evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "rationale": "Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: weak：与背/白类似局部声近；现代无-k；本轮不挑古音凑似", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：与背/白类似局部声近；现代无-k；本轮不挑古音凑似", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：与背/白类似局部声近；现代无-k；本轮不挑古音凑似", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：与背/白类似局部声近；现代无-k；本轮不挑古音凑似", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：与背/白类似局部声近；现代无-k；本轮不挑古音凑似", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：与背/白类似局部声近；现代无-k；本轮不挑古音凑似" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-17" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-17" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-17" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "数字义无关；声母命中不能使其入选", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "数字义无关；声母命中不能使其入选; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } } ], "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "stage_mapping_id": "SM-A2", "stage_ref": "A2", "selection_reasons": [ "explanatory_value" ], "freeze": { "version": "0.1", "meaning_note": "wind on the forward face of the sails; progress arrested", "excluded_senses": [ "No transfer of a different stage’s meaning or pronunciation" ], "status": "editor_reviewed" }, "search": { "status": "pending", "scope": { "lexical_layers": [], "phonological_layers": [ "Existing documented reference pronunciations only" ], "semantic_seeds": [ "wind on the forward face of the sails; progress arrested" ], "consonant_hypotheses": [], "note": "Bounded migration of existing candidate inventory; not a new Discovery Work search." }, "run_refs": [], "stop_reason": "Exact Chinese nautical terminology Pending; no forced character. Approved bounded Discovery completed." }, "candidates": [], "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "stage_mapping_id": "SM-A3", "stage_ref": "A3", "selection_reasons": [ "explanatory_value", "phonetic_form_value" ], "freeze": { "version": "0.1", "meaning_note": "surprised / startled; momentarily disconcerted", "excluded_senses": [ "No transfer of a different stage’s meaning or pronunciation" ], "status": "editor_reviewed" }, "search": { "status": "candidates_recorded", "scope": { "lexical_layers": [ "Modern Mandarin" ], "phonological_layers": [ "Existing documented reference pronunciations only" ], "semantic_seeds": [ "surprised / startled; momentarily disconcerted" ], "consonant_hypotheses": [ "b-p-m-f" ], "note": "Bounded migration of existing candidate inventory; not a new Discovery Work search." }, "run_refs": [], "stop_reason": "Existing review retained. No forced Chinese winner; unresolved evidence remains Pending." }, "candidates": [ { "candidate_id": "PF-A07", "family_key": "aback-A07", "target": { "form": "怕", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "恐惧", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "被意外善意惊到可taken aback但不怕；不作为通用惊讶映射" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-A07", "value": "pà", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-11" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-11" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-A07", "source_span": "taken aback", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": "b-p-m-f", "hit": true, "position": "b-p-m-f 扩展 p", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "rejected", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial：惊讶可伴恐惧但不蕴含恐惧", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-11" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "weak：pʰ/b有送气清浊差，a/æ近似有限，缺-k和ə-", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：pʰ/b有送气清浊差，a/æ近似有限，缺-k和ə-", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：pʰ/b有送气清浊差，a/æ近似有限，缺-k和ə-", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：pʰ/b有送气清浊差，a/æ近似有限，缺-k和ə-", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：pʰ/b有送气清浊差，a/æ近似有限，缺-k和ə-", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：pʰ/b有送气清浊差，a/æ近似有限，缺-k和ə-" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-11" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-11" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-11" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "被意外善意惊到可taken aback但不怕；不作为通用惊讶映射", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "被意外善意惊到可taken aback但不怕；不作为通用惊讶映射; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-A08", "family_key": "aback-A08", "target": { "form": "蒙（了）", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代口语；2019大陆语言专栏明确讨论", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "突然糊涂、惶惑、一时反应不过来", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "排除méng覆盖、měng蒙古与欺骗/瞎猜；不推成永久无知或必定昏迷" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-A08", "value": "mēng (le)", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-12", "PF-ABACK-13" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-12", "PF-ABACK-13" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-A08", "source_span": "taken