{
  "id": "LB-en-horse-040",
  "slug": "horse",
  "title": {
    "en": "HORSE · 马 mǎ",
    "zh-Hans": "HORSE · 马 mǎ"
  },
  "languages": [
    {
      "role": "source",
      "code": "en",
      "name": "English",
      "word": "horse",
      "pronunciation": "UK /hɔːs/; US /hɔːrs/"
    },
    {
      "role": "standard-translation",
      "code": "zh-Hans",
      "name": "Chinese",
      "word": "马",
      "pronunciation": "mǎ"
    },
    {
      "role": "cultural-association",
      "code": "zh-Hans",
      "name": "Chinese",
      "word": "午",
      "pronunciation": "wǔ"
    },
    {
      "role": "cultural-association",
      "code": "zh-Hans",
      "name": "Chinese",
      "word": "火",
      "pronunciation": "huǒ"
    }
  ],
  "primary_mapping": {
    "mapping_id": "MAP-horse-primary",
    "source": {
      "language": "English",
      "word": "horse",
      "pronunciation": "UK /hɔːs/; US /hɔːrs/"
    },
    "target": {
      "language": "Chinese",
      "word": "马",
      "pronunciation": "mǎ"
    },
    "gloss": {
      "en": "horse; standard lexical translation 马",
      "zh-Hans": "马（标准词义翻译）"
    },
    "meaning": {
      "en": "A large hoofed mammal used for riding or drawing loads. Standard translation: 马 mǎ (Supported). The cultural chain 马 → 午 → 火 is separately Candidate / D.",
      "zh-Hans": "可供骑乘、挽载的有蹄哺乳动物。标准翻译：马 mǎ（Supported）；文化链马 → 午 → 火另标 Candidate / D。"
    },
    "mapping_type": "Standard lexical translation",
    "rationale": {
      "en": "horse → 马 is lexical translation. 马 → 午 uses the conventional branch–animal pairing; 午 → 火 uses a separate five-phase classification. Combining these as a FIRE association is a symbolic mapping, not a definition or etymology.",
      "zh-Hans": "horse → 马是标准翻译。马 → 午依据通行地支配禽／生肖配属；午 → 火依据另一套五行配属。两套分类相关但不相同，组合后形成 FIRE association，不是词义定义或历史词源。"
    }
  },
  "entry_status": "Published",
  "translation_status": "Supported",
  "translation_source_refs": [
    "HS-MA",
    "HS-MW"
  ],
  "mapping_status": "Candidate",
  "mapping_level": "D",
  "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed",
  "evidence": {
    "Historical": {
      "status": "Established",
      "confidence": "High",
      "summary": {
        "en": "Middle English hors continues Old English hors; Merriam-Webster compares Old High German hros. Etymonline gives reconstructed Proto-Germanic *harss-, with deeper origin unknown. Proposed earlier connections are not established here. This Germanic history is independent of Latin horrēre and Greek horos/horizein.",
        "zh-Hans": "中古英语 hors 承接古英语 hors；Merriam-Webster 列古高地德语 hros 为亲缘形式。Etymonline 给出原始日耳曼语拟构 *harss-，更早来源未明。星号表示拟构，不是已见书写形式；本条不确立更早联系。此日耳曼语词史独立于拉丁语 horrēre 与希腊语 horos／horizein。"
      },
      "items": [],
      "source_refs": [
        "HS-MW",
        "HS-ETY"
      ]
    },
    "Phonetic-Semantic": {
      "status": "Candidate",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "summary": {
        "en": "Both full-word comparisons are weak; no phonetic boost follows from cultural classification.",
        "zh-Hans": "两个整词声音比较均弱；文化分类不提高声音评分。"
      },
      "items": [],
      "source_refs": [
        "HS-CAM",
        "HS-MA",
        "HS-HUO"
      ]
    },
    "Cognitive": {
      "status": "Supported",
      "confidence": "Medium",
      "summary": {
        "en": "Branch–animal and five-phase associations are documented; cognitive transfer or memory benefit remains untested.",
        "zh-Hans": "地支配禽与五行配属有文献支持；认知迁移或记忆收益尚未测试。"
      },
      "items": [],
      "source_refs": [
