{ "id": "LB-en-sound-001", "slug": "sound", "title": { "en": "SOUND · 声音", "zh-Hans": "SOUND · 声音" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "sound", "pronunciation": "/saʊnd/" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "声音", "pronunciation": "shēngyīn" }, { "role": "standard-semantic-comparison", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "声", "pronunciation": "shēng" }, { "role": "verb-equivalent", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "响", "pronunciation": "xiǎng" }, { "role": "historically-related-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "son", "pronunciation": "/sɔ̃/" }, { "role": "historically-related-verb", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "sonner", "pronunciation": "/sɔ.ne/" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-sound-primary-shengyin", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "sound", "pronunciation": "/saʊnd/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "声音", "pronunciation": "shēngyīn" }, "gloss": { "en": "Noun: an audible vibration; verb: to make or cause a sound.", "zh-Hans": "名词：声音；动词：响起或使之发声。" }, "meaning": { "en": "Auditory noun: sound; intransitive verb: make a sound. 声 is a semantic comparison, not a Featured selection.", "zh-Hans": "听觉名词：声音；不及物动词：响／响起、发出声音。声为语义映射；Featured保持Pending。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard / Modern Semantic Mapping; Featured independently selected or Pending", "rationale": { "en": "This is primarily a lexical and protocol record; no cross-language origin claim is made.", "zh-Hans": "本条主要是词义与协议记录；不主张跨语言共同来源。" } }, "entry_status": "Published", "mapping_status": "Supported", "mapping_level": "A", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "The audible English sound comes through Middle English and Anglo-French from Latin sonus / sonare. French son and sonner continue the same Latin sound family. These histories are independent of Chinese 声 and 响.", "zh-Hans": "英语表示听觉的 sound 经中古英语、盎格鲁法语追溯至拉丁语 sonus／sonare；法语 son、sonner 延续同一拉丁声音词族。这些词史独立于汉语“声”“响”。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-SOUND-LATIN-001", "claim": { "en": "Audible sound: Middle English soun ← Anglo-French son/sun ← Latin sonus, related to sonare ‘to sound.’", "zh-Hans": "听觉义 sound：中古英语 soun ← 盎格鲁法语 son／sun ← 拉丁语 sonus，并与 sonare“发声”相关。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-SOUND" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-FR-SON-002", "claim": { "en": "French son derives from Latin sonus; French sonner derives from Latin sonare.", "zh-Hans": "法语 son 源自拉丁语 sonus；sonner 源自拉丁语 sonare。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-SON", "REF-CNRTL-SONNER" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-SOUND", "REF-CNRTL-SON", "REF-CNRTL-SONNER" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "sound /saʊnd/ and 声 shēng share meaning and begin with sibilant consonants, but English /s/ and Mandarin sh /ʂ/ are not identical, and the remaining sounds do not regularly correspond.", "zh-Hans": "sound /saʊnd/ 与“声”shēng 共享声音义并都以擦音起首，但英语 /s/ 与普通话 sh /ʂ/ 并不相同，其余声音也没有建立规律对应。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-SOUND-SHENG-001", "claim": { "en": "The proposed relation is a modern sound–meaning resemblance, not a historical cognacy claim.", "zh-Hans": "所提关系是现代声音—意义近似，不是历史同源主张。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SOUND", "REF-JL-SOUND-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SOUND", "REF-JL-SOUND-RAW" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "Recorded semantic structure: VIBRATION → HEARING → SPEECH.", "zh-Hans": "已记录语义结构：VIBRATION → HEARING → SPEECH。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Not claimed", "confidence": "Unknown", "summary": { "en": "Author hypotheses remain independently graded and testable; they are not historical proof.", "zh-Hans": "作者假说保持独立分级与可检验性，不作为历史证明。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-SOUND-SHENG-001", "claim": { "en": "sound /saʊnd/ ↔ 声 shēng: shared sound meaning and a broad initial-sibilant resemblance.", "zh-Hans": "sound /saʊnd/ ↔“声”shēng：共享声音义，并有宽泛的起首擦音近似。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "English /s/ is alveolar; Mandarin sh is retroflex /ʂ/. No regular correspondence, shared rime or historical relation is established.", "zh-Hans": "英语 /s/ 为齿龈音；普通话 sh 为卷舌音 /ʂ/。未建立规律对应、共享韵部或历史关系。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "VIBRATION", "HEARING", "SPEECH" ], "relation": "VIBRATION → HEARING → SPEECH", "status": "Interpretive" }, "hypotheses": [], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Published", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "Architecture is frozen music.", "zh-Hans": "那是凝固的音乐。" }, "essay_prose": [ { "work_id": "LB-SOUND-PROSE-001", "title": { "en": "When the Violin Sounds", "zh-Hans": "当小提琴声音响起" }, "text": { "en": "When the violin sounded, it was like a small stream flowing through the forest. As the violin's current rose, I was passing a majestic church. I saw its two round corner towers, its circular window, and tracery radiating like the sun. A saint extended his arms as though an angel were beckoning; behind him, a halo shone like another sun. Columns recalled an ancient Athenian temple. A gentleman in a top hat passed through the great doorway. The violin's rising and falling melody made me imagine a pair of immortal companions drifting down from the mountains of the Middle Ages. Was this music I had once known, or a composer's new work? Sunlight touched the church's marble wall and spread over it a pale layer of yellow. It was frozen music.", "zh-Hans": "小提琴的声音响起时，仿佛森林里一条小小的溪水正在流动。琴声流淌的时候，我正路过一座雄伟的教堂。我看见教堂两座圆形角楼的顶，也看见那扇圆窗，以及像太阳般向四方放射的窗棂。一位圣人伸开双臂，仿佛天使正在招手；他身后的光环，又像一轮太阳。那些圆柱使人想起古老的雅典神庙。一位戴着礼帽的绅士从大门走过。小提琴起伏的旋律，使我想象一双仙侣从中世纪的山间漂流而来。那是我曾经熟悉的音乐，还是作曲家的新作呢？太阳照着教堂大理石的外墙，又为它涂上一层淡淡的黄色。那是凝固的音乐。" }, "status": "Published", "page_anchor": "words/sound.html#literature" } ], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [ { "language": "Chinese", "status": "Author text, editorially revised" }, { "language": "English", "status": "Literary translation" } ], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The violin, forest stream, church, sun, saint and frozen music are literary images. They are not historical or phonetic evidence.", "zh-Hans": "小提琴、森林溪流、教堂、太阳、圣人与“凝固的音乐”均属文学意象，不构成历史或语音证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "SRC-LB-SOUND", "title": "Language Book · Sound", "type": "language-book-page", "url": null, "path": "words/sound.html", "provenance": "unknown" }, { "reference_id": "REF-JL-SOUND-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: Sound literary manuscript and research note", "type": "author manuscript", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; original note preserved below" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-SOUND", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: sound", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-SON", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de son", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-SONNER", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de sonner", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/sonner", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-01", "title": "Merriam-Webster: sound", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-02", "title": "Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries: sound_1", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-03", "title": "CNRTL: son", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-04", "title": "Etymonline: