{
  "id": "LB-en-universe-001",
  "slug": "universe",
  "title": {
    "en": "Universe · 宇宙",
    "zh-Hans": "Universe · 宇宙"
  },
  "languages": [
    {
      "role": "source",
      "code": "en",
      "name": "English",
      "word": "universe",
      "pronunciation": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "role": "target",
      "code": "zh-Hans",
      "name": "Chinese",
      "word": "宇宙",
      "pronunciation": "yǔzhòu"
    }
  ],
  "primary_mapping": {
    "mapping_id": "MAP-universe-primary-yuzhou",
    "source": {
      "language": "English",
      "word": "universe",
      "pronunciation": "unknown"
    },
    "target": {
      "language": "Chinese",
      "word": "宇宙",
      "pronunciation": "yǔzhòu"
    },
    "gloss": {
      "en": "The totality of space, time, matter and energy; also a complete conceptual world.",
      "zh-Hans": "空间、时间、物质与能量的整体；也可指完整的概念世界。"
    },
    "meaning": {
      "en": "The totality of space, time, matter and energy; also a complete conceptual world.",
      "zh-Hans": "空间、时间、物质与能量的整体；也可指完整的概念世界。"
    },
    "mapping_type": "Standard lexical translation",
    "rationale": {
      "en": "Translation is kept as the lexical baseline. Language Book mapping begins with the independently evidenced semantic operations inside Latin universus and compares Chinese candidates without claiming cognacy.",
      "zh-Hans": "翻译仅作为词义底座；Language Book Mapping 从拉丁语 universus 内部有独立证据的语义操作出发，再比较汉语候选，不主张同源。"
    }
  },
  "entry_status": "Published",
  "mapping_status": "Supported",
  "mapping_level": "C",
  "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed",
  "evidence": {
    "Historical": {
      "status": "Established",
      "confidence": "High",
      "summary": {
        "en": "Latin universus is historically analyzed as unus + versus (the participial form of vertere): one + turned, hence all together or whole. Chinese character histories are evaluated separately.",
        "zh-Hans": "拉丁语 universus 的标准历史分析为 unus + versus（vertere 的分词形式）：一＋转成，继而表示共同整体；汉字词史另行评估。"
      },
      "items": [
        {
          "evidence_id": "EVID-UNIVERSE-LATIN-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "universus: unus + versus / verto, ‘turned into one; combined into one whole.’",
            "zh-Hans": "universus：unus＋versus／verto，即“转成一个、合为整体”。"
          },
          "status": "Established",
          "confidence": "High",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS",
            "REF-MW-UNIVERSE",
            "REF-CNRTL-UNIVERS"
          ]
        },
        {
          "evidence_id": "EVID-UNIVERSE-ZHUAN-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "轉 is glossed as 運也 in Shuowen; later lexicographic material records motion and rotation senses.",
            "zh-Hans": "《说文》释“轉”为“運也”；后世字书记录移动、旋转义。"
          },
          "status": "Established",
          "confidence": "High",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-ZDIC-ZHUAN"
          ]
        },
        {
          "evidence_id": "EVID-UNIVERSE-WO-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "斡 has an independently attested turn/rotate sense: ‘斡，轉也.’",
            "zh-Hans": "“斡”有独立可证的旋转义：“斡，轉也”。"
          },
          "status": "Established",
          "confidence": "High",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-CTEXT-WO",
            "REF-ZDIC-WO"
          ]
        },
        {
          "evidence_id": "EVID-UNIVERSE-WO-002",
          "claim": {
            "en": "渦 is attested as 回川 with the gloss 旋流, supporting eddy/whirlpool rather than a cross-language origin claim.",
            "zh-Hans": "“渦”见“回川”并注“旋流”，支持旋流／漩涡义，不支持跨语言同源。"
          },
          "status": "Established",
          "confidence": "High",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-CTEXT-WHIRLPOOL",
            "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL"
          ]
        },
        {
          "evidence_id": "EVID-UNIVERSE-YUZHOU-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "Huainanzi distinguishes 宙 as past-to-present time and 宇 as the four directions plus above and below.",
            "zh-Hans": "《淮南子》以“宙”指古往今来的时间，以“宇”指四方上下的空间。"
          },
          "status": "Established",
          "confidence": "High",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-CTEXT-HUAINANZI",
            "REF-ZDIC-YUZHOU"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS",
        "REF-MW-UNIVERSE",
        "REF-CNRTL-UNIVERS",
        "REF-ZDIC-ZHUAN",
        "REF-CTEXT-WO",
        "REF-ZDIC-WO",
        "REF-CTEXT-WHIRLPOOL",
        "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL",
        "REF-CTEXT-HUAINANZI",
        "REF-ZDIC-YUZHOU"
      ]
    },
    "Phonetic-Semantic": {
      "status": "Candidate",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "summary": {
        "en": "Modern Mandarin wò/wō forms are recorded as a testable sound–meaning cluster. Shared modern syllables do not establish common Chinese ancestry or relation to Latin VERS/VERT.",
        "zh-Hans": "现代普通话 wò／wō 形式作为可检验音义簇记录；现代音节相同既不证明汉字彼此同源，也不证明它们与拉丁 VERS／VERT 同源。"
      },
      "items": [
        {
          "evidence_id": "HYP-WO-ROTATION-CLUSTER",
          "claim": {
            "en": "Modern 斡 wò, 涡 wō, 窝 wō and 蜗 wō may be compared around TURN / CURVE / ROTATION, with separate lexical evidence for every character.",
            "zh-Hans": "现代“斡 wò、涡 wō、窝 wō、蜗 wō”可围绕 TURN／CURVE／ROTATION 比较，但每个字须各用独立词义证据。"
          },
          "status": "Untested",
          "confidence": "Low",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-ZDIC-WO",
            "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL",
            "REF-ZDIC-NEST",
            "REF-ZDIC-SNAIL"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-ZDIC-WO",
        "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL",
        "REF-ZDIC-NEST",
        "REF-ZDIC-SNAIL"
      ]
    },
    "Cognitive": {
      "status": "Interpretive",
      "confidence": "Medium",
      "summary": {
        "en": "The comparison models two independently evidenced constructions—ONE + TURNED → WHOLE and SPACE + TIME → COSMOS—then marks ROTATION → VORTEX / CURL / ENCLOSURE as a cognitive-geometric extension.",
        "zh-Hans": "比较并列两条独立有据的构词结构——ONE＋TURNED→WHOLE 与 SPACE＋TIME→COSMOS；ROTATION→VORTEX／CURL／ENCLOSURE 另标为认知—几何延伸。"
      },
      "items": [
        {
          "evidence_id": "MAP-UNIVERSE-GEOMETRY-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "Abstract → Motion → Geometry → Symbol: TURN → ROTATION → VORTEX / CURL / ENCLOSURE.",
            "zh-Hans": "抽象→动作→几何→符号：TURN→ROTATION→VORTEX／CURL／ENCLOSURE。"
          },
          "status": "Interpretive",
          "confidence": "Medium",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL",
            "REF-ZDIC-NEST",
            "REF-ZDIC-SNAIL"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL",
        "REF-ZDIC-NEST",
        "REF-ZDIC-SNAIL",
        "REF-ZDIC-ZHOU",
        "REF-ZDIC-HE",
        "REF-ZDIC-QUAN"
      ]
    },
    "Speculative": {
      "status": "Candidate",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "summary": {
        "en": "Cognitive Trace, the author’s spiral-motion proposal, and Cosmic Motion Encoding are explicitly speculative/testable. Etymology does not establish a scientific model of the universe.",
        "zh-Hans": "语言认知痕迹、作者螺旋运动设想与宇宙运动编码均明确标为推测性／可检验；词源不能建立宇宙的科学模型。"
      },
      "items": [
        {
          "evidence_id": "HYP-COGNITIVE-TRACE-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "Language may preserve traces of how earlier human communities perceived, categorized, and modeled the world.",
            "zh-Hans": "语言可能保存早期人类群体感知、分类和构造世界模型的痕迹。"
          },
          "status": "Speculative/Testable",
          "confidence": "Low",
          "source_refs": []
        },
        {
          "evidence_id": "HYP-UNIVERSE-SPIRAL-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "Perhaps ancient people recognized rotational or spiral motion in the universe and preserved that cognition in structures such as universe.",
            "zh-Hans": "也许古人已经认识到宇宙具有旋转或螺旋式运动，并将这种认知保留在 universe 一类语言结构之中。"
          },
          "status": "Speculative/Testable",
          "confidence": "Low",
          "source_refs": []
        },
        {
          "evidence_id": "HYP-COSMIC-MOTION-ENCODING-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "Terms for cosmic totality may recruit ONE / TURN / CYCLE / ENCLOSE / SPACE / TIME more often than suitable controls across languages and cultures.",