        "HS-CHEN",
        "HS-HUANG",
        "HS-NMC",
        "HS-FMPRC",
        "HS-SHNU"
      ]
    },
    "Speculative": {
      "status": "Interpretive",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "summary": {
        "en": "horse → 马 is lexical translation. 马 → 午 uses the conventional branch–animal pairing; 午 → 火 uses a separate five-phase classification. Combining these as a FIRE association is a symbolic mapping, not a definition or etymology.",
        "zh-Hans": "horse → 马是标准翻译。马 → 午依据通行地支配禽／生肖配属；午 → 火依据另一套五行配属。两套分类相关但不相同，组合后形成 FIRE association，不是词义定义或历史词源。"
      },
      "items": [],
      "source_refs": [
        "HS-AUTHOR"
      ]
    }
  },
  "phonetic_observation": [
    {
      "observation_id": "HS-PHON-HUO",
      "target": "火",
      "claim": {
        "en": "Weak modern surface resemblance: /h/ and /x/ are different voiceless fricatives; /ɔː/ and [wɔ] only partially resemble one another. English final /s/, US /r/, Mandarin /w/ and third tone do not align.",
        "zh-Hans": "现代表面音近较弱：/h/ 与 /x/ 都是清擦音但部位不同；/ɔː/ 与 [wɔ] 仅有限近似。英语有尾音 /s/，美音还有 /r/；火有 /w/ 介音和第三声，均无完整对应。"
      },
      "status": "Candidate",
      "limitations": {
        "en": "Full-word, accent-stratified editorial comparison; no listening or acoustic experiment. Cultural information contributes zero points.",
        "zh-Hans": "整词、分口音的编辑特征比较；未做听辨或声学实验。文化信息贡献零分。"
      },
      "rating": {
        "UK": "Weak",
        "US": "Weak",
        "score": 5,
        "maximum": 30
      },
      "cultural_bonus": 0,
      "source_refs": [
        "HS-CAM",
        "HS-HUO"
      ]
    },
    {
      "observation_id": "HS-PHON-MA",
      "target": "马",
      "claim": {
        "en": "Very weak phonetic resemblance despite supported translation: English /h/ vs Mandarin /m/, /ɔː/ vs [ɑ], final /s/ and US /r/ vs no coda, and Mandarin third tone.",
        "zh-Hans": "翻译有支持，声音仍极弱：英语 /h/ 与普通话 /m/ 不同，/ɔː/ 与 [ɑ] 不同；英语尾音 /s/、美音 /r/ 在马中不存在，马有第三声。"
      },
      "status": "Candidate",
      "limitations": {
        "en": "Full-word, accent-stratified editorial comparison; no listening or acoustic experiment. Cultural information contributes zero points.",
        "zh-Hans": "整词、分口音的编辑特征比较；未做听辨或声学实验。文化信息贡献零分。"
      },
      "rating": {
        "UK": "Very weak",
        "US": "Very weak",
        "score": 1,
        "maximum": 30
      },
      "cultural_bonus": 0,
      "source_refs": [
        "HS-CAM",
        "HS-MA"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "semantic_structure": {
    "concepts": [
      "HORSE",
      "ANIMAL",
      "EARTHLY BRANCH",
      "WU",
      "FIVE PHASES",
      "FIRE"
    ],
    "relation": "马 → 午马 → 午 / 火 → FIRE association",
    "status": "Interpretive"
  },
  "hypotheses": [
    {
      "hypothesis_id": "UNI-HORSE-CULTURAL-001",
      "type": "Chinese Cultural Classification / Symbolic Mapping",
      "claim": {
        "en": "horse → 马 is lexical translation. 马 → 午 uses the conventional branch–animal pairing; 午 → 火 uses a separate five-phase classification. Combining these as a FIRE association is a symbolic mapping, not a definition or etymology.",
        "zh-Hans": "horse → 马是标准翻译。马 → 午依据通行地支配禽／生肖配属；午 → 火依据另一套五行配属。两套分类相关但不相同，组合后形成 FIRE association，不是词义定义或历史词源。"
      },
      "status": "Candidate",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "mapping_level": "D",
      "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
      "direct_lexical_semantic_equivalence": false,
      "supporting_cases": [