sound", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-05", "title": "汉典：声", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/声", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-06", "title": "识典古籍《汉语大词典》摘要：聲", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://www.shidianguji.com/character/聲", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-07", "title": "汉典：响", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/响", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-08", "title": "汉典：音", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/音", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-09", "title": "汉典：鸣", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/鸣", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-10", "title": "汉典：嗓", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/嗓", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-11", "title": "汉典：噪", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/噪", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-12", "title": "汉典：诵", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/诵", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-13", "title": "汉典：嘶", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/嘶", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-14", "title": "汉典：飒", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/飒", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-15", "title": "汉典：啧", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/啧", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-16", "title": "汉典：桑", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/桑", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-17", "title": "汉典：耸", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/耸", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-18", "title": "汉典：健", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/健", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-19", "title": "汉典：探", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/探", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" }, { "reference_id": "PF-SOUND-20", "title": "汉典：测", "type": "Discovery-verified scoped online source", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/测", "path": null, "provenance": "Inherited from approved Discovery 2026-09-20; no fresh source verification; print editions Pending" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Sound Literary Revision v1.1 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-02", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "This is primarily a lexical and protocol record; no cross-language origin claim is made.", "zh-Hans": "本条主要是词义与协议记录；不主张跨语言共同来源。" }, { "en": "Featured Mapping is optional. Pending is a valid research result, not a migration failure. Entry, publication, Featured and evidence statuses are independent.", "zh-Hans": "Featured可空；Pending是有效研究结果。词条审核、发布、Featured选择、证据状态相互独立。" } ], "search_terms": [ "sound", "voice", "声音", "声", "响", "son", "shēngyīn", "VIBRATION", "HEARING", "SPEECH", "响起", "xiǎng", "sonner", "violin", "小提琴", "church", "教堂", "frozen music", "凝固的音乐" ], "page": "words/sound.html", "legacy": { "entry_id": "LB-en-sound-001", "source_word": "sound", "language": "English", "normalized_form": "sound", "pronunciation": null, "phonetic_form": null, "lexical_meaning": { "en": "Vibration that can be heard; in language, the audible medium of speech.", "zh-Hans": "可被听见的振动；在语言中也是言语的可听媒介。" }, "aliases": [ "voice", "声音", "声", "响", "son" ], "classification_status": "published", "primary_chinese_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-sound-primary-shengyin", "chinese_form": "声音", "pinyin": "shēngyīn", "role": "primary", "mapping_basis": "lexical-equivalent", "status": "published", "identity": "source-backed-lexical-mapping", "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SOUND" ], "notes": { "en": "Ordinary Chinese lexical equivalent.", "zh-Hans": "普通汉语词汇对应。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } }, "secondary_chinese_mappings": [ { "mapping_id": "MAP-sound-secondary-sheng", "chinese_form": "声", "pinyin": "shēng", "role": "secondary", "mapping_basis": "lexical-equivalent", "status": "published", "identity": "source-backed-lexical-mapping", "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SOUND" ], "notes": { "en": "Secondary Chinese form retained from v0.2.", "zh-Hans": "保留自 v0.2 的次要汉语形式。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "mapping_rationales": [], "historical_etymologies": [], "sound_symbol_hypothesis_refs": [], "other_author_notes": [ { "note_id": "NOTE-sound-french", "identity": "author-note", "status": "classified", "text": { "en": "French lexical counterpart retained from v0.2: son.", "zh-Hans": "保留 v0.2 中的法语词汇对应：son。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "not-applicable", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SOUND" ], "notes": { "en": "Preserved during migration without forcing an evidential interpretation.", "zh-Hans": "迁移时原样保留，不强行赋予证据解释。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "experimental_validation_refs": [], "source_provenance": [ "SRC-LB-SOUND" ], "author": "Jinkai Liu｜劉金凱", "version": "source page current / dataset 0.2.0 / G.1 migration" }, "source": { "type": "author-provided literary and research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Parts of speech and pinyin normalized; Chinese prose lightly edited; English recast as a literary translation.", "raw_note": "英语：sound [sound] n/v. 声音，响起。汉语：声【sheng】n.；响【xiang】v.。备注：辅音近似。例文原稿以小提琴、森林溪水、雄伟教堂、圆形角楼、圆窗、太阳般四射的窗棂、圣人、雅典神庙圆柱、礼帽绅士、中世纪山间、阳光与‘凝固的音乐’构成文学场景。" }, "lexical_identities": [ { "identity_id": "SOUND-1", "scope": "Auditory; active Language Book focus", "stage_refs": [ "S-A1", "S-A2", "S-A3" ], "historical_relation_to_auditory": "self" }, { "identity_id": "SOUND-2", "scope": "Healthy / solid; independent lineage", "stage_refs": [ "S-H" ], "historical_relation_to_auditory": "Not the auditory lineage" }, { "identity_id": "SOUND-3", "scope": "Depth probing; earlier origin uncertain", "stage_refs": [ "S-P" ], "historical_relation_to_auditory": "Not established as auditory lineage" }, { "identity_id": "SOUND-W", "scope": "Waterway; Research control", "stage_refs": [ "S-W" ], "historical_relation_to_auditory": "Not the auditory lineage" } ], "standard_translation": { "source": "sound", "target": "声音", "status": "Supported", "is_featured_mapping": false, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ] }, "modern_standard_semantic_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-sound-primary-shengyin", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "sound", "pronunciation": "/saʊnd/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "声音", "pronunciation": "shēngyīn" }, "gloss": { "en": "Noun: an audible vibration; verb: to make or cause a sound.", "zh-Hans": "名词：声音；动词：响起或使之发声。" }, "meaning": { "en": "Auditory noun: sound; intransitive verb: make a sound. 声 is a semantic comparison, not a Featured selection.", "zh-Hans": "听觉名词：声音；不及物动词：响／响起、发出声音。声为语义映射；Featured保持Pending。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard / Modern Semantic Mapping; Featured independently selected or Pending", "rationale": { "en": "This is primarily a lexical and protocol record; no cross-language origin claim is made.", "zh-Hans": "本条主要是词义与协议记录；不主张跨语言共同来源。" } }, "diachronic_semantic_mapping": { "model_version": "0.1", "historical_stages": [ { "stage_id": "S-A1", "form": "sonus / sonāre", "variants": [], "unit_kind": "lemma", "language": { "name": "Latin", "code": null }, "period": { "label": "Classical Latin layer, c.1st century BCE–2nd century CE as reference, not first attestation", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "language_period", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ] }, "attestation_status": "attested", "meaning": { "gloss": "sound (noun) / make sound (verb)", "pos": null, "constraints": [] }, "pronunciations": [], "relations": [], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ], "evidence_status": "mediated", "mapping_selection": "not_selected", "selection_note": "Retained to explain semantic development; no Chinese search selected." }, { "stage_id": "S-A2", "form": "son / soun; sounen", "variants": [], "unit_kind": "lemma", "language": { "name": "Anglo-French / Middle English", "code": null }, "period": { "label": "Medieval layer; English noun attested 13th century", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "language_period", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ] }, "attestation_status": "attested", "meaning": { "gloss": "auditory