{
  "id": "LB-en-abdomen-012",
  "slug": "abdomen",
  "title": {
    "en": "Abdomen · Belly · Domain?",
    "zh-Hans": "Abdomen · 腹部 · 肚子是我们的领地吗？"
  },
  "languages": [
    {
      "role": "source",
      "code": "en",
      "name": "English",
      "word": "abdomen",
      "pronunciation": "/ˈæb.də.mən/",
      "part_of_speech": "noun · 名词"
    },
    {
      "role": "historically-related-form",
      "code": "fr",
      "name": "French",
      "word": "abdomen",
      "pronunciation": "/ab.dɔ.mɛn/"
    },
    {
      "role": "standard-translation",
      "code": "zh-Hans",
      "name": "Chinese",
      "word": "腹部／腹",
      "pronunciation": "fùbù / fù"
    },
    {
      "role": "target",
      "code": "zh-Hans",
      "name": "Chinese",
      "word": "肚子",
      "pronunciation": "dùzi /tu˥˩.tsɹ̩/"
    },
    {
      "role": "phonetic-semantic-candidate",
      "code": "zh-Hans",
      "name": "Chinese",
      "word": "肚",
      "pronunciation": "dù /tu˥˩/"
    }
  ],
  "featured_mapping": {
    "source": "abdomen",
    "target": "肚",
    "reading": "dù",
    "display_label": "Featured phonetic-semantic candidate · 特色音义候选",
    "status": "Candidate · Low confidence",
    "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
    "boundary": {
      "en": "肚 dù is shown first as a concise Chinese body-part candidate. The standard translation remains 腹部 / 肚子, and no common historical origin is claimed.",
      "zh-Hans": "先展示单字“肚”dù，作为简洁的汉语身体词候选；通用翻译仍是“腹部／肚子”，不主张共同历史来源。"
    },
    "source_refs": [
      "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABDOMEN",
      "REF-ZDIC-DU",
      "REF-UT-PINYIN-D",
      "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW",
      "REF-ZDIC-FU"
    ],
    "candidate_ref": "B1-abdomen-DU"
  },
  "primary_mapping": {
    "mapping_id": "MAP-abdomen-primary-duzi",
    "source": {
      "language": "English",
      "word": "abdomen",
      "pronunciation": "/ˈæb.də.mən/"
    },
    "target": {
      "language": "Chinese",
      "word": "肚子",
      "pronunciation": "dùzi /tu˥˩.tsɹ̩/"
    },
    "gloss": {
      "en": "The part of the body between the thorax and pelvis; belly",
      "zh-Hans": "胸部与骨盆之间的身体部位；腹部、肚子"
    },
    "meaning": {
      "en": "腹部/腹 is the standard formal translation; 肚子 is the standard everyday equivalent and the selected Chinese mapping. The isolated form 肚 dù is additionally preserved as an experimental phonetic-semantic candidate.",
      "zh-Hans": "“腹部／腹”是标准正式译法，“肚子”是标准日常对应词，也是本条选定的主要汉语 Mapping；单字“肚”dù 另作为实验性语音—语义候选保留。"
    },
    "mapping_type": "Reviewed lexical equivalent with separate phonetic-semantic candidate",
    "rationale": {
      "en": "The ordinary lexical equivalence is strong in the BODY/ABDOMEN/BELLY field. The sound comparison is independently low-confidence and does not imply common origin.",
      "zh-Hans": "普通词义对应在 BODY／ABDOMEN／BELLY 语义场中明确成立；声音比较另列为低置信候选，不暗示共同来源。"
    }
  },
  "entry_status": "Reviewed",
  "mapping_status": "Reviewed",
  "mapping_level": "Unrated",
  "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed",
  "evidence": {
    "Historical": {
      "status": "Established",
      "confidence": "High",
      "summary": {
        "en": "English and French abdomen are learned borrowings from Latin abdōmen, with the oblique stem abdōmin-. The deeper origin of the Latin word is uncertain. Therefore ab.dom.en is not accepted as a historical segmentation. English abdominal and French abdominal/abdominale are derivatives of abdomen, not evidence for a dom root shared with dome or domain.",
        "zh-Hans": "英语和法语 abdomen 都是源自拉丁语 abdōmen 的学术借词，其斜格词干为 abdōmin-。该拉丁词更深层来源仍不确定，因此不把 ab.dom.en 接受为历史构词切分。英语 abdominal 与法语 abdominal／abdominale 是 abdomen 的派生词，不能据此推出它们与 dome 或 domain 共享 dom 词根。"
      },
      "items": [
        {
          "evidence_id": "HIST-ABDOMEN-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "English abdomen was borrowed from Middle French and Latin; Latin abdōmen meant the belly or paunch and is of uncertain origin.",
            "zh-Hans": "英语 abdomen 借自中古法语与拉丁语；拉丁语 abdōmen 指腹部或大肚子，其来源不确定。"
          },
          "status": "Established",
          "confidence": "High",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-MW-ABDOMEN"
          ]
        },
        {
          "evidence_id": "HIST-FR-ABDOMEN-002",
          "claim": {
            "en": "French abdomen is a learned sixteenth-century borrowing from Latin abdomen; French abdominal is derived from French abdomen with the adjectival suffix -al.",
            "zh-Hans": "法语 abdomen 是十六世纪从拉丁语 abdomen 借入的学术词；法语 abdominal 由法语 abdomen 加形容词后缀 -al 派生。"
          },
          "status": "Established",
          "confidence": "High",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMEN",
            "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMINAL"
          ]
        },
        {
          "evidence_id": "HIST-ABDOMEN-DEEP-003",