            "zh-Hans": "跨语言／文化的宇宙整体词汇，是否比适当对照更频繁调用 ONE／TURN／CYCLE／ENCLOSE／SPACE／TIME。"
          },
          "status": "Untested",
          "confidence": "Low",
          "source_refs": []
        }
      ],
      "source_refs": []
    }
  },
  "phonetic_observation": [
    {
      "observation_id": "PHON-WO-ROTATION-001",
      "claim": {
        "en": "Modern Mandarin: 斡 wò, 涡 wō, 窝 wō, 蜗 wō. Their nearby modern forms motivate a cluster test only.",
        "zh-Hans": "现代普通话：斡 wò、涡 wō、窝 wō、蜗 wō；相近的现代读音只用于提出聚类检验。"
      },
      "status": "Candidate",
      "limitations": {
        "en": "No historical sound correspondence, shared Chinese etymon or Latin–Chinese cognacy is claimed. Historical pronunciations are omitted here unless tied to a named reconstruction or lexicographic source.",
        "zh-Hans": "不主张规律历史音变、汉字共同语源或拉丁—汉语同源；未能逐项绑定具名重构或字书来源的历史音不写入。"
      }
    }
  ],
  "semantic_structure": {
    "concepts": [
      "ONE",
      "TURN",
      "WHOLE",
      "ROTATION",
      "VORTEX",
      "CURL",
      "ENCLOSURE",
      "SPACE",
      "TIME",
      "COSMOS"
    ],
    "relation": "ONE + TURNED → WHOLE | TURN → ROTATION → VORTEX / CURL / ENCLOSURE | SPACE + TIME → COSMOS",
    "status": "Layered: Established + Interpretive"
  },
  "hypotheses": [
    {
      "hypothesis_id": "HYP-WO-ROTATION-CLUSTER",
      "type": "Phonetic-semantic cluster",
      "claim": {
        "en": "Modern wò/wō forms may show a testable concentration around TURN / CURVE / ROTATION.",
        "zh-Hans": "现代 wò／wō 形式可能在 TURN／CURVE／ROTATION 周围形成可检验聚集。"
      },
      "status": "Untested",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "supporting_cases": [
        "斡 wò",
        "涡 wō",
        "窝 wō",
        "蜗 wō"
      ],
      "counterexamples": [
        "Modern homophony does not establish shared origin",
        "窝 is primarily enclosure/bending",
        "蜗 is primarily an animal name"
      ],
      "testability": {
        "en": "Build a pre-registered Mandarin lexical sample with frequency-matched syllable controls and independent semantic coding.",
        "zh-Hans": "建立预注册的普通话词汇样本，以频率匹配音节作对照，并进行独立语义编码。"
      },
      "experiment_link": null,
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-ZDIC-WO",
        "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL",
        "REF-ZDIC-NEST",
        "REF-ZDIC-SNAIL"
      ]
    },
    {
      "hypothesis_id": "HYP-COGNITIVE-TRACE-001",
      "type": "Cognitive trace hypothesis",
      "claim": {
        "en": "Language may preserve traces of how earlier human communities perceived, categorized, and modeled the world.",
        "zh-Hans": "语言可能保存早期人类群体感知、分类和构造世界模型的痕迹。"
      },
      "status": "Speculative/Testable",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "supporting_cases": [
        "Latin ONE + TURNED → WHOLE",
        "Chinese SPACE + TIME → COSMOS"
      ],
      "counterexamples": [
        "Lexicalization can be opaque to later speakers",
        "Parallel metaphors need not reflect the same historical cognition"
      ],
      "testability": {
        "en": "Compare independently coded historical lexical constructions across unrelated language families and time periods.",
        "zh-Hans": "跨无亲缘语系与历史时期，对历史构词结构进行独立编码比较。"
      },
      "experiment_link": null,
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS",
        "REF-CTEXT-HUAINANZI"
      ]
    },
    {
      "hypothesis_id": "HYP-UNIVERSE-SPIRAL-001",
      "type": "Author hypothesis",
      "claim": {
        "en": "Perhaps ancient people recognized rotational or spiral motion in the universe and preserved that cognition in structures such as universe.",
        "zh-Hans": "也许古人已经认识到宇宙具有旋转或螺旋式运动，并将这种认知保留在 universe 一类语言结构之中。"
      },
      "status": "Speculative/Testable",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "supporting_cases": [
        "TURN is historically present in the Latin formation"
      ],
      "counterexamples": [
        "Historical evidence: Unestablished",
        "Scientific claim: not established by etymology",
        "TURN → spiral cosmos is an additional inference"
      ],
      "testability": {
        "en": "Require independent historical texts showing a cosmic rotation model linked to the lexical choice; etymology alone is insufficient.",
        "zh-Hans": "必须找到独立历史文本，显示宇宙旋转模型与该词汇选择有关；仅凭词源不足。"
      },
      "experiment_link": null,
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS"
      ]
    },
    {
      "hypothesis_id": "HYP-COSMIC-MOTION-ENCODING-001",
      "type": "Cross-linguistic semantic-frequency hypothesis",
      "claim": {
        "en": "Cosmic-totality expressions may recruit ONE / TURN / CYCLE / ENCLOSE / SPACE / TIME more often than matched non-cosmic concepts.",
        "zh-Hans": "表达宇宙整体的词语，可能比匹配的非宇宙概念更频繁调用 ONE／TURN／CYCLE／ENCLOSE／SPACE／TIME。"
      },
      "status": "Untested",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "supporting_cases": [
        "universus",
        "宇宙"
      ],
      "counterexamples": [
        "Current examples are too few",
        "Borrowing and genealogical dependence must be controlled"
      ],
      "testability": {
        "en": "Pre-register languages, etymological sources, semantic coding, genealogical controls and a comparison baseline.",
        "zh-Hans": "预注册语言样本、词源来源、语义编码、谱系控制与比较基线。"
      },
      "experiment_link": null,
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS",
        "REF-CTEXT-HUAINANZI"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "experiments": [],
  "literary_layer": {
    "status": "Published",
    "is_historical_evidence": false,
    "proposition": {
      "en": "The universe is a poem written by existence itself.",
      "zh-Hans": "宇宙是存在本身写下的一首诗。"
    },
    "essay_prose": [],
    "poem_lyrics": [],
    "translations": [],
    "archival_manuscript_media": [],
    "evidence_boundary": {
      "en": "Literature may explore freely, but it is not historical evidence.",
      "zh-Hans": "文学可以自由展开，但不属于历史证据。"
    }
  },
  "media": [],
  "references": [
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS",
      "title": "Lewis & Short Latin Dictionary: universus",
      "type": "historical dictionary",
      "url": "https://archli.com/dictionary/lewis-short-latin-dictionary/universus-179957",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Lewis & Short (1879) digital edition"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNUS",
      "title": "Lewis & Short Latin Dictionary: unus",
      "type": "historical dictionary",
      "url": "https://classics.andrewgadsden.com/lewisandshort/entry/n49871",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Lewis & Short (1879) digital edition"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-VERTERE",
      "title": "Lewis & Short Latin Dictionary: vertere / verto",
      "type": "historical dictionary",
      "url": "https://alatius.com/ls/index.php?l=vertere",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Lewis & Short digital edition"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-MW-UNIVERSE",
      "title": "Merriam-Webster: universe — word history",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/universe",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "external dictionary reference"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-UNIVERS",
      "title": "CNRTL: étymologie de univers",
      "type": "etymological dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/univers",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "French national lexical resource"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-MW-VERSE",
      "title": "Merriam-Webster: verse — word history",
      "type": "dictionary",
      "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/verse",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "external dictionary reference"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-CTEXT-HUAINANZI",
      "title": "Chinese Text Project: Huainanzi, Qisu Xun",
      "type": "primary-text database",
      "url": "https://ctext.org/text.pl?if=gb&node=3206",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "digitized classical text"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-YUZHOU",
      "title": "汉典：宇宙",
      "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
      "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition."