noun and verb family", "pos": null, "constraints": [] }, "pronunciations": [], "relations": [ { "from_stage_ref": "S-A1", "relation_type": "borrowing", "semantic_operation": { "type": "borrowing", "description": "Noun sonus and related verb sonāre remain distinct; AF noun/verb forms feed ME soun/sounen.", "status": "supported" }, "status": "supported", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ], "evidence_status": "mediated", "mapping_selection": "not_selected", "selection_note": "Retained to explain semantic development; no Chinese search selected." }, { "stage_id": "S-A3", "form": "sound", "variants": [], "unit_kind": "lemma", "language": { "name": "Modern English", "code": null }, "period": { "label": "Modern English; final -d develops in late ME–16th century", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "language_period", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ] }, "attestation_status": "attested", "meaning": { "gloss": "auditory phenomenon / make sound", "pos": null, "constraints": [] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "PR-S-A3", "value": "/saʊnd/", "notation": "source_notation", "phonological_layer": "Modern English", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern English", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ] } ], "relations": [ { "from_stage_ref": "S-A2", "relation_type": "sense_continuation", "semantic_operation": { "type": "sense_continuation", "description": "Auditory family continuation; noun and verb separately compared.", "status": "supported" }, "status": "supported", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ], "evidence_status": "mediated", "mapping_selection": "selected", "selection_note": "Existing comparison has research value; no new candidate search." }, { "stage_id": "S-H", "form": "gesund → sound", "variants": [], "unit_kind": "lemma", "language": { "name": "Old / Modern English", "code": null }, "period": { "label": "Independent Old English gesund lineage to modern English", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "language_period", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ] }, "attestation_status": "attested", "meaning": { "gloss": "healthy / intact / solid", "pos": null, "constraints": [] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "PR-S-H", "value": "/saʊnd/ (modern endpoint only)", "notation": "source_notation", "phonological_layer": "Old / Modern English", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Old / Modern English", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ] } ], "relations": [], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ], "evidence_status": "mediated", "mapping_selection": "selected", "selection_note": "Existing comparison has research value; no new candidate search." }, { "stage_id": "S-P", "form": "sonde / sonder → sound", "variants": [], "unit_kind": "lemma", "language": { "name": "French / English", "code": null }, "period": { "label": "English 14th–15th-century evidence; earlier French origin unresolved", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "language_period", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ] }, "attestation_status": "attested", "meaning": { "gloss": "probe / measure depth", "pos": null, "constraints": [] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "PR-S-P", "value": "/saʊnd/ (modern endpoint only)", "notation": "source_notation", "phonological_layer": "French / English", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "French / English", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ] } ], "relations": [], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ], "evidence_status": "mediated", "mapping_selection": "selected", "selection_note": "Existing comparison has research value; no new candidate search." }, { "stage_id": "S-W", "form": "sund", "variants": [], "unit_kind": "lemma", "language": { "name": "Old English / Old Norse", "code": null }, "period": { "label": "Medieval water-family control, separate from auditory family", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "language_period", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ] }, "attestation_status": "attested", "meaning": { "gloss": "waterway / strait", "pos": null, "constraints": [] }, "pronunciations": [], "relations": [], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04" ], "evidence_status": "mediated", "mapping_selection": "not_selected", "selection_note": "Retained to explain semantic development; no Chinese search selected." } ], "mappings": [ { "stage_mapping_id": "SM-S-A3", "stage_ref": "S-A3", "selection_reasons": [ "explanatory_value", "phonetic_form_value" ], "freeze": { "version": "0.1", "meaning_note": "auditory phenomenon / make sound", "excluded_senses": [ "No transfer of a different stage’s meaning or pronunciation" ], "status": "editor_reviewed" }, "search": { "status": "candidates_recorded", "scope": { "lexical_layers": [ "Modern Mandarin" ], "phonological_layers": [ "Existing documented reference pronunciations only" ], "semantic_seeds": [ "auditory phenomenon / make sound" ], "consonant_hypotheses": [ "z-c-s" ], "note": "Bounded migration of existing candidate inventory; not a new Discovery Work search." }, "run_refs": [], "stop_reason": "Existing review retained. No forced Chinese winner; unresolved evidence remains Pending." }, "candidates": [ { "candidate_id": "PF-S01", "family_key": "sound-S01", "target": { "form": "声", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "能引起听觉的声音；声响", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "Supported只可指译义；不能继承为音近或同源等级；OC专项*[l̥]eŋ不支持不变s起首" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S01", "value": "shēng", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-05", "PF-SOUND-06" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-05", "PF-SOUND-06" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S01", "source_span": "sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "sh不属于冻结的z-c-s；仅独立宽泛咝音观察", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "shortlisted", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "direct", "confidence": "High", "rationale": "direct", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-05", "PF-SOUND-06" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "weak：/s/≠[ʂ]；/aʊ/≠[ɤ/ə]，/nd/≠ŋ；整词一音节但韵不合", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/≠[ʂ]；/aʊ/≠[ɤ/ə]，/nd/≠ŋ；整词一音节但韵不合", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/≠[ʂ]；/aʊ/≠[ɤ/ə]，/nd/≠ŋ；整词一音节但韵不合", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/≠[ʂ]；/aʊ/≠[ɤ/ə]，/nd/≠ŋ；整词一音节但韵不合", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/≠[ʂ]；/aʊ/≠[ɤ/ə]，/nd/≠ŋ；整词一音节但韵不合", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/≠[ʂ]；/aʊ/≠[ɤ/ə]，/nd/≠ŋ；整词一音节但韵不合" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-05", "PF-SOUND-06" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-05", "PF-SOUND-06" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-05", "PF-SOUND-06" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "Supported只可指译义；不能继承为音近或同源等级；OC专项*[l̥]eŋ不支持不变s起首", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "Supported只可指译义；不能继承为音近或同源等级；OC专项*[l̥]eŋ不支持不变s起首; Featured Mapping: Pending。声是标准／语义Mapping；响／发声解释动词。嗓只留人声子域Research。