          "claim": {
            "en": "A derivation from Latin abdere ‘hide, conceal’ has been proposed, but major dictionary treatment regards it as doubtful; no deeper decomposition is asserted here.",
            "zh-Hans": "有人提出它可能与拉丁语 abdere“隐藏”有关，但主要词典认为这一解释可疑；本记录不主张任何更深层构词切分。"
          },
          "status": "Under review",
          "confidence": "Low",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-MW-ABDOMEN",
            "REF-AHD-ABDOMEN"
          ]
        },
        {
          "evidence_id": "HIST-DOM-FAMILIES-004",
          "claim": {
            "en": "Domain, domestic, dominant and dominate belong to a house/master family through Latin domus, dominus, dominium and dominari. Architectural dome follows a Greek/late-Latin/Romance building-roof path. These histories do not derive from abdomen or from a belly sense.",
            "zh-Hans": "domain、domestic、dominant、dominate 经拉丁语 domus、dominus、dominium、dominari 属于“家屋／主人”词族。建筑义 dome 则走希腊语—晚期拉丁语—罗曼语的建筑／屋顶路径。这些词史都不源自 abdomen，也不源自“肚子”义。"
          },
          "status": "Established",
          "confidence": "High",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-MW-DOMAIN",
            "REF-MW-DOMESTIC",
            "REF-MW-DOMINANT",
            "REF-MW-DOMINATE",
            "REF-CNRTL-DOME"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-MW-ABDOMEN",
        "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMEN",
        "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMINAL",
        "REF-AHD-ABDOMEN",
        "REF-MW-DOMAIN",
        "REF-MW-DOMESTIC",
        "REF-MW-DOMINANT",
        "REF-MW-DOMINATE",
        "REF-CNRTL-DOME"
      ]
    },
    "Phonetic-Semantic": {
      "status": "Candidate",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "summary": {
        "en": "abdomen /ˈæb.də.mən/ and 肚 dù /tu˥˩/ meet clearly in BODY/ABDOMEN/BELLY meaning. Sound support is only partial: the second syllable begins with English /d/, while Mandarin pinyin d represents an unaspirated voiceless coronal stop [t]; abdomen also contains /b m n/ with no counterpart in 肚, and 肚 has lexical tone.",
        "zh-Hans": "abdomen /ˈæb.də.mən/ 与“肚”dù /tu˥˩/ 在 BODY／ABDOMEN／BELLY 词义上明确相交。声音支持仅属局部：abdomen 第二音节以英语 /d/ 起首，而普通话拼音 d 表示不送气清冠音 [t]；abdomen 另有 /b m n/，在“肚”中无对应，并且“肚”带词汇声调。"
      },
      "items": [
        {
          "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABDOMEN-DU-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "The proposed domen/dom ↔ 肚 comparison reduces to a partial coronal-stop resemblance plus a strong semantic intersection; it is not the same consonant skeleton.",
            "zh-Hans": "所提 domen／dom ↔“肚”的比较可归结为局部冠音塞音近似加明确语义交点；二者并不是相同的辅音骨架。"
          },
          "status": "Candidate",
          "confidence": "Low",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABDOMEN",
            "REF-ZDIC-DU",
            "REF-UT-PINYIN-D"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABDOMEN",
        "REF-ZDIC-DU",
        "REF-UT-PINYIN-D",
        "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW"
      ]
    },
    "Cognitive": {
      "status": "Interpretive",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "summary": {
        "en": "The authorial chain ROUND/CONVEX → BODY CONTAINER → DOMAIN → CONTROL is a coherent imaginative model, not a historical derivation. The Chinese hand/control imagery is preserved as a cross-cultural cognitive note without expanding it into an origin claim.",
        "zh-Hans": "作者提出的 ROUND／CONVEX → BODY CONTAINER → DOMAIN → CONTROL 是连贯的想象模型，不是历史派生链。汉语“手—支配”意象作为跨文化认知札记保留，不扩展成词源主张。"
      },
      "items": [
        {
          "evidence_id": "COG-ROUND-CONTAINER-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "A convex belly can be imagined through the shape of a dome and as a bodily container or personal domain.",
            "zh-Hans": "凸起的肚子可借圆顶形状来想象，也可被想象为身体容器或个人领域。"
          },
          "status": "Interpretive",
          "confidence": "Low",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW"
          ]
        },
        {
          "evidence_id": "COG-HAND-CONTROL-002",
          "claim": {
            "en": "Chinese expressions such as 手下 and the image 翻手为云，覆手为雨 associate hand imagery with subordination or control; this note is cultural-semantic, not etymological.",
            "zh-Hans": "“手下”以及“翻手为云，覆手为雨”的意象把“手”与从属或支配相联；此处只作文化语义札记，不作词源解释。"
          },
          "status": "Interpretive",
          "confidence": "Low",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW"
      ]
    },
    "Speculative": {
      "status": "Candidate",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "summary": {
        "en": "The proposed abdomen → dome → domain/control chain is retained as an authored association but rejected as a historical derivation. Similar spelling does not merge distinct etymological families.",