        "Independently sourced Chinese classification links; not independent cross-language replication"
      ],
      "counterexamples": [
        "horse 的英语历史词源独立，hor- 的拼写不能作为火的历史词根。",
        "马 mǎ 的标准动物义是 horse，不是火；文化链不改变标准翻译。",
        "午配马与午属火来自不同但关联的传统分类系统，不是马字或英语 horse 的造词过程。",
        "《论衡》所记十二辰配禽不能自动证明完整的生年生肖制度；早期配属有异文与历史层次。",
        "王充引述配属后反驳用五行相克解释动物制胜；传统分类不是自然因果证明。",
        "文化映射不能证明跨语言同源，也不增加声音分数；片段挑选与偶然音近仍是替代解释。",
        "ABHOR、HORIZON、HORSE 三种作者路径不能互证 hor = 火。"
      ],
      "testability": {
        "en": "Preregister separate sound-only UK/US vs Mandarin ratings and translation/memory tasks with and without the cultural chain. Use matched random pairs, other animal–branch examples and unrelated-family controls; deduplicate families. Fix sample size and outcomes before collection. Failure to beat matched baselines counts against a sound or learning benefit.",
        "zh-Hans": "预注册英美／普通话纯听觉评分，并另做有／无文化提示的翻译与记忆任务；使用匹配随机词对、其他动物地支例和异词族对照，真实词族去重。采集前固定样本量和指标；不优于匹配基线即不支持声音或学习收益。"
      },
      "experiment_link": null,
      "source_refs": [
        "HS-AUTHOR"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "experiments": [],
  "literary_layer": {
    "status": "Source material",
    "is_historical_evidence": false,
    "author": "Jinkai Liu",
    "proposition": {
      "en": "horse → 马 → 午 → 火",
      "zh-Hans": "horse → 马 → 午 → 火"
    },
    "essay_prose": [],
    "poem_lyrics": [],
    "translations": [],
    "archival_manuscript_media": [],
    "evidence_boundary": {
      "en": "Author’s symbolic thought, not historical evidence. No invented literary manuscript.",
      "zh-Hans": "作者符号联想，不是历史证据；不补造文学原稿。"
    }
  },
  "media": [],
  "references": [
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-MW",
      "title": "Merriam-Webster: horse",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/horse",
      "path": null,
      "scope": [
        "historical_etymology",
        "modern_meaning"
      ],
      "locator": "Word History; noun 1a",
      "provenance": "Direct entry read; Old English and Old High German relationship, no ultimate origin asserted.",
      "access_date": "2026-09-13",
      "verification_status": "Verified within stated boundary"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-ETY",
      "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary: horse",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/horse",
      "path": null,
      "scope": [
        "historical_etymology",
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "locator": "horse (n.), opening paragraphs",
      "provenance": "Direct entry read; *harss- is this dictionary’s reconstruction; earlier origin uncertain.",
      "access_date": "2026-09-13",
      "verification_status": "Verified within stated boundary"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-CAM",
      "title": "Cambridge Dictionary: horse pronunciation",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/horse",
      "path": null,
      "scope": [
        "phonology"
      ],
      "locator": "UK /hɔːs/; US /hɔːrs/",
      "provenance": "Search-indexed pronunciation entry read; reference accents only, no audio measurement.",
      "access_date": "2026-09-13",
      "verification_status": "Verified within stated boundary"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-MA",
      "title": "汉典：马",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/马",
      "path": null,
      "scope": [
        "modern_meaning",
        "phonology"
      ],
      "locator": "拼音；基本解释第1义；详细解释 horse 对译；音韵方言音标",