历史根对应与拟声解释Pending；健康、测深不得并入听觉历史链。", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-S02", "family_key": "sound-S02", "target": { "form": "响", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "发出声音、响起；亦有声响名词义", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "声音大义是另一sense；动词不能直接替代所有名词sound" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S02", "value": "xiǎng", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-07" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-07" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S02", "source_span": "sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "组外；x不自动纳入z-c-s", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "shortlisted", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "direct", "confidence": "High", "rationale": "direct 对不及物发声；使动需使…响", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-07" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "weak：/s/对[ɕ]，iaŋ与aʊnd差异明显", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/对[ɕ]，iaŋ与aʊnd差异明显", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/对[ɕ]，iaŋ与aʊnd差异明显", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/对[ɕ]，iaŋ与aʊnd差异明显", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/对[ɕ]，iaŋ与aʊnd差异明显", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/对[ɕ]，iaŋ与aʊnd差异明显" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-07" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-07" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-07" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "声音大义是另一sense；动词不能直接替代所有名词sound", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "声音大义是另一sense；动词不能直接替代所有名词sound; Featured Mapping: Pending。声是标准／语义Mapping；响／发声解释动词。嗓只留人声子域Research。历史根对应与拟声解释Pending；健康、测深不得并入听觉历史链。", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-S03", "family_key": "sound-S03", "target": { "form": "音", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "声音、音响；特定语境有音乐/音调限制", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "古音/古义不能直接从现代声音合成词推出；不把一切声限定成音乐" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S03", "value": "yīn", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-08" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-08" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S03", "source_span": "sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "组外语义控制", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "meaning_control", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "direct", "confidence": "High", "rationale": "direct 在声音义；部分古代乐论有声/音区分", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-08" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "mismatch", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "mismatch：现代无s起首，in≠aʊnd；Latin历史音未冻结", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代无s起首，in≠aʊnd；Latin历史音未冻结", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代无s起首，in≠aʊnd；Latin历史音未冻结", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代无s起首，in≠aʊnd；Latin历史音未冻结", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代无s起首，in≠aʊnd；Latin历史音未冻结", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代无s起首，in≠aʊnd；Latin历史音未冻结" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-08" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-08" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-08" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "古音/古义不能直接从现代声音合成词推出；不把一切声限定成音乐", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "古音/古义不能直接从现代声音合成词推出；不把一切声限定成音乐; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-S04", "family_key": "sound-S04", "target": { "form": "鸣", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "鸟兽叫；器物发声", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "附加声源与语体限制；不能将每次声音译成鸣" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S04", "value": "míng", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-09" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-09" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S04", "source_span": "sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "组外语义控制；不从s临时跳到m组", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "meaning_control", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial：适合钟鸣/鸟鸣，不包所有声音", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-09" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "mismatch", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "mismatch：m、iŋ与saʊnd不同", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：m、iŋ与saʊnd不同", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：m、iŋ与saʊnd不同", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：m、iŋ与saʊnd不同", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：m、iŋ与saʊnd不同", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：m、iŋ与saʊnd不同" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-09" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-09" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-09" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "附加声源与语体限制；不能将每次声音译成鸣", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "附加声源与语体限制；不能将每次声音译成鸣; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-S05", "family_key": "sound-S05", "target": { "form": "嗓", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "嗓音、人声；另义为喉咙", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "必须选嗓音义；器官喉咙≠声音；水声/钟声不可通用；不是sonus的已证根对应" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S05", "value": "sǎng", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-10" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-10" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S05", "source_span": "sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "s baseline", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial：voice子域，不是一般auditory phenomenon", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-10" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial 局部：s相同，a类元音与鼻音尾近似；a≠aʊ，ŋ≠nd，无-d，声调不同", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：s相同，a类元音与鼻音尾近似；a≠aʊ，ŋ≠nd，无-d，声调不同", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：s相同，a类元音与鼻音尾近似；a≠aʊ，ŋ≠nd，无-d，声调不同", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：s相同，a类元音与鼻音尾近似；a≠aʊ，ŋ≠nd，无-d，声调不同", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：s相同，a类元音与鼻音尾近似；a≠aʊ，ŋ≠nd，无-d，声调不同", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：s相同，a类元音与鼻音尾近似；a≠aʊ，ŋ≠nd，无-d，声调不同" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-10" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-10" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-10" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "必须选嗓音义；器官喉咙≠声音；水声/钟声不可通用；不是sonus的已证根对应", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "必须选嗓音义；器官喉咙≠声音；水声/钟声不可通用；不是sonus的已证根对应; Not selected for Featured; restricted human-voice Research candidate.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-S06", "family_key": "sound-S06", "target": { "form": "噪", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "喧嚷、嘈杂声", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "noise不是中性sound全义；仅留子类对照" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S06", "value": "zào", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-11" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-11" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S06", "source_span": "sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": "z-c-s", "hit": true, "position": "z-c-s 扩展 z", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial：附加杂乱/高声限制", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-11" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial 局部：ao接近aʊ；[ts]≠s，缺-nd，声调不同", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：ao接近aʊ；[ts]≠s，缺-nd，声调不同", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：ao接近aʊ；[ts]≠s，缺-nd，声调不同", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：ao接近aʊ；[ts]≠s，缺-nd，声调不同", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：ao接近aʊ；[ts]≠s，缺-nd，声调不同", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：ao接近aʊ；[ts]≠s，缺-nd，声调不同" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-11" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-11" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-11" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "noise不是中性sound全义；仅留子类对照", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "noise不是中性sound全义；仅留子类对照; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-S07", "family_key": "sound-S07", "target": { "form": "诵", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "有抑扬地念、诵读", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "言语内容与诵读方式过窄；不因法语son近拼写升为通用sound" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S07", "value": "sòng", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-12" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-12" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S07", "source_span": "sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "s baseline", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "rejected", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial：发声的一种行为", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-12" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "weak：s相同；uŋ与aʊnd不同；法语son的拼写不当历史IPA", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同；uŋ与aʊnd不同；法语son的拼写不当历史IPA", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同；uŋ与aʊnd不同；法语son的拼写不当历史IPA", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同；uŋ与aʊnd不同；法语son的拼写不当历史IPA", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同；uŋ与aʊnd不同；法语son的拼写不当历史IPA", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同；uŋ与aʊnd不同；法语son的拼写不当历史IPA" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-12" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-12" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-12" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "言语内容与诵读方式过窄；不因法语son近拼写升为通用sound", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "言语内容与诵读方式过窄；不因法语son近拼写升为通用sound; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-S08", "family_key": "sound-S08", "target": { "form": "嘶", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "马叫、声音沙哑", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "嘶不代表所有声；仅可单列声象子类型，不能证明sound本词拟声" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S08", "value": "sī", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-13" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-13" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S08", "source_span": "sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "s baseline", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial：受声源/音质约束", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-13" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "weak：s相同，i舌尖元音与aʊnd不同；缺鼻塞尾", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，i舌尖元音与aʊnd不同；缺鼻塞尾", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，i舌尖元音与aʊnd不同；缺鼻塞尾", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，i舌尖元音与aʊnd不同；缺鼻塞尾", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，i舌尖元音与aʊnd不同；缺鼻塞尾", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，i舌尖元音与aʊnd不同；缺鼻塞尾" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-13" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-13" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-13" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "嘶不代表所有声；仅可单列声象子类型，不能证明sound本词拟声", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "嘶不代表所有声；仅可单列声象子类型，不能证明sound本词拟声; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-S09", "family_key": "sound-S09", "target": { "form": "飒", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "形容风声", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "拟声词属性属于飒而非自动属于英语sound；不因含sound义同源" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S09", "value": "sà", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-14" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-14" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S09", "source_span": "sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "s baseline", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial：风声子类", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-14" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "weak：s相同，a对aʊ只是局部，缺-nd", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，a对aʊ只是局部，缺-nd", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，a对aʊ只是局部，缺-nd", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，a对aʊ只是局部，缺-nd", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，a对aʊ只是局部，缺-nd", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，a对aʊ只是局部，缺-nd" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-14" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-14" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-14" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "拟声词属性属于飒而非自动属于英语sound；不因含sound义同源", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "拟声词属性属于飒而非自动属于英语sound；不因含sound义同源; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-S10", "family_key": "sound-S10", "target": { "form": "啧", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "啧啧类舌口声，亦有争辩等义", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "固定啧啧构式/语用限制；不泛化作声音总称" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S10", "value": "zé", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-15" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-15" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S10", "source_span": "sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": "z-c-s", "hit": true, "position": "z-c-s 扩展 z", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "candidate", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial：特定声响", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-15" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "weak：[ts]≠s，ɤ≠aʊ，缺-nd", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：[ts]≠s，ɤ≠aʊ，缺-nd", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：[ts]≠s，ɤ≠aʊ，缺-nd", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：[ts]≠s，ɤ≠aʊ，缺-nd", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：[ts]≠s，ɤ≠aʊ，缺-nd", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：[ts]≠s，ɤ≠aʊ，缺-nd" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-15" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-15" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-15" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "固定啧啧构式/语用限制；不泛化作声音总称", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "medium", "decision_reason": "固定啧啧构式/语用限制；不泛化作声音总称; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-S11", "family_key": "sound-S11", "target": { "form": "桑", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "桑树", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "桑不因与嗓同音段或作声旁而有voice义" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S11", "value": "sāng", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-16" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-16" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S11", "source_span": "sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "s 声音控制", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "sound_control", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "mismatch", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "mismatch", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-16" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "partial", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "partial 局部：与嗓音段接近，s+a+ŋ；仍缺双元音与-d", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：与嗓音段接近，s+a+ŋ；仍缺双元音与-d", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：与嗓音段接近，s+a+ŋ；仍缺双元音与-d", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：与嗓音段接近，s+a+ŋ；仍缺双元音与-d", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：与嗓音段接近，s+a+ŋ；仍缺双元音与-d", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：与嗓音段接近，s+a+ŋ；仍缺双元音与-d" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-16" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-16" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-16" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "桑不因与嗓同音段或作声旁而有voice义", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "桑不因与嗓同音段或作声旁而有voice义; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-S12", "family_key": "sound-S12", "target": { "form": "耸", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "高起；本轮控制sense取此", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "耸人听闻不等于声音；古耳聋义更不等于声音现象" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S12", "value": "sǒng", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-17" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-17" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-A3", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-A3", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S12", "source_span": "sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "s 