        "zh-Hans": "所提 abdomen → dome → domain／control 链作为作者联想保留，但作为历史派生关系不成立。拼写相似不能合并不同词源族。"
      },
      "items": [
        {
          "evidence_id": "SPEC-AB-DOM-EN-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "Segmenting abdomen as ab.dom.en and treating dom as the productive root is unsupported by the attested Latin form and its uncertain deeper origin.",
            "zh-Hans": "把 abdomen 切分为 ab.dom.en 并把 dom 当作能产词根，得不到已见拉丁语形式及其不确定深层来源的支持。"
          },
          "status": "Rejected",
          "confidence": "High",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-MW-ABDOMEN",
            "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMEN",
            "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW"
          ]
        },
        {
          "evidence_id": "SPEC-DOME-BELLY-CONTROL-002",
          "claim": {
            "en": "Dome ‘rounded roof’, belly roundness, domain and control may form a literary-cognitive association, but the chain is not the historical source of the words.",
            "zh-Hans": "dome“圆顶”、肚子的圆凸、domain 与 control 可构成文学—认知联想，但不是这些词的历史来源链。"
          },
          "status": "Interpretive",
          "confidence": "Low",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW",
            "REF-CNRTL-DOME",
            "REF-MW-DOMAIN",
            "REF-MW-DOMINATE"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW",
        "REF-MW-ABDOMEN",
        "REF-CNRTL-DOME",
        "REF-MW-DOMAIN",
        "REF-MW-DOMINATE"
      ]
    }
  },
  "phonetic_observation": [
    {
      "observation_id": "PHON-ABDOMEN-DU-001",
      "claim": {
        "en": "English abdomen /ˈæb.də.mən/ contains /d/ at the onset of its second syllable; Mandarin 肚 dù /tu˥˩/ begins with the pinyin d sound, phonetically an unaspirated [t].",
        "zh-Hans": "英语 abdomen /ˈæb.də.mən/ 的第二音节以 /d/ 起首；普通话“肚”dù /tu˥˩/ 以拼音 d 所记的不送气 [t] 起首。"
      },
      "status": "Candidate",
      "limitations": {
        "en": "The stops share coronal place but differ in voicing and phonological system. /b m n/ and Mandarin tone are unmatched, so d-m or d-m-n cannot be claimed as a shared consonantal skeleton.",
        "zh-Hans": "两者塞音同属冠音部位，但清浊及音系不同；/b m n/ 与普通话声调均无对应，因此不能宣称共享 d-m 或 d-m-n 辅音骨架。"
      }
    }
  ],
  "semantic_structure": {
    "concepts": [
      "BODY",
      "ABDOMEN",
      "BELLY",
      "ROUND",
      "CONVEX",
      "CONTAINER",
      "DOMAIN",
      "CONTROL",
      "HAND"
    ],
    "relation": "BODY/ABDOMEN/BELLY; speculative association: ROUND/CONVEX → BODY CONTAINER → DOMAIN → CONTROL; cross-cultural note: HAND → CONTROL",
    "status": "Interpretive"
  },
  "related_words": [
    {
      "word": "abdominal",
      "language": "English",
      "relationship_type": "Etymological derivative",
      "family": "Latin abdōmen / stem abdōmin-",
      "relation_to_entry": {
        "en": "Direct derivative of abdomen; genuinely part of the same etymological family.",
        "zh-Hans": "abdomen 的直接派生词；确属同一历史词族。"
      },
      "status": "Established",
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-MW-ABDOMINAL"
      ]
    },
    {
      "word": "abdomen / abdominal / abdominale",
      "language": "French",
      "relationship_type": "Historical borrowing and derivative",
      "family": "Latin abdomen / French abdomen",
      "relation_to_entry": {
        "en": "French abdomen is a learned Latin borrowing; abdominal/abdominale derives from it.",
        "zh-Hans": "法语 abdomen 是拉丁学术借词；abdominal／abdominale 由它派生。"
      },
      "status": "Established",
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMEN",
        "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMINAL"
      ]
    },
    {
      "word": "dome",
      "language": "English",
      "relationship_type": "Speculative semantic association",
      "family": "Greek dôma → Late Latin/Romance architectural path",
      "relation_to_entry": {
        "en": "Associated by rounded shape and spelling only; not derived from abdomen.",
        "zh-Hans": "仅因圆凸形状与拼写产生联想；并非由 abdomen 派生。"
      },
      "status": "Interpretive",
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-CNRTL-DOME"
      ]
    },
    {
      "word": "domain",
      "language": "English",
      "relationship_type": "Speculative semantic association",
      "family": "Latin dominium ← dominus",
      "relation_to_entry": {
        "en": "Belongs to the ownership/master family; not to the abdomen family.",
        "zh-Hans": "属于所有权／主人词族，不属于 abdomen 词族。"
      },
      "status": "Established",
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-MW-DOMAIN"
      ]
    },
    {
      "word": "domestic",
      "language": "English",
      "relationship_type": "Speculative semantic association",
      "family": "Latin domesticus ← domus",
      "relation_to_entry": {
        "en": "Belongs directly to the house/home family; not to the abdomen family.",