aback", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": "b-p-m-f", "hit": true, "position": "b-p-m-f 扩展 m", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "shortlisted", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial：适合被突发消息弄蒙；强于单纯怕但非所有surprise", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-12", "PF-ABACK-13" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "weak：m与b不同方式，eng/æk不同韵尾；了为构式不参与配音", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：m与b不同方式，eng/æk不同韵尾；了为构式不参与配音", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：m与b不同方式，eng/æk不同韵尾；了为构式不参与配音", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：m与b不同方式，eng/æk不同韵尾；了为构式不参与配音", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：m与b不同方式，eng/æk不同韵尾；了为构式不参与配音", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：m与b不同方式，eng/æk不同韵尾；了为构式不参与配音" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-12", "PF-ABACK-13" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-12", "PF-ABACK-13" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-12", "PF-ABACK-13" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "排除méng覆盖、měng蒙古与欺骗/瞎猜；不推成永久无知或必定昏迷", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "排除méng覆盖、měng蒙古与欺骗/瞎猜；不推成永久无知或必定昏迷; Featured Mapping: Pending。背仅比较历史空间／back成分；蒙仅为突发失措子义候选。Pending是有效研究结果，不是页面错误。", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-A09", "family_key": "aback-A09", "target": { "form": "懵", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "糊涂、不明事理；懵懂", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "本轮采用杜永道对蒙了/懵懂的区分；不以网络混写升级；非断言所有当代用法非法" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-A09", "value": "měng", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-14", "PF-ABACK-12" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-14", "PF-ABACK-12" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-A09", "source_span": "taken aback", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": "b-p-m-f", "hit": true, "position": "b-p-m-f 扩展 m", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "rejected", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial到mismatch：状态无知不等于突发惊讶", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-14", "PF-ABACK-12" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "weak，与蒙声韵相近但声调/字义不能互借", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak，与蒙声韵相近但声调/字义不能互借", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak，与蒙声韵相近但声调/字义不能互借", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak，与蒙声韵相近但声调/字义不能互借", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak，与蒙声韵相近但声调/字义不能互借", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak，与蒙声韵相近但声调/字义不能互借" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-14", "PF-ABACK-12" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-14", "PF-ABACK-12" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-14", "PF-ABACK-12" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "本轮采用杜永道对蒙了/懵懂的区分；不以网络混写升级；非断言所有当代用法非法", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "本轮采用杜永道对蒙了/懵懂的区分；不以网络混写升级；非断言所有当代用法非法; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-A10", "family_key": "aback-A10", "target": { "form": "愕（然）", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；汉书等书证经在线转引", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "惊讶、惊愕", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "语体较书面；古字形含咢不证明与back同源" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-A10", "value": "è (rán)", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-15" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-15" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-A10", "source_span": "taken aback", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "组外语义控制", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "meaning_control", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "direct", "confidence": "High", "rationale": "direct 限于突发惊愕", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-15" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "mismatch", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "mismatch：零声母/ɤ/与/bæk/不同；不能把è配ə而丢掉back", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：零声母/ɤ/与/bæk/不同；不能把è配ə而丢掉back", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：零声母/ɤ/与/bæk/不同；不能把è配ə而丢掉back", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：零声母/ɤ/与/bæk/不同；不能把è配ə而丢掉back", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：零声母/ɤ/与/bæk/不同；不能把è配ə而丢掉back", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：零声母/ɤ/与/bæk/不同；不能把è配ə而丢掉back" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-01", "PF-ABACK-02", "PF-ABACK-03", "PF-ABACK-15" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-15" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-ABACK-15" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "语体较书面；古字形含咢不证明与back同源", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "语体较书面；古字形含咢不证明与back同源; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } } ], "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } } ], "display_selection": { "featured_candidate_ref": null, "stage_cards": [ { "stage_mapping_ref": "SM-A1", "candidate_ref": "PF-A01" }, { "stage_mapping_ref": "SM-A3", "candidate_ref": "PF-A08" } ], "review_status": "approved", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "reason": "Featured Mapping: Pending。