      "provenance": "大陆数字辞书平台，mǎ、动物义及 mɑ˨˩˦ 已核验；非纸本《新华字典》。不使用国语辞典或未校勘古籍栏。",
      "access_date": "2026-09-13",
      "verification_status": "Verified within stated boundary"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-WU",
      "title": "汉典：午",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/午",
      "path": null,
      "scope": [
        "modern_meaning",
        "phonology"
      ],
      "locator": "拼音；基本解释",
      "provenance": "大陆数字辞书平台；wǔ 与地支义，非纸本规范条目。",
      "access_date": "2026-09-13",
      "verification_status": "Verified within stated boundary"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-HUO",
      "title": "汉典：火",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://zdic.net/hant/火",
      "path": null,
      "scope": [
        "modern_meaning",
        "phonology"
      ],
      "locator": "huǒ；基本解释燃烧义；现代音标",
      "provenance": "大陆数字辞书平台的繁体显示页；本条概述转简体，宽式 [xwɔ˨˩˦] 为编辑描述，不是历史拟音。",
      "access_date": "2026-09-13",
      "verification_status": "Verified within stated boundary"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-CHEN",
      "title": "陈连山：从“日肖”到“生肖”——蛇年谈生肖起源史料的再审核",
      "type": "scholarly research",
      "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/art/detail/id/30798.html",
      "path": null,
      "scope": [
        "attestation",
        "historical_meaning"
      ],
      "locator": "《论衡》十二辰之禽是否是生肖？；注⑮—⑱",
      "provenance": "中国非物质文化遗产网，来源《中国非物质文化遗产》，2025-04-14。直接阅读全文。引《论衡》支持午／马与午／火；强调用途区别及王充反驳语境。文末列上海人民出版社1974整理本，但未直接核对该纸本，不转录其页码作已验定位。",
      "access_date": "2026-09-13",
      "verification_status": "Verified within stated boundary",
      "author": "陈连山"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-HUANG",
      "title": "黄建荣：试论十二生肖文化的哲学基础──中华民族十二生肖探源之二",
      "type": "scholarly research",
      "url": "https://hlsy.cbpt.cnki.net/portal/journal/portal/client/paper/b818c6a550fdf8ceedf46df8ba077c69",
      "path": null,
      "scope": [
        "attestation"
      ],
      "locator": "1998(04):76–80; DOI 10.16061/j.cnki.cn46-1076/c.1998.04.015; indexed note ⑦",
      "provenance": "海南师院学报期刊平台的检索索引可见注⑦及书目信息；直接抓取超时，未读完整PDF。仅交叉核验可见午／火／马引文，不据此认定生肖起源理论。与陈文引自同一《论衡》，不算两个独立古代证人。",
      "access_date": "2026-09-13",
      "verification_status": "Verified within stated boundary",
      "author": "黄建荣"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-NMC",
      "title": "中国国家博物馆：十二生肖陶俑",
      "type": "museum catalogue",
      "url": "https://www.chnmuseum.cn/zp/zpml/kgfjp/202111/t20211116_252286.shtml",
      "path": null,
      "scope": [
        "modern_meaning"
      ],
      "locator": "藏品说明：十二种动物与十二地支相配",
      "provenance": "馆藏说明支持地支配十二动物的分类框架；不单独用来证明午属火。",
      "access_date": "2026-09-13",
      "verification_status": "Verified within stated boundary"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-FMPRC",
      "title": "中华人民共和国外交部：玉兔迎新春：中国生肖和中国年",
      "type": "government cultural article",
      "url": "https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/oz_678770/1206_678892/1206x2_678912/202301/t20230118_11010849.shtml",
      "path": null,
      "scope": [
        "modern_cultural_classification"
      ],
      "locator": "全文第102—103段：午马及十二时辰配属",
      "provenance": "外交部网站刊载驻白俄罗斯使馆署名文章；直接取得全文。用于独立核验通行生肖序列中的午马，不用于午属火，也不作为生肖起源研究。",
      "access_date": "2026-09-13",
      "verification_status": "Verified within stated boundary"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-SHNU",
      "title": "陆建非：跨文化视野下的2026火马年",