        "zh-Hans": "直接属于家屋／家庭词族，不属于 abdomen 词族。"
      },
      "status": "Established",
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-MW-DOMESTIC"
      ]
    },
    {
      "word": "dominant",
      "language": "English",
      "relationship_type": "Speculative semantic association",
      "family": "Latin dominant- / dominari ← dominus",
      "relation_to_entry": {
        "en": "Belongs to the master/rule family; not to the abdomen family.",
        "zh-Hans": "属于主人／统治词族，不属于 abdomen 词族。"
      },
      "status": "Established",
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-MW-DOMINANT"
      ]
    },
    {
      "word": "dominate",
      "language": "English",
      "relationship_type": "Speculative semantic association",
      "family": "Latin dominari ← dominus",
      "relation_to_entry": {
        "en": "Belongs to the master/rule family; not to the abdomen family.",
        "zh-Hans": "属于主人／统治词族，不属于 abdomen 词族。"
      },
      "status": "Established",
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-MW-DOMINATE"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "semantic_associations": [
    {
      "association_id": "ASSOC-ABDOMEN-DOME-001",
      "relation": "ROUND/CONVEX → BODY CONTAINER",
      "status": "Interpretive",
      "is_etymological": false
    },
    {
      "association_id": "ASSOC-BELLY-DOMAIN-002",
      "relation": "BODY CONTAINER → PERSONAL DOMAIN",
      "status": "Interpretive",
      "is_etymological": false
    },
    {
      "association_id": "ASSOC-DOMAIN-CONTROL-003",
      "relation": "DOMAIN → CONTROL",
      "status": "Interpretive",
      "is_etymological": false
    },
    {
      "association_id": "ASSOC-HAND-CONTROL-004",
      "relation": "HAND → SUBORDINATION/CONTROL",
      "status": "Interpretive",
      "is_etymological": false
    }
  ],
  "hypotheses": [
    {
      "hypothesis_id": "UNI-ABDOMEN-DU-001",
      "type": "Phonetic-semantic candidate",
      "claim": {
        "en": "abdomen and 肚 dù may support a limited modern-form association through a coronal stop and the shared BODY/ABDOMEN/BELLY field.",
        "zh-Hans": "abdomen 与“肚”dù 可能通过冠音塞音及共享的 BODY／ABDOMEN／BELLY 语义场形成有限的现代词形联想。"
      },
      "status": "Candidate",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "supporting_cases": [
        "abdomen /ˈæb.də.mən/",
        "肚 dù /tu˥˩/",
        "BODY/ABDOMEN/BELLY"
      ],
      "counterexamples": [
        "English /d/ vs Mandarin unaspirated [t]",
        "Unmatched /b m n/",
        "Unmatched Mandarin tone",
        "No historical correspondence"
      ],
      "testability": {
        "en": "Test sound similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded ratings, unrelated body-part controls and matched non-body words.",
        "zh-Hans": "用盲法评分分别检验声音相似与语义适配，并设置无关身体部位词和匹配的非身体词作为对照。"
      },
      "experiment_link": null,
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABDOMEN",
        "REF-ZDIC-DU",
        "REF-UT-PINYIN-D",
        "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW"
      ]
    },
    {
      "hypothesis_id": "UNI-ABDOMEN-DOME-DOMAIN-002",
      "type": "Cognitive / speculative association",
      "claim": {
        "en": "ROUND/CONVEX → BODY CONTAINER → DOMAIN → CONTROL may function as a literary-cognitive chain even though it is not a historical word-family derivation.",
        "zh-Hans": "ROUND／CONVEX → BODY CONTAINER → DOMAIN → CONTROL 可作为文学—认知链发挥作用，即使它不是历史词族派生链。"
      },
      "status": "Interpretive",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "supporting_cases": [
        "rounded belly",
        "dome shape",
        "domain as controlled sphere",
        "author's literary question"
      ],
      "counterexamples": [
        "abdomen is not built from dome",
        "domain/domestic/dominant/dominate have independently documented histories",
        "shape metaphor is author-supplied"
      ],
      "testability": {
        "en": "Evaluate as a metaphor-elicitation or literary-reception pattern, not as etymology.",
        "zh-Hans": "应作为隐喻诱发或文学接受模式评价，而不是词源假说。"
      },
      "experiment_link": null,
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW",
        "REF-MW-ABDOMEN",
        "REF-CNRTL-DOME",
        "REF-MW-DOMAIN",
        "REF-MW-DOMESTIC",
        "REF-MW-DOMINANT",
        "REF-MW-DOMINATE"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "experiments": [],
  "literary_layer": {
    "status": "Reviewed",
    "is_historical_evidence": false,
    "proposition": {
      "en": "Is the belly our domain?",
      "zh-Hans": "肚子是我们的领地吗？"
    },
    "essay_prose": [
      {
        "work_id": "LB-ABDOMEN-PROSE-001",
        "title": {
          "en": "Is the Belly Our Domain?",
          "zh-Hans": "肚子是我们的领地吗？"
        },
        "text": {