声音控制", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "sound_control", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "mismatch", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "mismatch", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-17" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "weak：s+鼻尾近似有限；uŋ≠aʊnd", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s+鼻尾近似有限；uŋ≠aʊnd", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s+鼻尾近似有限；uŋ≠aʊnd", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s+鼻尾近似有限；uŋ≠aʊnd", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s+鼻尾近似有限；uŋ≠aʊnd", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：s+鼻尾近似有限；uŋ≠aʊnd" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-17" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-17" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-17" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "耸人听闻不等于声音；古耳聋义更不等于声音现象", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "耸人听闻不等于声音；古耳聋义更不等于声音现象; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } } ], "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "stage_mapping_id": "SM-S-H", "stage_ref": "S-H", "selection_reasons": [ "explanatory_value", "phonetic_form_value" ], "freeze": { "version": "0.1", "meaning_note": "healthy / intact / solid", "excluded_senses": [ "No transfer of a different stage’s meaning or pronunciation" ], "status": "editor_reviewed" }, "search": { "status": "pending", "scope": { "lexical_layers": [ "Modern Mandarin" ], "phonological_layers": [ "Existing documented reference pronunciations only" ], "semantic_seeds": [ "healthy / intact / solid" ], "consonant_hypotheses": [], "note": "Bounded migration of existing candidate inventory; not a new Discovery Work search." }, "run_refs": [], "stop_reason": "Controls/restricted Research recorded; no general stage candidate selected. No further discovery required for migration; Featured optional." }, "candidates": [ { "candidate_id": "PF-S13", "family_key": "sound-S13", "target": { "form": "健", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "强健、健康", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "不能把这个sound与声合成一条链；不覆盖sound argument所有用法" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S13", "value": "jiàn", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-18" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-18" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-H", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-H", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S13", "source_span": "gesund → sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "组外义项边界控制", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "meaning_control", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "direct", "confidence": "High", "rationale": "direct 对healthy子义；auditory mismatch", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-18" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "mismatch", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "mismatch：tɕian≠saʊnd", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：tɕian≠saʊnd", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：tɕian≠saʊnd", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：tɕian≠saʊnd", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：tɕian≠saʊnd", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：tɕian≠saʊnd" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-18" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-18" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-18" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "不能把这个sound与声合成一条链；不覆盖sound argument所有用法", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "不能把这个sound与声合成一条链；不覆盖sound argument所有用法; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } } ], "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "stage_mapping_id": "SM-S-P", "stage_ref": "S-P", "selection_reasons": [ "explanatory_value", "phonetic_form_value" ], "freeze": { "version": "0.1", "meaning_note": "probe / measure depth", "excluded_senses": [ "No transfer of a different stage’s meaning or pronunciation" ], "status": "editor_reviewed" }, "search": { "status": "pending", "scope": { "lexical_layers": [ "Modern Mandarin" ], "phonological_layers": [ "Existing documented reference pronunciations only" ], "semantic_seeds": [ "probe / measure depth" ], "consonant_hypotheses": [], "note": "Bounded migration of existing candidate inventory; not a new Discovery Work search." }, "run_refs": [], "stop_reason": "Controls/restricted Research recorded; no general stage candidate selected. No further discovery required for migration; Featured optional." }, "candidates": [ { "candidate_id": "PF-S14", "family_key": "sound-S14", "target": { "form": "探", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "探察、探测", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "探测并不必借声音；现代声呐技术不证明两词源相同" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S14", "value": "tàn", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-19" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-19" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-P", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-P", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S14", "source_span": "sonde / sonder → sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "组外义项边界控制", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "meaning_control", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "direct", "confidence": "High", "rationale": "direct 对probe；测水深要探深/测深等构式", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-19" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "weak", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "weak：tʰ≠s，an和aʊnd仅鼻音偶合", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：tʰ≠s，an和aʊnd仅鼻音偶合", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：tʰ≠s，an和aʊnd仅鼻音偶合", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：tʰ≠s，an和aʊnd仅鼻音偶合", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：tʰ≠s，an和aʊnd仅鼻音偶合", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: weak：tʰ≠s，an和aʊnd仅鼻音偶合" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-19" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-19" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-19" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "探测并不必借声音；现代声呐技术不证明两词源相同", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "探测并不必借声音；现代声呐技术不证明两词源相同; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } }, { "candidate_id": "PF-S15", "family_key": "sound-S15", "target": { "form": "测", "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "meaning": { "gloss": "测量；推测", "pos": null, "constraints": [ "measure/probe的同形不许给声音义加分" ] }, "pronunciations": [ { "pronunciation_id": "ZH-PF-S15", "value": "cè", "notation": "pinyin", "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "period": { "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "basis": "modern_reference", "source_refs": [] }, "variety": "Modern Mandarin", "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment", "status": "documented", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-20" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-20" ] }, "comparison": { "source_stage_ref": "S-P", "source_pronunciation_ref": "PR-S-P", "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-PF-S15", "source_span": "sonde / sonder → sound", "scope": "whole_form", "hypothesis": { "group": null, "hit": false, "position": "z-c-s命中特征仅适用于probe表面音；不计auditory扩展收益", "version": "Candidate Discovery Protocol v0.2; generation feature only, no score bonus" } }, "role": "meaning_control", "decision": "reserved", "semantic_fit": { "fit": "direct", "confidence": "High", "rationale": "direct 对measure动作；水深对象需补出", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-20" ] }, "phonetic_fit": { "fit": "mismatch", "confidence": "Low", "rationale": "mismatch：[tsʰɤ]与saʊnd不近", "features": { "onset": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：[tsʰɤ]与saʊnd不近", "vowel": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：[tsʰɤ]与saʊnd不近", "coda_other_consonants": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：[tsʰɤ]与saʊnd不近", "syllables": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：[tsʰɤ]与saʊnd不近", "prosody": "See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：[tsʰɤ]与saʊnd不近" }, "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-01", "PF-SOUND-02", "PF-SOUND-03", "PF-SOUND-04", "PF-SOUND-20" ] }, "evidence": [ { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "mediated", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-20" ], "locator": null, "note": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit." }, { "claim_scope": "comparison_inference", "status": "lead", "source_refs": [ "PF-SOUND-20" ], "locator": null, "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields." }, { "claim_scope": "chinese_sense", "status": "pending", "source_refs": [], "locator": null, "note": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented" } ], "historical_relation": { "status": "Not claimed", "source_refs": [], "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced." }, "confounds": [ "measure/probe的同形不许给声音义加分", "Historical Relation Not claimed; Chinese layer/period is independent from source chronology." ], "discovery_priority": "none", "decision_reason": "measure/probe的同形不许给声音义加分; Research/control only; see exact Discovery scope.", "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } } ], "review": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-20", "note": "Approved Pending-compatible Final Decision Freeze; no new Discovery or evidence promotion." } } ], "display_selection": { "featured_candidate_ref": null, "stage_cards": [ { "stage_mapping_ref": "SM-S-A3", "candidate_ref": "PF-S01" }, { "stage_mapping_ref": "SM-S-A3", "candidate_ref": "PF-S02" } ], "review_status": "approved", "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu", "reason": "Featured Mapping: Pending。声是标准／语义Mapping；响／发声解释动词。嗓只留人声子域Research。历史根对应与拟声解释Pending；健康、测深不得并入听觉历史链。" }, "historical_path": "Auditory: Latin sonus / sonāre family → AF/ME forms → sound. Independent identities: healthy sound ← OE gesund; depth-probing sound ← French sonder. No ancestry edges between these homographs.", "semantic_path": "Auditory: Latin sonus / sonāre family → AF/ME forms → sound. Independent identities: healthy sound ← OE gesund; depth-probing sound ← French sonder. No ancestry edges between these homographs.", "boundary": { "en": "Featured Mapping: Pending。声是标准／语义Mapping；响／发声解释动词。嗓只留人声子域Research。历史根对应与拟声解释Pending；健康、测深不得并入听觉历史链。", "zh-Hans": "Featured Mapping: Pending。声是标准／语义Mapping；响／发声解释动词。嗓只留人声子域Research。历史根对应与拟声解释Pending；健康、测深不得并入听觉历史链。" } }, "featured_mapping_status": "Pending", "publication_status": "Published", "research_candidate_discovery": { "run_id": "TC-DISCOVERY-1-2026-09-20", "candidates": [ { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S01", "chinese_form": "声", "reading": "shēng", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-A3 auditory noun", "documented_meaning": "能引起听觉的声音；声响", "semantic_fit": "direct", "phonetic_fit": "weak：/s/≠[ʂ]；/aʊ/≠[ɤ/ə]，/nd/≠ŋ；整词一音节但韵不合", "consonant_group_relation": "sh不属于冻结的z-c-s；仅独立宽泛咝音观察", "counterevidence": "Supported只可指译义；不能继承为音近或同源等级；OC专项*[l̥]eŋ不支持不变s起首", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "高", "decision": "shortlist", "retrieval_route": "legacy", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/声", "https://www.shidianguji.com/character/聲" ], "mainland_named_dictionary": "识典古籍标名《汉语大词典》条目摘要：mediated; original edition, page and complete citations Pending" }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S02", "chinese_form": "响", "reading": "xiǎng", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-A3 auditory verb", "documented_meaning": "发出声音、响起；亦有声响名词义", "semantic_fit": "direct 对不及物发声；使动需使…响", "phonetic_fit": "weak：/s/对[ɕ]，iaŋ与aʊnd差异明显", "consonant_group_relation": "组外；x不自动纳入z-c-s", "counterevidence": "声音大义是另一sense；动词不能直接替代所有名词sound", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "高", "decision": "shortlist", "retrieval_route": "legacy", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/响" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S03", "chinese_form": "音", "reading": "yīn", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-A1/S-A3", "documented_meaning": "声音、音响；特定语境有音乐/音调限制", "semantic_fit": "direct 在声音义；部分古代乐论有声/音区分", "phonetic_fit": "mismatch：现代无s起首，in≠aʊnd；Latin历史音未冻结", "consonant_group_relation": "组外语义控制", "counterevidence": "古音/古义不能直接从现代声音合成词推出；不把一切声限定成音乐", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "中", "decision": "semantic_control", "retrieval_route": "semantic", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/音" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S04", "chinese_form": "鸣", "reading": "míng", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-A3 auditory verb", "documented_meaning": "鸟兽叫；器物发声", "semantic_fit": "partial：适合钟鸣/鸟鸣，不包所有声音", "phonetic_fit": "mismatch：m、iŋ与saʊnd不同", "consonant_group_relation": "组外语义控制；不从s临时跳到m组", "counterevidence": "附加声源与语体限制；不能将每次声音译成鸣", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "中", "decision": "semantic_control", "retrieval_route": "semantic", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/鸣" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S05", "chinese_form": "嗓", "reading": "sǎng", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-A3 restricted voice", "documented_meaning": "嗓音、人声；另义为喉咙", "semantic_fit": "partial：voice子域，不是一般auditory phenomenon", "phonetic_fit": "partial 局部：s相同，a类元音与鼻音尾近似；a≠aʊ，ŋ≠nd，无-d，声调不同", "consonant_group_relation": "s baseline", "counterevidence": "必须选嗓音义；器官喉咙≠声音；水声/钟声不可通用；不是sonus的已证根对应", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "高", "decision": "shortlist", "retrieval_route": "semantic", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/嗓" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S06", "chinese_form": "噪", "reading": "zào", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-A3 noise subtype", "documented_meaning": "喧嚷、嘈杂声", "semantic_fit": "partial：附加杂乱/高声限制", "phonetic_fit": "partial 局部：ao接近aʊ；[ts]≠s，缺-nd，声调不同", "consonant_group_relation": "z-c-s 扩展 z", "counterevidence": "noise不是中性sound全义；仅留子类对照", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "中", "decision": "reserved", "retrieval_route": "expansion", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/噪" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S07", "chinese_form": "诵", "reading": "sòng", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-A3 verb attempted", "documented_meaning": "有抑扬地念、诵读", "semantic_fit": "partial：发声的一种行为", "phonetic_fit": "weak：s相同；uŋ与aʊnd不同；法语son的拼写不当历史IPA", "consonant_group_relation": "s baseline", "counterevidence": "言语内容与诵读方式过窄；不因法语son近拼写升为通用sound", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "低", "decision": "rejected", "retrieval_route": "semantic", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/诵" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S08", "chinese_form": "嘶", "reading": "sī", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-A3 vocal subtype", "documented_meaning": "马叫、声音沙哑", "semantic_fit": "partial：受声源/音质约束", "phonetic_fit": "weak：s相同，i舌尖元音与aʊnd不同；缺鼻塞尾", "consonant_group_relation": "s baseline", "counterevidence": "嘶不代表所有声；仅可单列声象子类型，不能证明sound本词拟声", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "中", "decision": "reserved", "retrieval_route": "semantic", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/嘶" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S09", "chinese_form": "飒", "reading": "sà", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-A3 wind-sound subtype", "documented_meaning": "形容风声", "semantic_fit": "partial：风声子类", "phonetic_fit": "weak：s相同，a对aʊ只是局部，缺-nd", "consonant_group_relation": "s baseline", "counterevidence": "拟声词属性属于飒而非自动属于英语sound；不因含sound义同源", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "中", "decision": "reserved", "retrieval_route": "semantic", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/飒" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S10", "chinese_form": "啧", "reading": "zé", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-A3 mouth-sound