背仅比较历史空间／back成分；蒙仅为突发失措子义候选。Pending是有效研究结果，不是页面错误。" }, "historical_path": "OE on bæc → ME aback → nautical taken aback → figurative taken aback. bæc is a component, not another whole-word stage.", "semantic_path": "OE on bæc → ME aback → nautical taken aback → figurative taken aback. bæc is a component, not another whole-word stage.", "boundary": { "en": "Featured Mapping: Pending。背仅比较历史空间／back成分；蒙仅为突发失措子义候选。Pending是有效研究结果，不是页面错误。", "zh-Hans": "Featured Mapping: Pending。背仅比较历史空间／back成分；蒙仅为突发失措子义候选。Pending是有效研究结果，不是页面错误。" } }, "featured_mapping_status": "Pending", "publication_status": "Published", "research_candidate_discovery": { "run_id": "TC-DISCOVERY-1-2026-09-20", "candidates": [ { "entry": "ABACK", "candidate_id": "A01", "chinese_form": "背", "reading": "bèi", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "A0 component / A1 spatial", "documented_meaning": "人体后背；物体后面", "semantic_fit": "direct 对 back 名词；partial 对 aback 方向副词；对 A3 mismatch", "phonetic_fit": "weak：/bæk/ 对 [pei˥˩]；b/[p]清浊不同，æ/ei不同，-k缺失；整词还多ə-", "consonant_group_relation": "b baseline；不是同音", "counterevidence": "不取 bēi 背负义；不把字母 a 的名称当 aback 发音；OC另见专项", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "高", "decision": "shortlist", "retrieval_route": "legacy", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/背", "https://www.shidianguji.com/character/背" ], "mainland_named_dictionary": "识典古籍标名《汉语大词典》条目摘要：mediated; original edition, page and complete citations Pending" }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/aback", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/aback" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "ABACK", "candidate_id": "A02", "chinese_form": "背后", "reading": "bèi hòu", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "A1", "documented_meaning": "后方／后面，背的方位构式", "semantic_fit": "direct 位置；运动需向背后等构式", "phonetic_fit": "weak：两音节对aback两音节不构成逐音节对应；hòu无相应音段", "consonant_group_relation": "b baseline，同背家族", "counterevidence": "不等于突然吃惊；不是新的独立音义成功", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "中", "decision": "semantic_control", "retrieval_route": "semantic", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/背" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/aback", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/aback" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "ABACK", "candidate_id": "A03", "chinese_form": "退", "reading": "tuì", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin / historical sense", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；古义版本Pending", "target_source_stage": "A1 movement", "documented_meaning": "向后移动", "semantic_fit": "direct 对向后运动；对帆状态仅partial", "phonetic_fit": "mismatch：/bæk/ 与 [tʰwei] 声韵均异", "consonant_group_relation": "组外；t不能因d-t-n-l而与b自动对应", "counterevidence": "不是所有aback情境都真的移动；现代taken aback不必后退", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "中", "decision": "semantic_control", "retrieval_route": "semantic", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/退" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/aback", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/aback" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "ABACK", "candidate_id": "A04", "chinese_form": "却", "reading": "què", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin / historical sense", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；退却义历史层首证Pending", "target_source_stage": "A1 movement / A2 explanatory control", "documented_meaning": "退、却步、退却", "semantic_fit": "direct 对退却；A2 partial", "phonetic_fit": "mismatch：现代 [tɕʰɥe] 对 /bæk/；古音未评分", "consonant_group_relation": "组外；q不临时塞入g-k-h；末尾-k不能改作声母命中", "counterevidence": "区分退却动词与现代转折副词却；不证明英语惊讶义来自汉语", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "高", "decision": "shortlist", "retrieval_route": "semantic", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/却" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/aback", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/aback" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "ABACK", "candidate_id": "A05", "chinese_form": "反 / 返", "reading": "fǎn", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin / historical sense", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；古文返回义的具体版本Pending", "target_source_stage": "A1 reversal / A2 contrast", "documented_meaning": "反：翻转、相反；返：回归原处；古反可表返", "semantic_fit": "partial：反向有用；回归原点不是aback必含义", "phonetic_fit": "weak：f/b 发音方式不同，an/æk韵尾不同，无ə-；古音not_evaluated", "consonant_group_relation": "b-p-m-f 扩展 