          "en": "Is the belly our domain? When we were children, what did the little dudou covering our bellies look like? We seem to have forgotten. In memory, a child's face is fresh and luminous, while the body still grows to nature's oldest rhythms. Girls, when nature gave you faces as gentle and radiant as moonlight, it also let life move with the waxing and waning moon. Boys, when nature gave you faces bright as sunlight, it also let life rise and fall with the sun. The abdomen may be imagined as an inner territory of the body, holding hunger, breath, growth, and our earliest memories.",
          "zh-Hans": "肚子，是我们的领地吗？孩提时代，罩在腹部上的那方小小肚兜，究竟是什么模样？我们似乎早已忘了。记忆里的脸庞水灵清亮，身体还随着自然最古老的节律生长。女孩子们，大自然赠予你们月光般柔媚皎洁的面庞，也没有忘记让生命随着月亮的盈亏行走。男孩子们，大自然赠予你们阳光般明朗的面庞，也没有忘记让生命随着太阳的升落起伏。腹部像身体内部的一片领地，收藏着饥饿、呼吸、成长与最初的记忆。"
        },
        "status": "Reviewed"
      }
    ],
    "poem_lyrics": [],
    "translations": [
      {
        "language": "English",
        "status": "Lightly edited from the author's raw draft"
      }
    ],
    "archival_manuscript_media": [],
    "evidence_boundary": {
      "en": "The domain question, dudou, childhood, moon and sun are literary images. They remain searchable and attributable to Jinkai Liu but are not lexical, historical or phonetic evidence.",
      "zh-Hans": "领地之问、肚兜、孩童、月亮与太阳均属文学意象。它们可检索并归于 Jinkai Liu，但不构成词义、历史或语音证据。"
    }
  },
  "media": [],
  "references": [
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW",
      "title": "Jinkai Liu: abdomen source/raw research note",
      "type": "author research note",
      "url": null,
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; raw English draft preserved below; claims independently classified"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABDOMEN",
      "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: abdomen",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abdomen",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABDOMINAL",
      "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: abdominal",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abdominal",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-AHD-ABDOMEN",
      "title": "American Heritage Dictionary: abdomen",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=abdomen",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABDOMEN",
      "title": "Cambridge Dictionary: abdomen pronunciation and definition",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/abdomen",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMEN",
      "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de abdomen",
      "type": "historical dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/abdomen",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-08-30"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMINAL",
      "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: abdominal",
      "type": "historical dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/abdominal",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-08-30"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-LAROUSSE-ABDOMEN",
      "title": "Larousse: abdomen",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/abdomen/81",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-UT-PINYIN-D",
      "title": "University of Texas at Austin: Pitch Perfect Pinyin, d/t",
      "type": "university phonetics resource",
      "url": "https://laits.utexas.edu/ppp/learning.php?unit=2",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "university teaching resource; accessed 2026-08-30"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-DOME",
      "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de dôme",
      "type": "historical dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/d%C3%B4me//1",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-08-30"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-MW-DOMAIN",
      "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: domain",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/domain",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-MW-DOMESTIC",
      "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: domestic",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/domestic",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-MW-DOMINANT",
      "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: dominant",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dominant",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-MW-DOMINATE",
      "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: dominate",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dominate",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABDOMEN",
      "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: abdomen",
      "type": "legacy author publication",