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-ZHUAN",
      "title": "汉典：轉／转",
      "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
      "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E8%BD%AC",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition. Original work cited: 《说文解字》; platform transcription, edition unspecified."
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-CTEXT-WO",
      "title": "Chinese Text Project dictionary: 斡",
      "type": "character/historical dictionary index",
      "url": "https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?char=%E6%96%A1&if=en",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "indexed Shuowen, Guangyun, Kangxi and Hanyu references"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-WO",
      "title": "汉典：斡",
      "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
      "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hant/%E6%96%A1",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition. Original work cited: 《广雅》; platform transcription, edition unspecified."
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-CTEXT-WHIRLPOOL",
      "title": "Chinese Text Project dictionary: 渦",
      "type": "character/historical dictionary index",
      "url": "https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?char=%E6%B8%A6&if=en",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "indexed classical and dictionary references"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL",
      "title": "汉典：渦／涡",
      "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
      "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E6%B6%A1",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition."
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-NEST",
      "title": "汉典：窩／窝",
      "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
      "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E7%AA%A9",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition."
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-SNAIL",
      "title": "汉典：蝸／蜗",
      "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
      "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E8%9C%97",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition."
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-ZHOU",
      "title": "汉典：周",
      "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
      "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E5%91%A8",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition."
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-HE",
      "title": "汉典：合",
      "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
      "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E5%90%88",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition."
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-QUAN",
      "title": "汉典：全",
      "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
      "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E5%85%A8",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition."
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "SRC-LB-UNIVERSE",
      "title": "Language Book · Universe",
      "type": "language-book-page",
      "url": null,
      "path": "words/universe.html",
      "provenance": "project editorial page"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "SRC-PROTOCOL-MAPPING",
      "title": "Protocol Book · Multidimensional Mapping Framework",
      "type": "protocol-page",
      "url": null,
      "path": "protocol/protocol.mapping-framework.html",
      "provenance": "project protocol"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "B2-U-MW",
      "title": "Merriam-Webster: universe",
      "type": "dictionary / research",
      "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/universe",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Specific source reviewed in approved Batch 2 Freeze; platform mediation and print-edition Pending retained"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "B2-U-WO",
      "title": "汉典：斡",
      "type": "dictionary / research",
      "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/斡",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Specific source reviewed in approved Batch 2 Freeze; platform mediation and print-edition Pending retained"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "B2-U-YU",
      "title": "汉典：宇",
      "type": "dictionary / research",
      "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/宇",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Specific source reviewed in approved Batch 2 Freeze; platform mediation and print-edition Pending retained"
    },
    {
      "reference_id": "B2-U-ZHOU",
      "title": "汉典：宙",
      "type": "dictionary / research",
      "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/宙",
      "path": null,
      "provenance": "Specific source reviewed in approved Batch 2 Freeze; platform mediation and print-edition Pending retained"
    }
  ],
  "author": "Jinkai Liu",
  "version": "Universe Root-Level Semantic Mapper v1.0 / Entry v2.0 / Schema v1.0",
  "dates": {
    "created": null,
    "modified": "2026-09-02",
    "published": "2026-08-16"
  },
  "editorial_notes": [
    {
      "en": "Language may preserve cognitive traces, but etymology alone cannot establish the physical structure of the universe.",
      "zh-Hans": "语言可以保存认知痕迹，但不能仅由词源反推出宇宙物理结构。"
    },
    {
      "en": "No single Chinese character is selected as the unique primary structural mapping; candidates retain evidence-specific grades.",
      "zh-Hans": "不把任何单一汉字选作唯一主要结构映射；各候选保留各自证据等级。"
    }
  ],
  "search_terms": [
    "universe",
    "universus",
    "uni",
    "vers",
    "vert",
    "turn",
    "宇宙",
    "宇",
    "宙",
    "转",
    "轉",
    "斡",
    "涡",
    "渦",
    "窝",
    "窩",
    "蜗",
    "蝸",
    "周",
    "合",
    "全",
    "one",
    "whole",
    "rotation",
    "vortex",
    "curl",
    "enclosure",
    "space",
    "time",
    "cosmos"
  ],
  "page": "words/universe.html",
  "legacy": {
    "entry_id": "LB-en-universe-001",
    "source_word": "universe",
    "language": "English",
    "normalized_form": "universe",
    "pronunciation": null,
    "phonetic_form": null,
    "lexical_meaning": {
      "en": "The totality of space, time, matter and energy; also a complete conceptual world.",
      "zh-Hans": "空间、时间、物质与能量的整体；也可指完整的概念世界。"
    },
    "aliases": [
      "cosmos",
      "宇宙",
      "univers",
      "世界"
    ],
    "classification_status": "published",
    "primary_chinese_mapping": {
      "mapping_id": "MAP-universe-primary-yuzhou",
      "chinese_form": "宇宙",
      "pinyin": "yǔzhòu",
      "role": "primary",
      "mapping_basis": "lexical-equivalent",
      "status": "published",
      "identity": "source-backed-lexical-mapping",
      "source_verification": {
        "status": "source-backed",
        "source_refs": [
          "SRC-LB-UNIVERSE"
        ],
        "notes": {
          "en": "Cross-language lexical mapping based on totalizing semantic structure, not cognacy.",
          "zh-Hans": "基于整体语义结构的跨语言词汇对应，不主张同源。"
        }
      },
      "ai_review": {
        "status": "not-reviewed",
        "reviewer": null,
        "reviewed_at": null,
        "rationale": {
          "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.",
          "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。"
        }
      }
    },
    "secondary_chinese_mappings": [],
    "mapping_rationales": [],
    "historical_etymologies": [],
    "sound_symbol_hypothesis_refs": [
      "UNI-UNIVERSE-FLOW-001"
    ],
    "other_author_notes": [],
    "experimental_validation_refs": [],
    "source_provenance": [
      "SRC-LB-UNIVERSE",
      "SRC-PROTOCOL-MAPPING"
    ],
    "author": "Jinkai Liu｜劉金凱",
    "version": "1.1 / dataset 0.1.0 / G.1 migration"
  },
  "root_level_mapping": {
    "version": "1.0",
    "translation": {
      "source": "universe",
      "target": "宇宙",
      "status": "Standard lexical translation"
    },
    "featured_structural_mapping": {
      "source": "vertere / versus (TURN component)",
      "target": "斡",
      "reading": "wò",
      "status": "Historical-unit Phonetic-Semantic Candidate; semantic direct / phonetic not evaluated",