f", "counterevidence": "反、返不是所有义项可互换；返航不是taken aback的航海义", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "中", "decision": "reserved", "retrieval_route": "expansion", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/反", "https://zdic.net/hans/返" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/aback", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/aback" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "ABACK", "candidate_id": "A06", "chinese_form": "北", "reading": "běi", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Historical character sense + modern reading", "approximate_period": "先秦传世书证经在线转引；读音为现代", "target_source_stage": "A1 movement", "documented_meaning": "败逃、败北", "semantic_fit": "partial：退逃附加战败限制", "phonetic_fit": "weak 现代[pei]；不把OC north行借给败逃义加分", "consonant_group_relation": "b baseline", "counterevidence": "北方义mismatch；bèi违背义另条不混；不能把转身、北方、败逃混为一义", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "中", "decision": "reserved", "retrieval_route": "semantic", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/北" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/aback", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/aback" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "ABACK", "candidate_id": "A07", "chinese_form": "怕", "reading": "pà", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "A3 surprise", "documented_meaning": "恐惧", "semantic_fit": "partial：惊讶可伴恐惧但不蕴含恐惧", "phonetic_fit": "weak：pʰ/b有送气清浊差，a/æ近似有限，缺-k和ə-", "consonant_group_relation": "b-p-m-f 扩展 p", "counterevidence": "被意外善意惊到可taken aback但不怕；不作为通用惊讶映射", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "低", "decision": "rejected", "retrieval_route": "expansion", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/怕" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/aback", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/aback" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "ABACK", "candidate_id": "A08", "chinese_form": "蒙（了）", "reading": "mēng (le)", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin colloquial", "approximate_period": "现代口语；2019大陆语言专栏明确讨论", "target_source_stage": "A3", "documented_meaning": "突然糊涂、惶惑、一时反应不过来", "semantic_fit": "partial：适合被突发消息弄蒙；强于单纯怕但非所有surprise", "phonetic_fit": "weak：m与b不同方式，eng/æk不同韵尾；了为构式不参与配音", "consonant_group_relation": "b-p-m-f 扩展 m", "counterevidence": "排除méng覆盖、měng蒙古与欺骗/瞎猜；不推成永久无知或必定昏迷", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "高", "decision": "shortlist", "retrieval_route": "expansion", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/page/2019-03/02/05/rmrbhwb2019030205.pdf", "https://zdic.net/hans/蒙" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/aback", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/aback" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "ABACK", "candidate_id": "A09", "chinese_form": "懵", "reading": "měng", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "A3 attempted", "documented_meaning": "糊涂、不明事理；懵懂", "semantic_fit": "partial到mismatch：状态无知不等于突发惊讶", "phonetic_fit": "weak，与蒙声韵相近但声调/字义不能互借", "consonant_group_relation": "b-p-m-f 扩展 m", "counterevidence": "本轮采用杜永道对蒙了/懵懂的区分；不以网络混写升级；非断言所有当代用法非法", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "低", "decision": "rejected", "retrieval_route": "expansion", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://www.zdic.net/hans/懵", "https://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/page/2019-03/02/05/rmrbhwb2019030205.pdf" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/aback", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/aback" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "ABACK", "candidate_id": "A10", "chinese_form": "愕（然）", "reading": "è (rán)", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin / historical sense", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；汉书等书证经在线转引", "target_source_stage": "A3", "documented_meaning": "惊讶、惊愕", "semantic_fit": "direct 限于突发惊愕", "phonetic_fit": "mismatch：零声母/ɤ/与/bæk/不同；不能把è配ə而丢掉back", "consonant_group_relation": "组外语义控制", "counterevidence": "语体较书面；古字形含咢不证明与back同源", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "高", "decision": "semantic_control", "retrieval_route": "semantic", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/愕" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/aback", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/aback" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "ABACK", "candidate_id": "A11", "chinese_form": "白", "reading": "bái", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "A1/A3 negative control", "documented_meaning": "白色，限此义", "semantic_fit": "mismatch", "phonetic_fit": "weak：同为唇塞起首的局部近似；ai≠æ，无-k；不优于背的声音", "consonant_group_relation": "b 