      "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abdomen/",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "author-published legacy website; source merged without overwriting the independently reviewed record"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-DU",
      "title": "汉典：肚",
      "type": "mainland digital lexicographic platform",
      "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/肚",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "汉典现行条目；用于肚的现代腹部义，以及平台转录的《广韵》《集韵》材料；accessed 2026-09-08. 汉典为大陆数字辞书平台，不冒充纸本辞书或所转录古籍的校勘本；古籍书证若未直接核对具体整理本，只按平台转录层级使用。"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-FU",
      "title": "汉典：腹",
      "type": "mainland digital lexicographic platform",
      "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/腹",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "汉典现行条目；用于腹的现代人体部位义及平台所列历史材料；accessed 2026-09-08. 汉典为大陆数字辞书平台，不冒充纸本辞书或所转录古籍的校勘本；古籍书证若未直接核对具体整理本，只按平台转录层级使用。"
    }
  ],
  "author": "Jinkai Liu",
  "version": "Abdomen editorial page v1.0 / Schema v1.0",
  "dates": {
    "created": "2026-08-30",
    "modified": "2026-09-15",
    "published": null
  },
  "editorial_notes": [
    {
      "en": "Standard translation and the experimental cross-language mapping are explicitly distinct: 腹部/腹 is formal, 肚子 is everyday, and isolated 肚 dù is the phonetic-semantic candidate.",
      "zh-Hans": "标准翻译与实验性跨语言 mapping 明确分开：“腹部／腹”为正式译法，“肚子”为日常对应，单字“肚”dù 才是语音—语义候选。"
    },
    {
      "en": "The apparent dom spelling is not used to collapse abdomen, dome and the domus/dominus family into one root.",
      "zh-Hans": "不因表面共有 dom 拼写，就把 abdomen、dome 与 domus／dominus 词族合并为一个词根。"
    },
    {
      "en": "Abdominal now has its own adjective entry; noun literature and research remain here.",
      "zh-Hans": "abdominal 现有独立形容词词条；名词文学与研究保留于本条。"
    }
  ],
  "search_terms": [
    "abdomen",
    "abdomens",
    "abdɔmɛn",
    "belly",
    "ventre",
    "腹",
    "腹部",
    "肚",
    "肚子",
    "du",
    "dù",
    "dùzi",
    "dome",
    "domain",
    "domestic",
    "dominant",
    "dominate",
    "domus",
    "dominus",
    "round",
    "convex",
    "body container",
    "control",
    "hand",
    "手",
    "手下",
    "翻手为云覆手为雨",
    "肚兜",
    "BODY",
    "ABDOMEN",
    "BELLY",
    "ROUND",
    "CONVEX",
    "CONTAINER",
    "DOMAIN",
    "CONTROL"
  ],
  "page": "words/abdomen.html",
  "legacy": null,
  "source": {
    "type": "author-provided raw research note",
    "author": "Jinkai Liu",
    "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above",
    "normalization": "Pronunciations and parts of speech normalized; standard Chinese translations distinguished from the experimental 肚 mapping; raw English retained verbatim.",
    "raw_note": "英语：abdomen ['æbdəmən] n. 腹 [<拉丁语]；ab.dom.en；abdominal [æb'dɔminəl] a. 腹；ab.dom.inal；domain n. 领地；dome n. 圆顶，肚子就是圆形的；domestic a. 领域内的；dominant a. 主导的；dominate v. 支配。法语：ab.dom.en [abdomen] n. 腹 [<拉丁语]；ab.domin.al,e [abdominal] n. 腹 [<拉丁语]；abdominal (masculine)，abdominale (feminine)。汉语：肚【du】n. 肚子。备注：以上这些词汇大概都是由 dome 圆顶的根词演化而来的。也可以与肚 du 子的意思对应得上。主导等等词汇我们一般用手的词汇构成，例如手下，翻手为云覆手为雨。也许英语法语词汇用与肚子有关的词汇表达统治主导的意思。中文原文：肚子是我们的领地吗？当我们都是孩提时代，那在腹部上面的肚兜是啥模样？似乎都忘记想了。孩提时代的脸庞是水灵灵的。那女孩子们，大自然在给你们柔媚如月般的皎洁的时候。不忘记让你随着那月行走。那男孩子们，大自然在给你们阳光的面庞的时候，也没有忘记给你们随那太阳起落。用户英文原稿：Is the belly our domain? When we were children, what did the bellyband look like? I seem to have forgotten it. The face of a child is watery. Girls, when nature gave you the softness of the moon, it did not forget to let you walk with the moon. Boys, when nature gave you the sunny face, it also did not forget to let you rise and fall with the sun."
  },
  "legacy_import": {
    "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001",
    "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abdomen/",
    "action": "merged-source-deduplicated",
    "raw_note": "abdomen，腹部。肚 du。domen 与肚发音同辅音。"
  },
  "word_family_links": [
    {
      "word": "abdominal",
      "entry_id": "LB-en-abdominal-042",
      "page": "words/abdominal.html",
      "part_of_speech": "adjective"
    }
  ],
  "etymological_family_id": "LATIN-ABDOMEN",
  "standard_translation": {
    "target": "腹部／腹；日常人体语境：肚子",
    "terms": [
      "腹部",
      "腹",
      "肚子"
    ],
    "part_of_speech": "noun",
    "status": "Supported",
    "source_refs": [
      "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABDOMEN"
    ]
  },
  "source_audit_pending": [
    {
      "title": "现代汉语词典",
      "status": "pending",
      "claims": [
        "肚 modern_meaning",
        "肚 phonology"
      ],
      "reason": "Specific print edition and entry not directly obtained; the existing Mainland digital platform evidence is retained without invented page numbers."
    },
    {
      "title": "新华字典",
      "status": "pending",
      "claims": [
        "肚 modern_meaning",
        "肚 phonology"
      ],
      "reason": "Specific print edition and entry not directly obtained; the existing Mainland digital platform evidence is retained without invented page numbers."