      "type": "university expert article",
      "url": "https://www.shnu.edu.cn/_t12/e8/1a/c26244a845850/page.psp",
      "path": null,
      "scope": [
        "modern_cultural_classification"
      ],
      "locator": "第42段：地支午对应生肖马，午的五行属火",
      "provenance": "上海师范大学新闻网专家视点转载澎湃新闻文章；作者为该校教授。直接取得全文。用于独立核验当代文化说明中的午属火；不作为自然因果或跨语言词源证据。",
      "access_date": "2026-09-13",
      "verification_status": "Verified within stated boundary",
      "author": "陆建非"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-ABHOR",
      "title": "Merriam-Webster: abhor",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abhor",
      "path": null,
      "scope": [
        "historical_etymology"
      ],
      "locator": "Word History",
      "provenance": "独立核验拉丁语 abhorrēre / horrēre；与horse分开。",
      "access_date": "2026-09-13",
      "verification_status": "Verified within stated boundary"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-HORIZON",
      "title": "Merriam-Webster: horizon",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/horizon",
      "path": null,
      "scope": [
        "historical_etymology"
      ],
      "locator": "Word History",
      "provenance": "独立核验希腊语界定词史；本任务不修改HORIZON。",
      "access_date": "2026-09-13",
      "verification_status": "Verified within stated boundary"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-RUBRIC",
      "title": "Unilanguage Mapping Framework / Mapping Score v0.2",
      "type": "project rubric",
      "url": null,
      "path": "protocol/protocol.mapping-framework.html",
      "scope": [
        "project_rubric"
      ],
      "locator": "Mapping Level A/B/C/D; linked words/man.html#mapping-score",
      "provenance": "D: symbolic/exploratory. Numeric scores are provisional editorial judgments, not measured distances or automatic grade thresholds."
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "HS-AUTHOR",
      "title": "Jinkai Liu: horse → 马 → 午 → 火",
      "type": "author observation",
      "url": null,
      "path": null,
      "scope": [
        "author_proposal"
      ],
      "locator": "Current user request; existing abhor.v1.json deferred candidate",
      "provenance": "Author’s proposed chain; not independent external evidence."
    }
  ],
  "author": "Jinkai Liu",
  "version": "HORSE Cultural Classification v1.0 / Schema v1.0",
  "dates": {
    "created": "2026-09-13",
    "modified": "2026-09-13",
    "published": "2026-09-13"
  },
  "editorial_notes": [
    {
      "en": "D follows the framework’s symbolic/exploratory category. Documented components do not establish a cross-language historical or phonetic relation.",
      "zh-Hans": "D 按框架的符号／探索关系确定；组成环节有文献，并不确立跨语言历史或声音关系。"
    }
  ],
  "search_terms": [
    "horse",
    "HORSE",
    "马",
    "mǎ",
    "ma",
    "午马",
    "午火",
    "马 午 火",
    "Chinese Cultural Classification"
  ],
  "page": "words/horse.html",
  "legacy": null,
  "cultural_classification_mapping": {
    "type": "Chinese Cultural Classification / Symbolic Mapping",
    "status": "Candidate",
    "mapping_level": "D",
    "confidence": "Low",
    "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
    "direct_lexical_equivalence": false,
    "chain": "马 → 午马 → 午 / 火 → FIRE association",
    "links": [
      {
        "source": "马",
        "target": "午",
        "system": "Earthly branch–animal / conventional zodiac pairing",
        "evidence_status": "Supported",
        "source_refs": [
          "HS-CHEN",
          "HS-FMPRC",
          "HS-NMC"
        ]
      },
      {