      "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
      "boundary": {
        "en": "Featured for the semantic operation TURN / ROTATION; it is not the standard translation and no Latin–Chinese cognacy is claimed.",
        "zh-Hans": "用于突出 TURN／ROTATION 语义操作；它不是通用翻译，也不主张拉丁语与汉语同源。"
      }
    },
    "latin_decomposition": {
      "status": "Established",
      "chain": "Latin universus → UNI (unus) + VERS (versus ← vertere) → ONE + TURNED → WHOLE",
      "components": [
        {
          "form": "UNI / unus",
          "primitive": "ONE",
          "status": "Established",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-MW-UNIVERSE",
            "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNUS"
          ]
        },
        {
          "form": "VERS / versus ← vertere",
          "primitive": "TURN / TURNED",
          "status": "Established",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-MW-UNIVERSE",
            "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-VERTERE"
          ]
        },
        {
          "form": "universus",
          "primitive": "WHOLE / ENTIRE / ALL TOGETHER",
          "status": "Established",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS",
            "REF-CNRTL-UNIVERS"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "modern_verse_note": {
        "en": "Modern English verse ‘poetic line’ belongs to the wider historical TURN family through Latin versus ‘line/row’; it is not the operative modern meaning used to decompose universe.",
        "zh-Hans": "现代英语 verse“诗行”虽经拉丁 versus“行列”属于更广的 TURN 词族，但不是拆解 universe 时采用的现代核心义。"
      }
    },
    "semantic_primitives": [
      "ONE",
      "TURN",
      "WHOLE",
      "ROTATION",
      "VORTEX",
      "CURL",
      "ENCLOSURE",
      "SPACE",
      "TIME",
      "COSMOS"
    ],
    "chinese_structural_candidates": [
      {
        "character": "一",
        "reading": "yī",
        "roles": [
          "ONE"
        ],
        "evidence_status": "Supported lexical mapping",
        "candidate_grade": "Direct structural candidate",
        "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
        "note": {
          "en": "Direct Chinese semantic equivalent for ONE.",
          "zh-Hans": "ONE 的直接汉语语义对应。"
        }
      },
      {
        "character": "转／轉",
        "reading": "zhuǎn / zhuàn",
        "roles": [
          "TURN",
          "ROTATION"
        ],
        "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning",
        "candidate_grade": "Direct semantic candidate",
        "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
        "note": {
          "en": "Shuowen glosses 轉 as 運也; later records include motion and rotation.",
          "zh-Hans": "《说文》释“轉”为“運也”；后世记录移动与旋转义。"
        }
      },
      {
        "character": "斡",
        "reading": "wò",
        "roles": [
          "TURN",
          "ROTATION"
        ],
        "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning",
        "candidate_grade": "Strong semantic candidate",
        "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
        "note": {
          "en": "Guangya/lexicographic record: 斡，轉也. No Latin relation follows.",
          "zh-Hans": "《广雅》等字书载“斡，轉也”；不能据此推出拉丁语关系。"
        }
      },
      {
        "character": "涡／渦",
        "reading": "wō",
        "roles": [
          "VORTEX",
          "ROTATION"
        ],
        "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning",
        "candidate_grade": "Geometry candidate",
        "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
        "note": {
          "en": "A rotating current / eddy; historical lexicography records 回川 with the gloss 旋流.",
          "zh-Hans": "旋转水流／漩涡；字书有“回川”并注“旋流”。"
        }
      },
      {
        "character": "窝／窩",
        "reading": "wō",
        "roles": [
          "CURL",
          "ENCLOSURE",
          "RECESS"
        ],
        "evidence_status": "Modern meaning + later lexicography",
        "candidate_grade": "Cognitive/Visual Candidate",
        "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
        "note": {
          "en": "Nest, recess and ‘bend’ motivate enclosure/curve imagery; a historical ROTATION sense is not established.",
          "zh-Hans": "巢穴、凹陷与“弄弯”可引出包围／曲线意象；未确立历史 ROTATION 义。"
        }
      },
      {
        "character": "蜗／蝸",
        "reading": "wō",
        "roles": [
          "SPIRAL-FORM",
          "CURL"
        ],
        "evidence_status": "Entity meaning + visual form",
        "candidate_grade": "Cognitive/Visual Candidate",
        "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
        "note": {
          "en": "The word denotes a snail; spiral geometry comes from the shell’s form, not from a lexical meaning ‘rotate.’",
          "zh-Hans": "本字指蜗牛；螺旋几何来自壳的形态，不是“旋转”的词汇义。"
        }
      },
      {
        "character": "周",
        "reading": "zhōu",
        "roles": [
          "AROUND",
          "CYCLE",
          "COMPLETE",
          "WHOLE"
        ],
        "evidence_status": "Established lexical meanings",
        "candidate_grade": "Semantic result candidate",
        "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
        "note": {
          "en": "Around, cycle, complete/all; semantically useful but outside the modern WO sound cluster.",
          "zh-Hans": "具有环绕、循环、周全／全部等义；语义上有用，但不属于现代 WO 音簇。"
        }
      },
      {
        "character": "合",
        "reading": "hé",
        "roles": [
          "JOIN",
          "WHOLE"
        ],
        "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning",
        "candidate_grade": "Whole/Totality candidate",
        "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
        "note": {
          "en": "Joining/closing models the result of bringing parts together, not TURN itself.",
          "zh-Hans": "聚合／闭合可表示诸部分成为整体的结果，并非 TURN 本身。"
        }
      },
      {
        "character": "全",
        "reading": "quán",
        "roles": [
          "COMPLETE",
          "WHOLE"
        ],
        "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning",
        "candidate_grade": "Whole/Totality candidate",
        "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
        "note": {
          "en": "Complete/entire models the outcome WHOLE, not the turning operation.",
          "zh-Hans": "完整／全部对应结果 WHOLE，并非旋转操作。"
        }
      }
    ],
    "geometry_mapping": {
      "status": "Interpretive",
      "chain": "Abstract → Motion → Geometry → Symbol | TURN → ROTATION → VORTEX / CURL / ENCLOSURE",
      "boundary": {
        "en": "This is a cognitive-geometric mapping, not the historical meaning of every form in the chain.",
        "zh-Hans": "这是认知—几何映射，不是链上每一形式的历史词义。"
      }
    },
    "traditional_chinese_construction": {
      "status": "Supported interpretation in specified historical contexts; not a universal original construction",
      "chain": "宇 + 宙 → SPACE + TIME → COSMOS",
      "boundary": {
        "en": "Specified historical interpretation, not morpheme-for-morpheme Latin equivalence.",
        "zh-Hans": "指定历史语境中的空间—时间解释；不声称与拉丁构词逐字同构或所有古代用法一致。"
      }
    },
    "whole_candidates": [
      "合",
      "全",
      "周"
    ],
    "evidence_boundary": {
      "en": "Translation is not Mapping; semantic resemblance is not cognacy; etymology cannot by itself establish the physical structure of the universe.",
      "zh-Hans": "Translation 不等于 Mapping；语义相似不等于同源；不能仅由词源推断宇宙物理结构。"
    }
  },
  "source_audit_pending": [
    {
      "title": "现代汉语词典",
      "status": "pending",
      "claims": [
        "specific Chinese reading and sense / historical attestation"
      ],
      "reason": "Specific edition and entry not obtained; no page asserted."
    },
    {
      "title": "新华字典",
      "status": "pending",
      "claims": [
        "specific Chinese reading and sense / historical attestation"
      ],
      "reason": "Specific edition and entry not obtained; no page asserted."
    },
    {
      "title": "汉语大词典",
      "status": "pending",
      "claims": [
        "specific Chinese reading and sense / historical attestation"
      ],
      "reason": "Specific edition and entry not obtained; no page asserted."