    }
  ],
  "diachronic_semantic_mapping": {
    "model_version": "0.1",
    "historical_stages": [
      {
        "stage_id": "LATIN-ABDOMEN",
        "form": "abdōmen",
        "variants": [
          "abdōmin- (oblique stem of the same lexeme)"
        ],
        "unit_kind": "lemma",
        "language": {
          "name": "Latin",
          "code": null
        },
        "period": {
          "label": "Latin; narrower dates not recorded in existing research",
          "start_year": null,
          "end_year": null,
          "basis": "language_period",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-MW-ABDOMEN"
          ]
        },
        "attestation_status": "attested",
        "meaning": {
          "gloss": "belly / paunch",
          "pos": null,
          "constraints": []
        },
        "pronunciations": [],
        "relations": [],
        "source_refs": [
          "REF-MW-ABDOMEN"
        ],
        "evidence_status": "mediated",
        "mapping_selection": "not_selected",
        "selection_note": "Retained to explain semantic development; no Chinese search selected."
      },
      {
        "stage_id": "MODERN",
        "form": "abdomen",
        "variants": [],
        "unit_kind": "lemma",
        "language": {
          "name": "Modern English",
          "code": null
        },
        "period": {
          "label": "Modern reference; English first use circa 1541",
          "start_year": null,
          "end_year": null,
          "basis": "attestation",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-MW-ABDOMEN"
          ]
        },
        "attestation_status": "attested",
        "meaning": {
          "gloss": "body abdomen / belly",
          "pos": null,
          "constraints": []
        },
        "pronunciations": [
          {
            "pronunciation_id": "PR-MODERN",
            "value": "/ˈæb.də.mən/",
            "notation": "source_notation",
            "phonological_layer": "Modern English",
            "period": {
              "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred",
              "start_year": null,
              "end_year": null,
              "basis": "modern_reference",
              "source_refs": []
            },
            "variety": "Modern English",
            "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment",
            "status": "documented",
            "source_refs": [
              "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABDOMEN"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "relations": [
          {
            "from_stage_ref": "LATIN-ABDOMEN",
            "relation_type": "borrowing",
            "semantic_operation": {
              "type": "borrowing",
              "description": "English borrowing from Middle French and Latin; deeper Latin origin uncertain.",
              "status": "supported"
            },
            "status": "supported",
            "source_refs": [
              "REF-MW-ABDOMEN"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "source_refs": [
          "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABDOMEN"
        ],
        "evidence_status": "mediated",
        "mapping_selection": "selected",
        "selection_note": "Existing comparison has research value; no new candidate search."
      }
    ],
    "mappings": [
      {
        "stage_mapping_id": "SM-MODERN",
        "stage_ref": "MODERN",
        "selection_reasons": [
          "explanatory_value",
          "phonetic_form_value"
        ],
        "freeze": {
          "version": "0.1",
          "meaning_note": "body abdomen / belly",
          "excluded_senses": [
            "No transfer of a different stage’s meaning or pronunciation"
          ],
          "status": "editor_reviewed"
        },
        "search": {
          "status": "candidates_recorded",
          "scope": {
            "lexical_layers": [
              "Modern Mandarin"
            ],
            "phonological_layers": [
              "Existing documented reference pronunciations only"
            ],
            "semantic_seeds": [
              "body abdomen / belly"
            ],
            "consonant_hypotheses": [],
            "note": "Bounded migration of existing candidate inventory; not a new Discovery Work search."
          },
          "run_refs": [],
          "stop_reason": "Existing review retained. No forced Chinese winner; unresolved evidence remains Pending."
        },
        "candidates": [
          {
            "candidate_id": "B1-abdomen-DU",
            "family_key": "LATIN-ABDOMEN:DU4",
            "target": {
              "form": "肚",
              "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin",
              "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin",
              "period": {
                "label": "Modern Mandarin reference; historical attestations remain in Research",
                "start_year": null,
                "end_year": null,
                "basis": "modern_reference",
                "source_refs": []
              },
              "meaning": {
                "gloss": "腹部；肚子",
                "pos": null,
                "constraints": []
              },
              "pronunciations": [
                {
                  "pronunciation_id": "ZH-B1-abdomen-DU",
                  "value": "dù [tu˥˩]",
                  "notation": "source_notation",
                  "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin",
                  "period": {
                    "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred",
                    "start_year": null,
                    "end_year": null,
                    "basis": "modern_reference",
                    "source_refs": []
                  },
                  "variety": "Modern Mandarin",
                  "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment",
                  "status": "documented",
                  "source_refs": [
                    "REF-ZDIC-DU"
                  ]
                }
              ],
              "source_refs": [
                "REF-ZDIC-DU"
              ]
            },
            "comparison": {
              "source_stage_ref": "MODERN",
              "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-MODERN",
              "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-B1-abdomen-DU",
              "source_span": "abdomen (sound restricted to medial /d/)",
              "scope": "whole_form",
              "hypothesis": {
                "group": null,
                "hit": false,
                "position": "No consonant-group claim",
                "version": "legacy hypothesis; not validated"
              }
            },
            "role": "candidate",
            "decision": "shortlisted",
            "semantic_fit": {
              "fit": "direct",
              "confidence": "Low",
              "rationale": "现代腹部义与肚 dù 有明确交集；声音仅词中 /d/ 与普通话 [t] 局部近似。Low；不是 dom 词根比较。",
              "source_refs": [
                "REF-ZDIC-DU"
              ]
            },
            "phonetic_fit": {
              "fit": "weak",
              "confidence": "Low",
              "rationale": "现代腹部义与肚 dù 有明确交集；声音仅词中 /d/ 与普通话 [t] 局部近似。Low；不是 dom 词根比较。",
              "features": {
                "onset": "English medial /d/ vs Mandarin unaspirated voiceless [t]; neither whole-word homophony nor shared consonant skeleton.",
                "vowel": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "coda_other_consonants": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "syllables": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "prosody": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating."