        "source": "午",
        "target": "火",
        "system": "Five-phase classification",
        "evidence_status": "Supported",
        "source_refs": [
          "HS-CHEN",
          "HS-SHNU"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "historical_boundary": "《论衡》配禽分类不自动等于完整的生年生肖制度。陈文对这一用途区别作专门论证；本条不宣布生肖起源日期。",
    "phonetic_bonus": 0,
    "historical_bonus": 0
  },
  "standard_translation_evidence": {
    "status": "Supported",
    "translation": "马",
    "source_refs": [
      "HS-MA",
      "HS-MW"
    ],
    "boundary": "动物义；大陆纸本规范辞书具体条目pending。"
  },
  "historical_family": {
    "name": "Germanic HORSE",
    "members": [
      "Old English hors",
      "Middle English hors",
      "Old High German hros"
    ],
    "excluded": [
      "horror",
      "abhor",
      "horizon",
      "horizontal"
    ],
    "source_refs": [
      "HS-MW",
      "HS-ETY",
      "HS-ABHOR",
      "HS-HORIZON"
    ]
  },
  "cross_entry_control": {
    "historical_families_distinct": true,
    "claim": {
      "en": "ABHOR → 火 is an affective/cognitive Candidate. HORIZON retains its independent boundary etymology and current page mapping. HORSE → 马 → 午 → 火 is Chinese classification. These three paths cannot prove one another or hor = 火.",
      "zh-Hans": "ABHOR → 火是情绪／认知候选；HORIZON 保持独立的边界词源及当前页面主候选，本任务不改；HORSE → 马 → 午 → 火是中国文化分类。三条路径不能互相证明，也不能证明 hor = 火。"
    },
    "source_refs": [
      "HS-ABHOR",
      "HS-HORIZON",
      "HS-MW"
    ]
  },
  "mapping_assessment": {
    "rubric": "Mapping Score v0.2; words/man.html#mapping-score",
    "scope": "horse → FIRE symbolic endpoint only; excludes Supported translation score",
    "dimensions": [
      {
        "name": "Phonetic",
        "score": 5,
        "maximum": 30
      },
      {
        "name": "Semantic",
        "score": 4,
        "maximum": 30
      },
      {
        "name": "Structural / Cognitive",
        "score": 14,
        "maximum": 20
      },
      {
        "name": "Contextual",
        "score": 12,
        "maximum": 20
      }
    ],
    "total": 35,
    "maximum": 100,
    "status": "Provisional editorial judgment; not measured distance or cognacy probability",
    "historical_score": null,
    "level_reason": "D: symbolic relation; numeric total does not determine level"
  },
  "provenance": {
    "action": "Legacy raw-candidate recalibration into one independent entry",
    "prior_record": "data/entries/abhor.v1.json",
    "prior_locator": "deferred candidate: horse → 马 → 午 → 火",
    "baseline_sha": "680344cba996d799c5586fe3681c0810d6083256",
    "baseline_horse_entry_count": 0
  },
  "pending_evidence": [
    {
      "claim": "马／午／火的纸本规范音义、历史字义和古音",
      "desired_sources": [
        "现代汉语词典",
        "新华字典",
        "汉语大词典",
        "汉语大字典"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "reason": "未取得具体条目；平台已验内容不冒充纸本，不填写未见页码或拟音。"
    },
    {
      "claim": "《论衡》大陆整理本直接校勘；生肖制度的完整起源史",
      "status": "pending",
      "reason": "当前借大陆学术研究转引；不将二手书目变成直接核验，也不确立唯一制度起源年代。"
    }
  ],
  "featured_mapping": {
    "source": "horse",
    "target": "马",
    "reading": "mǎ",
    "display_label": "Standard lexical translation · 标准翻译；文化链另标 Candidate / D",
    "status": "Supported",
    "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
    "boundary": {
      "en": "This displayed pair is translation. Mapping Level D applies only to the separate cultural chain 马 → 午 → 火.",
      "zh-Hans": "此处展示标准翻译；Mapping Level D 只针对另列的文化链马 → 午 → 火。"
    },
    "source_refs": [
      "HS-MA",
      "HS-MW"
    ]
  }
}