声音控制", "counterevidence": "不能用吓得脸白这种后果补成惊讶义；颜色不是back", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "控制", "decision": "sound_control", "retrieval_route": "control", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/白" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/aback", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/aback" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "ABACK", "candidate_id": "A12", "chinese_form": "百", "reading": "bǎi", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "A1/A3 negative control", "documented_meaning": "一百，数词", "semantic_fit": "mismatch", "phonetic_fit": "weak：与背/白类似局部声近；现代无-k；本轮不挑古音凑似", "consonant_group_relation": "b 声音控制", "counterevidence": "数字义无关；声母命中不能使其入选", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "控制", "decision": "sound_control", "retrieval_route": "control", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/百" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/aback", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/aback" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } } ], "metrics_scope": "Original 39-row run: 10 expansions, 6 restricted retained, 4 rejected, 1 shortlist addition, no new strong phonetic-semantic winner. Not a precision/recall measurement.", "rule": "Consonant-group expansion is candidate generation, not an evidence score.", "freeze": "Featured Mapping: Pending。背仅比较历史空间／back成分；蒙仅为突发失措子义候选。Pending是有效研究结果，不是页面错误。" }, "legacy_migration": { "version": "pending-final-0.1", "baseline_commit": "be8bc2dcb1d3f517ba41bbaa2dacc8574335565b", "scope": "Read-only exact pre-migration archive; old Featured claims are superseded, not current research grades.", "previous_fields": { "title": { "en": "Aback · Back · Civilization Behind You", "zh-Hans": "Aback · 背 · 文明在你背后" }, "featured_mapping": { "source": "aback", "target": "背", "reading": "bèi", "display_label": "Featured structural and sound–meaning candidate · 特色结构与音义候选", "status": "Candidate · Low confidence", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "boundary": { "en": "背 bèi is displayed first to make the author's a + back / back ↔ 背 comparison visible. The standard modern translation remains 吃惊地 in taken aback; no English–Chinese cognacy is claimed.", "zh-Hans": "先展示“背”bèi，以突出作者的 a＋back／back↔背比较；现代 taken aback 的通用翻译仍是“吃惊地”，不主张英汉同源。" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK", "REF-MW-BACK" ] }, "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-aback-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "aback", "pronunciation": "/əˈbæk/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "吃惊地", "pronunciation": "chījīng de" }, "gloss": { "en": "chiefly in taken aback: suddenly surprised or startled", "zh-Hans": "主要用于 taken aback：突然吃惊、猝不及防" }, "meaning": { "en": "The standard modern sense is ‘suddenly surprised,’ chiefly in taken aback. The older spatial structure a + back (‘at/on the back; backward’) and the back ↔ 背 candidate are displayed separately.", "zh-Hans": "现代通用义主要是 taken aback 中的“突然吃惊”；较早的空间结构 a＋back（在背后／向后）以及 back↔背候选另行展示。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: aback，背。背 bei。back 与背 bei 同音", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/aback%ef%bc%8c%e8%83%8c%e5%90%8e%e3%80%82%e6%96%87%e6%98%8e%e5%9c%a8%e8%83%8c%e5%90%8e/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABACK", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: aback", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-BACK", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: back", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/back", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-OALD-ABACK", "title": "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: aback", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/aback", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary and word-origin reference; accessed 2026-09-04" } ], "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Candidate; priority 88.3/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Candidate；优先分 88.3/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "The English internal history is established; the English–Chinese resemblance remains a candidate only.", "zh-Hans": "英语内部词史已建立；英汉近似仍只属候选。" } ], "search_terms": [ "aback", "taken aback", "back", "向后", "吃惊", "背", "背后", "背 bei", "surprised", "civilization", "文明", "文明在你背后", "a.back", "dos", "bèi" ], "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "aback", "pronunciation": "/əˈbæk/", "part_of_speech": "adverb · 副词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "吃惊地", "pronunciation": "chījīng de" }, { "role": "featured-phonetic-semantic-candidate", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "背", "pronunciation": "bèi" }, { "role": "related-word", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "back", "pronunciation": "/bæk/" }, { "role": "translation-of-back", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "dos", "pronunciation": "/do/" } ] }, "previously_absent_fields": [ "standard_translation", "modern_standard_semantic_mapping", "diachronic_semantic_mapping", "featured_mapping_status", "publication_status", "research_candidate_discovery" ] } }