    },
    {
      "title": "汉语大字典",
      "status": "pending",
      "claims": [
        "specific Chinese reading and sense / historical attestation"
      ],
      "reason": "Specific edition and entry not obtained; no page asserted."
    },
    {
      "title": "辞源",
      "status": "pending",
      "claims": [
        "specific Chinese reading and sense / historical attestation"
      ],
      "reason": "Specific edition and entry not obtained; no page asserted."
    }
  ],
  "standard_translation": {
    "source": "universe",
    "target": "宇宙",
    "status": "Supported",
    "is_featured_mapping": false,
    "source_refs": [
      "B2-U-MW"
    ]
  },
  "modern_standard_semantic_mapping": {
    "mapping_id": "MAP-universe-primary-yuzhou",
    "source": {
      "language": "English",
      "word": "universe",
      "pronunciation": "unknown"
    },
    "target": {
      "language": "Chinese",
      "word": "宇宙",
      "pronunciation": "yǔzhòu"
    },
    "gloss": {
      "en": "The totality of space, time, matter and energy; also a complete conceptual world.",
      "zh-Hans": "空间、时间、物质与能量的整体；也可指完整的概念世界。"
    },
    "meaning": {
      "en": "The totality of space, time, matter and energy; also a complete conceptual world.",
      "zh-Hans": "空间、时间、物质与能量的整体；也可指完整的概念世界。"
    },
    "mapping_type": "Standard lexical translation",
    "rationale": {
      "en": "Translation is kept as the lexical baseline. Language Book mapping begins with the independently evidenced semantic operations inside Latin universus and compares Chinese candidates without claiming cognacy.",
      "zh-Hans": "翻译仅作为词义底座；Language Book Mapping 从拉丁语 universus 内部有独立证据的语义操作出发，再比较汉语候选，不主张同源。"
    }
  },
  "diachronic_semantic_mapping": {
    "model_version": "0.1",
    "historical_stages": [
      {
        "stage_id": "LATIN-WHOLE",
        "form": "universus / universum",
        "variants": [],
        "unit_kind": "lemma",
        "language": {
          "name": "Latin",
          "code": null
        },
        "period": {
          "label": "Classical Latin; first attestation not frozen",
          "start_year": null,
          "end_year": null,
          "basis": "language_period",
          "source_refs": [
            "B2-U-MW"
          ]
        },
        "attestation_status": "attested",
        "meaning": {
          "gloss": "WHOLE / entirety; universum nominalization",
          "pos": null,
          "constraints": []
        },
        "pronunciations": [],
        "relations": [],
        "source_refs": [
          "B2-U-MW"
        ],
        "evidence_status": "mediated",
        "mapping_selection": "selected",
        "selection_note": "Existing comparison has research value; no new candidate search."
      },
      {
        "stage_id": "MODERN",
        "form": "universe",
        "variants": [],
        "unit_kind": "lemma",
        "language": {
          "name": "Modern English",
          "code": null
        },
        "period": {
          "label": "Modern English reference",
          "start_year": null,
          "end_year": null,
          "basis": "language_period",
          "source_refs": [
            "B2-U-MW"
          ]
        },
        "attestation_status": "attested",
        "meaning": {
          "gloss": "the universe / totality",
          "pos": null,
          "constraints": []
        },
        "pronunciations": [],
        "relations": [
          {
            "from_stage_ref": "LATIN-WHOLE",
            "relation_type": "borrowing",
            "semantic_operation": {
              "type": "borrowing",
              "description": "English word derives from Latin whole/entirety; intermediates summarized. Modern verse is not an ancestor.",
              "status": "supported"
            },
            "status": "supported",
            "source_refs": [
              "B2-U-MW"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "source_refs": [
          "B2-U-MW"
        ],
        "evidence_status": "mediated",
        "mapping_selection": "selected",
        "selection_note": "Existing comparison has research value; no new candidate search."
      }
    ],
    "mappings": [
      {
        "stage_mapping_id": "SM-LATIN-WHOLE",
        "stage_ref": "LATIN-WHOLE",
        "selection_reasons": [
          "explanatory_value"
        ],
        "freeze": {
          "version": "0.1",
          "meaning_note": "WHOLE / entirety; universum nominalization",
          "excluded_senses": [
            "No transfer of a different stage’s meaning or pronunciation"
          ],
          "status": "editor_reviewed"
        },
        "search": {
          "status": "candidates_recorded",
          "scope": {
            "lexical_layers": [
              "Modern Mandarin",
              "Historical character sense"
            ],
            "phonological_layers": [
              "Existing documented reference pronunciations only"
            ],
            "semantic_seeds": [
              "WHOLE / entirety; universum nominalization"
            ],
            "consonant_hypotheses": [],
            "note": "Bounded migration of existing candidate inventory; not a new Discovery Work search."
          },
          "run_refs": [],
          "stop_reason": "Existing review retained. No forced Chinese winner; unresolved evidence remains Pending."
        },
        "candidates": [
          {
            "candidate_id": "B2-U-WO",
            "family_key": "legacy-universe",
            "target": {
              "form": "斡",
              "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin",
              "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin",
              "period": {
                "label": "Modern Mandarin reference; historical attestations remain in Research",
                "start_year": null,
                "end_year": null,
                "basis": "modern_reference",
                "source_refs": []
              },
              "meaning": {
                "gloss": "旋转／运转",
                "pos": null,
                "constraints": []
              },
              "pronunciations": [
                {
                  "pronunciation_id": "ZH-B2-U-WO",
                  "value": "wò",
                  "notation": "source_notation",
                  "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin",
                  "period": {
                    "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred",
                    "start_year": null,
                    "end_year": null,
                    "basis": "modern_reference",
                    "source_refs": []
                  },
                  "variety": "Modern Mandarin",
                  "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment",
                  "status": "documented",
                  "source_refs": [
                    "B2-U-WO"
                  ]
                }
              ],
              "source_refs": [
                "B2-U-WO"
              ]
            },
            "comparison": {
              "source_stage_ref": "LATIN-WHOLE",
              "source_pronunciation_ref": null,
              "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-B2-U-WO",
              "source_span": "vertere / versus (TURN component of universus)",
              "scope": "morpheme",
              "hypothesis": {
                "group": null,
                "hit": false,
                "position": "No consonant-group claim",
                "version": "legacy hypothesis; not validated"
              }
            },
            "role": "candidate",
            "decision": "shortlisted",
            "semantic_fit": {
              "fit": "direct",
              "confidence": "High",
              "rationale": "斡 wò 只比较 vertere / versus 的 TURN 历史成分；不是 universe 整词译法。语义支持不等于声音已核。",
              "source_refs": [
                "B2-U-MW",
                "B2-U-WO"
              ]
            },
            "phonetic_fit": {
              "fit": "not_evaluated",
              "confidence": "Unknown",
              "rationale": "Historical source pronunciation Pending. Spelling/group membership is not an evaluated sound match.",
              "features": {
                "onset": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "vowel": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "coda_other_consonants": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "syllables": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "prosody": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating."
              },
              "source_refs": [
                "B2-U-WO"
              ]
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "claim_scope": "chinese_sense",
                "status": "mediated",
                "source_refs": [
                  "B2-U-WO"
                ],
                "locator": null,
                "note": "Existing entry’s scoped dictionary/platform evidence; original print edition audit unchanged. Migration is not new verification."
              },
              {
                "claim_scope": "comparison_inference",
                "status": "lead",
                "source_refs": [
                  "B2-U-WO"
                ],
                "locator": null,
                "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields."
              },
              {
                "claim_scope": "chinese_sense",
                "status": "pending",
                "source_refs": [],
                "locator": null,
                "note": "Mainland print dictionary specific edition/entry Pending; no page or quotation asserted."
              }
            ],
            "historical_relation": {
              "status": "Not claimed",
              "source_refs": [],
              "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced."