              },
              "source_refs": [
                "REF-ZDIC-DU"
              ]
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "claim_scope": "chinese_sense",
                "status": "mediated",
                "source_refs": [
                  "REF-ZDIC-DU"
                ],
                "locator": null,
                "note": "Existing entry’s scoped dictionary/platform evidence; original print edition audit unchanged. Migration is not new verification."
              },
              {
                "claim_scope": "comparison_inference",
                "status": "lead",
                "source_refs": [
                  "REF-ZDIC-DU"
                ],
                "locator": null,
                "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields."
              },
              {
                "claim_scope": "chinese_sense",
                "status": "pending",
                "source_refs": [],
                "locator": null,
                "note": "《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》具体纸本条目未取得；古义、方言和古音不在本候选范围。"
              }
            ],
            "historical_relation": {
              "status": "Not claimed",
              "source_refs": [],
              "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced."
            },
            "confounds": [
              "现代腹部义与肚 dù 有明确交集；声音仅词中 /d/ 与普通话 [t] 局部近似。Low；不是 dom 词根比较。",
              "The stops share coronal place but differ in voicing and phonological system. /b m n/ and Mandarin tone are unmatched, so d-m or d-m-n cannot be claimed as a shared consonantal skeleton."
            ],
            "discovery_priority": "medium",
            "decision_reason": "现代腹部义与肚 dù 有明确交集；声音仅词中 /d/ 与普通话 [t] 局部近似。Low；不是 dom 词根比较。",
            "review": {
              "status": "reviewed",
              "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu",
              "date": "2026-09-20",
              "note": "Editorial Freeze approved; migration only, no evidence upgrade."
            }
          }
        ],
        "review": {
          "status": "reviewed",
          "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu",
          "date": "2026-09-20",
          "note": "Editorial Freeze approved; migration only, no evidence upgrade."
        }
      }
    ],
    "display_selection": {
      "featured_candidate_ref": "B1-abdomen-DU",
      "stage_cards": [
        {
          "stage_mapping_ref": "SM-MODERN",
          "candidate_ref": "B1-abdomen-DU"
        }
      ],
      "review_status": "approved",
      "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu",
      "reason": "现代腹部义与肚 dù 有明确交集；声音仅词中 /d/ 与普通话 [t] 局部近似。Low；不是 dom 词根比较。"
    },
    "historical_path": "Latin abdōmen / abdōmin- → abdomen; deeper Latin origin uncertain",
    "semantic_path": "BODY PART → modern body-part noun",
    "boundary": {
      "en": "现代腹部义与肚 dù 有明确交集；声音仅词中 /d/ 与普通话 [t] 局部近似。Low；不是 dom 词根比较。",
      "zh-Hans": "现代腹部义与肚 dù 有明确交集；声音仅词中 /d/ 与普通话 [t] 局部近似。Low；不是 dom 词根比较。"
    }
  },
  "legacy_migration": {
    "version": "batch-1-0.1",
    "baseline_commit": "8d462232767d89290516dcb5086704a729a36be6",
    "scope": "Approved four-entry Batch 1. Previous fields are a read-only research archive, not active mappings.",
    "previous_fields": {
      "featured_mapping": {
        "source": "abdomen",
        "target": "肚",
        "reading": "dù",
        "display_label": "Featured phonetic-semantic candidate · 特色音义候选",
        "status": "Candidate · Low confidence",
        "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
        "boundary": {
          "en": "肚 dù is shown first as a concise Chinese body-part candidate. The standard translation remains 腹部 / 肚子, and no common historical origin is claimed.",
          "zh-Hans": "先展示单字“肚”dù，作为简洁的汉语身体词候选；通用翻译仍是“腹部／肚子”，不主张共同历史来源。"
        },
        "source_refs": [
          "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABDOMEN",
          "REF-ZDIC-DU",
          "REF-UT-PINYIN-D",
          "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW",
          "REF-ZDIC-FU"
        ]
      }
    },
    "previously_absent_fields": [
      "standard_translation",
      "source_audit_pending",
      "diachronic_semantic_mapping"
    ]
  }
}