subtype", "documented_meaning": "啧啧类舌口声，亦有争辩等义", "semantic_fit": "partial：特定声响", "phonetic_fit": "weak：[ts]≠s，ɤ≠aʊ，缺-nd", "consonant_group_relation": "z-c-s 扩展 z", "counterevidence": "固定啧啧构式/语用限制；不泛化作声音总称", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "中", "decision": "reserved", "retrieval_route": "expansion", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/啧" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S11", "chinese_form": "桑", "reading": "sāng", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-A3 negative control", "documented_meaning": "桑树", "semantic_fit": "mismatch", "phonetic_fit": "partial 局部：与嗓音段接近，s+a+ŋ；仍缺双元音与-d", "consonant_group_relation": "s 声音控制", "counterevidence": "桑不因与嗓同音段或作声旁而有voice义", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "控制", "decision": "sound_control", "retrieval_route": "control", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/桑" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S12", "chinese_form": "耸", "reading": "sǒng", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-A3 negative control", "documented_meaning": "高起；本轮控制sense取此", "semantic_fit": "mismatch", "phonetic_fit": "weak：s+鼻尾近似有限；uŋ≠aʊnd", "consonant_group_relation": "s 声音控制", "counterevidence": "耸人听闻不等于声音；古耳聋义更不等于声音现象", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "控制", "decision": "sound_control", "retrieval_route": "control", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/耸" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S13", "chinese_form": "健", "reading": "jiàn", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-H healthy branch", "documented_meaning": "强健、健康", "semantic_fit": "direct 对healthy子义；auditory mismatch", "phonetic_fit": "mismatch：tɕian≠saʊnd", "consonant_group_relation": "组外义项边界控制", "counterevidence": "不能把这个sound与声合成一条链；不覆盖sound argument所有用法", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "控制", "decision": "semantic_control", "retrieval_route": "semantic", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/健" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S14", "chinese_form": "探", "reading": "tàn", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-P probe branch", "documented_meaning": "探察、探测", "semantic_fit": "direct 对probe；测水深要探深/测深等构式", "phonetic_fit": "weak：tʰ≠s，an和aʊnd仅鼻音偶合", "consonant_group_relation": "组外义项边界控制", "counterevidence": "探测并不必借声音；现代声呐技术不证明两词源相同", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "控制", "decision": "semantic_control", "retrieval_route": "semantic", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/探" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } }, { "entry": "SOUND", "candidate_id": "S15", "chinese_form": "测", "reading": "cè", "ipa_status": "Pinyin is the lexical reading; phonetic segment analysis below is broad analyst transcription, not a dialect recording.", "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin", "approximate_period": "现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代", "target_source_stage": "S-P depth branch", "documented_meaning": "测量；推测", "semantic_fit": "direct 对measure动作；水深对象需补出", "phonetic_fit": "mismatch：[tsʰɤ]与saʊnd不近", "consonant_group_relation": "z-c-s命中特征仅适用于probe表面音；不计auditory扩展收益", "counterevidence": "measure/probe的同形不许给声音义加分", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "discovery_priority": "控制", "decision": "semantic_control", "retrieval_route": "semantic", "evidence": { "chinese_sense": "direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated", "chinese_pronunciation": "direct online pinyin / named language commentary", "mainland_print_entries": "Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented", "source_urls": [ "https://zdic.net/hans/测" ] }, "source_stage_evidence_urls": [ "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/sound_1", "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sound" ], "confidence": { "modern_sense": "High within the cited sense; historical first attestation remains Pending", "phonetic_fit": "Medium: analyst judgment on modern reference forms", "cross_language_historical_relation": "Not claimed; no independent evidence presented" } } ], "metrics_scope": "Original 39-row run: 10 expansions, 6 restricted retained, 4 rejected, 1 shortlist addition, no new strong phonetic-semantic winner. Not a precision/recall measurement.", "rule": "Consonant-group expansion is candidate generation, not an evidence score.", "freeze": "Featured Mapping: Pending。声是标准／语义Mapping；响／发声解释动词。嗓只留人声子域Research。历史根对应与拟声解释Pending；健康、测深不得并入听觉历史链。" }, "legacy_migration": { "version": "pending-final-0.1", "baseline_commit": "be8bc2dcb1d3f517ba41bbaa2dacc8574335565b", "scope": "Read-only exact pre-migration archive; old Featured claims are superseded, not current research grades.", "previous_fields": { "title": { "en": "Sound · 声音", "zh-Hans": "Sound · 声音" }, "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-sound-primary-shengyin", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "sound", "pronunciation": "/saʊnd/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "声音", "pronunciation": "shēngyīn" }, "gloss": { "en": "Noun: an audible vibration; verb: to make or cause a sound.", "zh-Hans": "名词：声音；动词：响起或使之发声。" }, "meaning": { "en": "声音 is the standard noun translation; 响 / 响起 expresses the intransitive verb in this record. 声 shēng is displayed as the concise featured lexical candidate.", "zh-Hans": "“声音”是名词的通用翻译；本条以“响／响起”表达不及物动词；单字“声”shēng 作为简洁的特色词义候选展示。" }, "mapping_type": "Lexical equivalent", "rationale": { "en": "This is primarily a lexical and protocol record; no cross-language origin claim is made.", "zh-Hans": "本条主要是词义与协议记录；不主张跨语言共同来源。" } }, "references": [ { "reference_id": "SRC-LB-SOUND", "title": "Language Book · Sound", "type": "language-book-page", "url": null, "path": "words/sound.html", "provenance": "unknown" }, { "reference_id": "REF-JL-SOUND-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: Sound literary manuscript and research note", "type": "author manuscript", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; original note preserved below" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-SOUND", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: sound", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-SON", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de son", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-SONNER", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de sonner", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/sonner", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-04" } ], "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "This is primarily a lexical and protocol record; no cross-language origin claim is made.", "zh-Hans": "本条主要是词义与协议记录；不主张跨语言共同来源。" } ], "featured_mapping": { "source": "sound", "target": "声", "reading": "shēng", "display_label": "Featured lexical mapping · 特色词义映射", "status": "Supported lexical equivalent", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "boundary": { "en": "声 is a concise, source-backed Chinese lexical form. 声音 remains the standard modern dictionary translation; no shared historical origin is claimed.", "zh-Hans": "“声”是有来源记录的简洁汉语词义形式；“声音”仍是现代通用词典翻译，不主张共同历史来源。" }, "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SOUND" ] }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "sound", "pronunciation": "/saʊnd/" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "声音", "pronunciation": "shēngyīn" }, { "role": "featured-lexical-candidate", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "声", "pronunciation": "shēng" }, { "role": "verb-equivalent", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "响", "pronunciation": "xiǎng" }, { "role": "historically-related-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "son", "pronunciation": "/sɔ̃/" }, { "role": "historically-related-verb", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "sonner", "pronunciation": "/sɔ.ne/" } ] }, "previously_absent_fields": [ "lexical_identities", "standard_translation", "modern_standard_semantic_mapping", "diachronic_semantic_mapping", "featured_mapping_status", "publication_status", "research_candidate_discovery" ] } }