            },
            "confounds": [
              "斡 wò 只比较 vertere / versus 的 TURN 历史成分；不是 universe 整词译法。语义支持不等于声音已核。",
              "Modern Chinese pronunciation is not an ancient reconstruction; resemblance does not establish descent."
            ],
            "discovery_priority": "medium",
            "decision_reason": "斡 wò 只比较 vertere / versus 的 TURN 历史成分；不是 universe 整词译法。语义支持不等于声音已核。",
            "review": {
              "status": "reviewed",
              "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu",
              "date": "2026-09-20",
              "note": "Batch 2 Editorial Freeze approved. Candidate status and Pending evidence retained."
            }
          },
          {
            "candidate_id": "B2-U-STRUCTURE",
            "family_key": "legacy-universe",
            "target": {
              "form": "宇 + 宙",
              "lexical_layer": "Historical character sense",
              "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin",
              "period": {
                "label": "Historical Chinese sense; cited Huainanzi context; exact edition Pending",
                "start_year": null,
                "end_year": null,
                "basis": "language_period",
                "source_refs": [
                  "B2-U-YU",
                  "B2-U-ZHOU"
                ]
              },
              "meaning": {
                "gloss": "space + time in specified historical philosophical interpretation",
                "pos": null,
                "constraints": []
              },
              "pronunciations": [
                {
                  "pronunciation_id": "ZH-B2-U-STRUCTURE",
                  "value": "yǔ + zhòu",
                  "notation": "source_notation",
                  "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin",
                  "period": {
                    "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred",
                    "start_year": null,
                    "end_year": null,
                    "basis": "modern_reference",
                    "source_refs": []
                  },
                  "variety": "Modern Mandarin",
                  "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment",
                  "status": "documented",
                  "source_refs": [
                    "B2-U-YU",
                    "B2-U-ZHOU"
                  ]
                }
              ],
              "source_refs": [
                "B2-U-YU",
                "B2-U-ZHOU"
              ]
            },
            "comparison": {
              "source_stage_ref": "LATIN-WHOLE",
              "source_pronunciation_ref": null,
              "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-B2-U-STRUCTURE",
              "source_span": "universus whole/unity structure",
              "scope": "semantic_only",
              "hypothesis": {
                "group": null,
                "hit": false,
                "position": "No consonant-group claim",
                "version": "legacy hypothesis; not validated"
              }
            },
            "role": "candidate",
            "decision": "shortlisted",
            "semantic_fit": {
              "fit": "partial",
              "confidence": "Medium",
              "rationale": "Structural-Semantic Mapping：whole/unity 与指定古籍语境的空间—时间结构比较；不是逐字同构，不是唯一造词过程或所有古代用法。",
              "source_refs": [
                "B2-U-YU",
                "B2-U-ZHOU"
              ]
            },
            "phonetic_fit": {
              "fit": "not_evaluated",
              "confidence": "Unknown",
              "rationale": "Historical source pronunciation Pending. Spelling/group membership is not an evaluated sound match.",
              "features": {
                "onset": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "vowel": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "coda_other_consonants": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "syllables": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "prosody": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating."
              },
              "source_refs": [
                "B2-U-YU",
                "B2-U-ZHOU"
              ]
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "claim_scope": "chinese_sense",
                "status": "mediated",
                "source_refs": [
                  "B2-U-YU",
                  "B2-U-ZHOU"
                ],
                "locator": null,
                "note": "Existing entry’s scoped dictionary/platform evidence; original print edition audit unchanged. Migration is not new verification."
              },
              {
                "claim_scope": "comparison_inference",
                "status": "lead",
                "source_refs": [
                  "B2-U-YU",
                  "B2-U-ZHOU"
                ],
                "locator": null,
                "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields."
              },
              {
                "claim_scope": "chinese_sense",
                "status": "pending",
                "source_refs": [],
                "locator": null,
                "note": "Mainland print dictionary specific edition/entry Pending; no page or quotation asserted."
              }
            ],
            "historical_relation": {
              "status": "Not claimed",
              "source_refs": [],
              "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced."
            },
            "confounds": [
              "Structural-Semantic Mapping：whole/unity 与指定古籍语境的空间—时间结构比较；不是逐字同构，不是唯一造词过程或所有古代用法。",
              "Modern Chinese pronunciation is not an ancient reconstruction; resemblance does not establish descent."
            ],
            "discovery_priority": "medium",
            "decision_reason": "Structural-Semantic Mapping：whole/unity 与指定古籍语境的空间—时间结构比较；不是逐字同构，不是唯一造词过程或所有古代用法。",
            "review": {
              "status": "reviewed",
              "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu",
              "date": "2026-09-20",
              "note": "Batch 2 Editorial Freeze approved. Candidate status and Pending evidence retained."
            }
          }
        ],
        "review": {
          "status": "reviewed",
          "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu",
          "date": "2026-09-20",
          "note": "Batch 2 Editorial Freeze approved. Candidate status and Pending evidence retained."
        }
      },
      {
        "stage_mapping_id": "SM-MODERN",
        "stage_ref": "MODERN",
        "selection_reasons": [
          "explanatory_value"
        ],
        "freeze": {
          "version": "0.1",
          "meaning_note": "the universe / totality",
          "excluded_senses": [
            "No transfer of a different stage’s meaning or pronunciation"
          ],
          "status": "editor_reviewed"
        },
        "search": {
          "status": "candidates_recorded",
          "scope": {
            "lexical_layers": [
              "Modern Mandarin"
            ],
            "phonological_layers": [
              "Existing documented reference pronunciations only"
            ],
            "semantic_seeds": [
              "the universe / totality"
            ],
            "consonant_hypotheses": [],
            "note": "Bounded migration of existing candidate inventory; not a new Discovery Work search."
          },
          "run_refs": [],
          "stop_reason": "Existing review retained. No forced Chinese winner; unresolved evidence remains Pending."
        },
        "candidates": [
          {
            "candidate_id": "B2-U-STANDARD",
            "family_key": "legacy-universe",
            "target": {
              "form": "宇宙",
              "lexical_layer": "Modern Mandarin",
              "language_variety": "Modern Mandarin",
              "period": {
                "label": "Modern Mandarin reference; historical attestations remain in Research",
                "start_year": null,
                "end_year": null,
                "basis": "modern_reference",
                "source_refs": []
              },
              "meaning": {
                "gloss": "宇宙",
                "pos": null,
                "constraints": []
              },
              "pronunciations": [
                {
                  "pronunciation_id": "ZH-B2-U-STANDARD",
                  "value": "yǔzhòu",
                  "notation": "source_notation",
                  "phonological_layer": "Modern Mandarin",
                  "period": {
                    "label": "Modern reference; exact documentation date not inferred",
                    "start_year": null,
                    "end_year": null,
                    "basis": "modern_reference",
                    "source_refs": []
                  },
                  "variety": "Modern Mandarin",
                  "system": "Existing entry transcription; see original scoped assessment",
                  "status": "documented",
                  "source_refs": [
                    "B2-U-YU",
                    "B2-U-ZHOU"
                  ]
                }
              ],
              "source_refs": [
                "B2-U-YU",
                "B2-U-ZHOU"
              ]
            },
            "comparison": {
              "source_stage_ref": "MODERN",
              "source_pronunciation_ref": null,
              "target_pronunciation_ref": "ZH-B2-U-STANDARD",
              "source_span": "universe",
              "scope": "semantic_only",
              "hypothesis": {
                "group": null,
                "hit": false,
                "position": "No consonant-group claim",
                "version": "legacy hypothesis; not validated"
              }
            },
            "role": "candidate",
            "decision": "shortlisted",
            "semantic_fit": {
              "fit": "direct",
              "confidence": "High",
              "rationale": "Modern standard translation, separate from both TURN candidate and structural comparison.",
              "source_refs": [
                "B2-U-YU",
                "B2-U-ZHOU"
              ]
            },
            "phonetic_fit": {
              "fit": "not_evaluated",
              "confidence": "Unknown",
              "rationale": "Historical source pronunciation Pending. Spelling/group membership is not an evaluated sound match.",
              "features": {
                "onset": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "vowel": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "coda_other_consonants": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "syllables": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.",
                "prosody": "Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating."
              },
              "source_refs": [
                "B2-U-YU",
                "B2-U-ZHOU"
              ]
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "claim_scope": "chinese_sense",
                "status": "mediated",
                "source_refs": [
                  "B2-U-YU",
                  "B2-U-ZHOU"
                ],
                "locator": null,
                "note": "Existing entry’s scoped dictionary/platform evidence; original print edition audit unchanged. Migration is not new verification."
              },
              {
                "claim_scope": "comparison_inference",
                "status": "lead",
                "source_refs": [
                  "B2-U-YU",
                  "B2-U-ZHOU"
                ],
                "locator": null,
                "note": "Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields."
              },
              {
                "claim_scope": "chinese_sense",
                "status": "pending",
                "source_refs": [],
                "locator": null,
                "note": "Mainland print dictionary specific edition/entry Pending; no page or quotation asserted."
              }
            ],
            "historical_relation": {
              "status": "Not claimed",
              "source_refs": [],
              "review_note": "No independent cross-language historical evidence introduced."
            },
            "confounds": [
              "Modern standard translation, separate from both TURN candidate and structural comparison.",
              "Modern Chinese pronunciation is not an ancient reconstruction; resemblance does not establish descent."
            ],
            "discovery_priority": "medium",
            "decision_reason": "Modern standard translation, separate from both TURN candidate and structural comparison.",
            "review": {
              "status": "reviewed",
              "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu",
              "date": "2026-09-20",
              "note": "Batch 2 Editorial Freeze approved. Candidate status and Pending evidence retained."
            }
          }
        ],
        "review": {
          "status": "reviewed",
          "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu",
          "date": "2026-09-20",
          "note": "Batch 2 Editorial Freeze approved. Candidate status and Pending evidence retained."
        }
      }
    ],
    "display_selection": {
      "featured_candidate_ref": "B2-U-WO",
      "stage_cards": [
        {
          "stage_mapping_ref": "SM-LATIN-WHOLE",
          "candidate_ref": "B2-U-STRUCTURE"
        }
      ],
      "review_status": "approved",
      "reviewer": "Jinkai Liu",
      "reason": "Featured 斡 wò 只绑定 TURN 历史成分；Semantic Fit direct，Phonetic Fit not evaluated。宇+宙为独立 Structural-Semantic Mapping。"
    },
    "historical_path": "Latin universus / universum → English universe; uni- + versus ← vertere are components, not separate dated ancestors.",
    "semantic_path": "WHOLE / UNITY; independent comparison with SPACE + TIME",
    "boundary": {
      "en": "Featured 斡 wò 只绑定 TURN 历史成分；Semantic Fit direct，Phonetic Fit not evaluated。宇+宙为独立 Structural-Semantic Mapping。",
      "zh-Hans": "Featured 斡 wò 只绑定 TURN 历史成分；Semantic Fit direct，Phonetic Fit not evaluated。宇+宙为独立 Structural-Semantic Mapping。"
    }
  },
  "featured_mapping": {
    "source": "vertere / versus (TURN component of universus)",
    "target": "斡",
    "reading": "wò",
    "candidate_ref": "B2-U-WO",
    "display_label": "Historical-unit Phonetic-Semantic Candidate",
    "status": "Candidate; semantic and phonetic evidence independently graded",
    "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
    "boundary": {
      "en": "Featured 斡 wò 只绑定 TURN 历史成分；Semantic Fit direct，Phonetic Fit not evaluated。宇+宙为独立 Structural-Semantic Mapping。",
      "zh-Hans": "Featured 斡 wò 只绑定 TURN 历史成分；Semantic Fit direct，Phonetic Fit not evaluated。宇+宙为独立 Structural-Semantic Mapping。"
    },
    "source_refs": [
      "B2-U-WO"
    ]
  },
  "legacy_migration": {
    "version": "batch-2-0.1",
    "baseline_commit": "158a2a4839de709569cb309b1966ebb6ff72f9d0",
    "scope": "Read-only pre-freeze archive; superseded claims are not active evidence or current Featured choices.",
    "previous_fields": {
      "references": [
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS",
          "title": "Lewis & Short Latin Dictionary: universus",
          "type": "historical dictionary",
          "url": "https://archli.com/dictionary/lewis-short-latin-dictionary/universus-179957",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "Lewis & Short (1879) digital edition"
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNUS",
          "title": "Lewis & Short Latin Dictionary: unus",
          "type": "historical dictionary",
          "url": "https://classics.andrewgadsden.com/lewisandshort/entry/n49871",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "Lewis & Short (1879) digital edition"
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-VERTERE",
          "title": "Lewis & Short Latin Dictionary: vertere / verto",
          "type": "historical dictionary",
          "url": "https://alatius.com/ls/index.php?l=vertere",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "Lewis & Short digital edition"
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-MW-UNIVERSE",
          "title": "Merriam-Webster: universe — word history",
          "type": "dictionary",
          "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/universe",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "external dictionary reference"
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-UNIVERS",
          "title": "CNRTL: étymologie de univers",
          "type": "etymological dictionary",
          "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/univers",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "French national lexical resource"
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-MW-VERSE",
          "title": "Merriam-Webster: verse — word history",
          "type": "dictionary",
          "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/verse",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "external dictionary reference"
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-CTEXT-HUAINANZI",
          "title": "Chinese Text Project: Huainanzi, Qisu Xun",
          "type": "primary-text database",
          "url": "https://ctext.org/text.pl?if=gb&node=3206",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "digitized classical text"
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-YUZHOU",
          "title": "汉典：宇宙",
          "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
          "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition."
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-ZHUAN",
          "title": "汉典：轉／转",
          "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
          "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E8%BD%AC",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition. Original work cited: 《说文解字》; platform transcription, edition unspecified."
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-CTEXT-WO",
          "title": "Chinese Text Project dictionary: 斡",
          "type": "character/historical dictionary index",
          "url": "https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?char=%E6%96%A1&if=en",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "indexed Shuowen, Guangyun, Kangxi and Hanyu references"
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-WO",
          "title": "汉典：斡",
          "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
          "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hant/%E6%96%A1",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition. Original work cited: 《广雅》; platform transcription, edition unspecified."
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-CTEXT-WHIRLPOOL",
          "title": "Chinese Text Project dictionary: 渦",
          "type": "character/historical dictionary index",
          "url": "https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?char=%E6%B8%A6&if=en",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "indexed classical and dictionary references"
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL",
          "title": "汉典：渦／涡",
          "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
          "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E6%B6%A1",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition."
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-NEST",
          "title": "汉典：窩／窝",
          "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
          "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E7%AA%A9",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition."
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-SNAIL",
          "title": "汉典：蝸／蜗",
          "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
          "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E8%9C%97",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition."
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-ZHOU",
          "title": "汉典：周",
          "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
          "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E5%91%A8",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition."
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-HE",
          "title": "汉典：合",
          "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
          "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E5%90%88",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition."
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-QUAN",
          "title": "汉典：全",
          "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation",
          "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E5%85%A8",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition."
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "SRC-LB-UNIVERSE",
          "title": "Language Book · Universe",
          "type": "language-book-page",
          "url": null,
          "path": "words/universe.html",
          "provenance": "project editorial page"
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "SRC-PROTOCOL-MAPPING",
          "title": "Protocol Book · Multidimensional Mapping Framework",
          "type": "protocol-page",
          "url": null,
          "path": "protocol/protocol.mapping-framework.html",
          "provenance": "project protocol"
        }
      ],
      "root_level_mapping": {
        "version": "1.0",
        "translation": {
          "source": "universe",
          "target": "宇宙",
          "status": "Standard lexical translation"
        },
        "featured_structural_mapping": {
          "source": "universe",
          "target": "斡",
          "reading": "wò",
          "status": "Strong semantic candidate",
          "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
          "boundary": {
            "en": "Featured for the semantic operation TURN / ROTATION; it is not the standard translation and no Latin–Chinese cognacy is claimed.",
            "zh-Hans": "用于突出 TURN／ROTATION 语义操作；它不是通用翻译，也不主张拉丁语与汉语同源。"
          }
        },
        "latin_decomposition": {
          "status": "Established",
          "chain": "Latin universus → UNI (unus) + VERS (versus ← vertere) → ONE + TURNED → WHOLE",
          "components": [
            {
              "form": "UNI / unus",
              "primitive": "ONE",
              "status": "Established",
              "source_refs": [
                "REF-MW-UNIVERSE",
                "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNUS"
              ]
            },
            {
              "form": "VERS / versus ← vertere",
              "primitive": "TURN / TURNED",
              "status": "Established",
              "source_refs": [
                "REF-MW-UNIVERSE",
                "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-VERTERE"
              ]
            },
            {
              "form": "universus",
              "primitive": "WHOLE / ENTIRE / ALL TOGETHER",
              "status": "Established",
              "source_refs": [
                "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS",
                "REF-CNRTL-UNIVERS"
              ]
            }
          ],
          "modern_verse_note": {
            "en": "Modern English verse ‘poetic line’ belongs to the wider historical TURN family through Latin versus ‘line/row’; it is not the operative modern meaning used to decompose universe.",
            "zh-Hans": "现代英语 verse“诗行”虽经拉丁 versus“行列”属于更广的 TURN 词族，但不是拆解 universe 时采用的现代核心义。"
          }
        },
        "semantic_primitives": [
          "ONE",
          "TURN",
          "WHOLE",
          "ROTATION",
          "VORTEX",
          "CURL",
          "ENCLOSURE",
          "SPACE",
          "TIME",
          "COSMOS"
        ],
        "chinese_structural_candidates": [
          {
            "character": "一",
            "reading": "yī",
            "roles": [
              "ONE"
            ],
            "evidence_status": "Supported lexical mapping",
            "candidate_grade": "Direct structural candidate",
            "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
            "note": {
              "en": "Direct Chinese semantic equivalent for ONE.",
              "zh-Hans": "ONE 的直接汉语语义对应。"
            }
          },
          {
            "character": "转／轉",
            "reading": "zhuǎn / zhuàn",
            "roles": [
              "TURN",
              "ROTATION"
            ],
            "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning",
            "candidate_grade": "Direct semantic candidate",
            "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
            "note": {
              "en": "Shuowen glosses 轉 as 運也; later records include motion and rotation.",
              "zh-Hans": "《说文》释“轉”为“運也”；后世记录移动与旋转义。"
            }
          },
          {
            "character": "斡",
            "reading": "wò",
            "roles": [
              "TURN",
              "ROTATION"
            ],
            "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning",
            "candidate_grade": "Strong semantic candidate",
            "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
            "note": {
              "en": "Guangya/lexicographic record: 斡，轉也. No Latin relation follows.",
              "zh-Hans": "《广雅》等字书载“斡，轉也”；不能据此推出拉丁语关系。"
            }
          },
          {
            "character": "涡／渦",
            "reading": "wō",
            "roles": [
              "VORTEX",
              "ROTATION"
            ],
            "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning",
            "candidate_grade": "Geometry candidate",
            "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
            "note": {
              "en": "A rotating current / eddy; historical lexicography records 回川 with the gloss 旋流.",
              "zh-Hans": "旋转水流／漩涡；字书有“回川”并注“旋流”。"
            }
          },
          {
            "character": "窝／窩",
            "reading": "wō",
            "roles": [
              "CURL",
              "ENCLOSURE",
              "RECESS"
            ],
            "evidence_status": "Modern meaning + later lexicography",
            "candidate_grade": "Cognitive/Visual Candidate",
            "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
            "note": {
              "en": "Nest, recess and ‘bend’ motivate enclosure/curve imagery; a historical ROTATION sense is not established.",
              "zh-Hans": "巢穴、凹陷与“弄弯”可引出包围／曲线意象；未确立历史 ROTATION 义。"
            }
          },
          {
            "character": "蜗／蝸",
            "reading": "wō",
            "roles": [
              "SPIRAL-FORM",
              "CURL"
            ],
            "evidence_status": "Entity meaning + visual form",
            "candidate_grade": "Cognitive/Visual Candidate",
            "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
            "note": {
              "en": "The word denotes a snail; spiral geometry comes from the shell’s form, not from a lexical meaning ‘rotate.’",
              "zh-Hans": "本字指蜗牛；螺旋几何来自壳的形态，不是“旋转”的词汇义。"
            }
          },
          {
            "character": "周",
            "reading": "zhōu",
            "roles": [
              "AROUND",
              "CYCLE",
              "COMPLETE",
              "WHOLE"
            ],
            "evidence_status": "Established lexical meanings",
            "candidate_grade": "Semantic result candidate",
            "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
            "note": {
              "en": "Around, cycle, complete/all; semantically useful but outside the modern WO sound cluster.",
              "zh-Hans": "具有环绕、循环、周全／全部等义；语义上有用，但不属于现代 WO 音簇。"
            }
          },
          {
            "character": "合",
            "reading": "hé",
            "roles": [
              "JOIN",
              "WHOLE"
            ],
            "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning",
            "candidate_grade": "Whole/Totality candidate",
            "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
            "note": {
              "en": "Joining/closing models the result of bringing parts together, not TURN itself.",
              "zh-Hans": "聚合／闭合可表示诸部分成为整体的结果，并非 TURN 本身。"
            }
          },
          {
            "character": "全",
            "reading": "quán",
            "roles": [
              "COMPLETE",
              "WHOLE"
            ],
            "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning",
            "candidate_grade": "Whole/Totality candidate",
            "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
            "note": {
              "en": "Complete/entire models the outcome WHOLE, not the turning operation.",
              "zh-Hans": "完整／全部对应结果 WHOLE，并非旋转操作。"
            }
          }
        ],
        "geometry_mapping": {
          "status": "Interpretive",
          "chain": "Abstract → Motion → Geometry → Symbol | TURN → ROTATION → VORTEX / CURL / ENCLOSURE",
          "boundary": {
            "en": "This is a cognitive-geometric mapping, not the historical meaning of every form in the chain.",
            "zh-Hans": "这是认知—几何映射，不是链上每一形式的历史词义。"
          }
        },
        "traditional_chinese_construction": {
          "status": "Historically supported conceptual construction",
          "chain": "宇 + 宙 → SPACE + TIME → COSMOS",
          "boundary": {
            "en": "This Chinese construction is independent of the Latin decomposition.",
            "zh-Hans": "这条中文传统构词链独立于拉丁语拆解。"
          }
        },
        "whole_candidates": [
          "合",
          "全",
          "周"
        ],
        "evidence_boundary": {
          "en": "Translation is not Mapping; semantic resemblance is not cognacy; etymology cannot by itself establish the physical structure of the universe.",
          "zh-Hans": "Translation 不等于 Mapping；语义相似不等于同源；不能仅由词源推断宇宙物理结构。"
        }
      }
    },
    "previously_absent_fields": [
      "source_audit_pending",
      "standard_translation",
      "modern_standard_semantic_mapping",
      "diachronic_semantic_mapping",
      "featured_mapping"
    ]
  }
}