{ "schema_version": "1.0.0", "dataset_version": "1.2.19", "published_at": "2026-09-07", "product": { "en": "Language Book: a cross-language comparable semantic database", "zh-Hans": "Language Book：跨语言可比较语义数据库" }, "author": "Jinkai Liu", "editorial_policy": { "publication_boundary": { "en": "An entry may be published; a hypothesis must be graded; literature may explore freely; evidence must be evaluated independently.", "zh-Hans": "词条可以发表，假说必须标级，文学可以自由展开，证据必须独立核验。" }, "data_separation": { "en": "One English word → one primary Chinese mapping → separate historical etymology → separate sound-semantic hypothesis → separate experimental validation.", "zh-Hans": "一个英语词 → 一个主要汉语 Mapping → 独立历史词源 → 独立声音假说 → 独立实验验证。" }, "non_cognacy_position": { "en": "The database compares languages; it is not evidence that all languages share one historical origin.", "zh-Hans": "本数据库用于跨语言比较，不是“所有语言历史同源”的证明。" } }, "status_enums": { "entry_status": [ "Draft", "Reviewed", "Published", "Archived" ], "mapping_status": [ "Candidate", "Reviewed", "Supported", "Rejected" ], "mapping_level": [ "A", "B", "C", "D", "Unrated" ], "historical_relation_status": [ "Established", "Supported", "Unestablished", "Rejected", "Not claimed" ], "literary_status": [ "Draft", "Reviewed", "Published", "Not present" ], "evidence_status": [ "Established", "Supported", "Candidate", "Interpretive", "Under review", "Unestablished", "Rejected", "Not claimed", "Not evaluated" ], "confidence": [ "High", "Medium", "Low", "Unknown" ] }, "entries": [ { "id": "LB-en-sky-001", "slug": "sky", "title": { "en": "Sky · Cover", "zh-Hans": "Sky · 天空 · 盖" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "sky", "pronunciation": "/skaɪ/" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "天空", "pronunciation": "tiānkōng" }, { "role": "featured-phonetic-semantic-candidate", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "盖", "pronunciation": "gài" }, { "role": "historically-related-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "ciel", "pronunciation": "/sjɛl/" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-sky-primary-tiankong", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "sky", "pronunciation": "/skaɪ/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "天空", "pronunciation": "tiānkōng" }, "gloss": { "en": "The visible region above the earth.", "zh-Hans": "从地面向上看见的广大空间。" }, "meaning": { "en": "The visible region above the earth.", "zh-Hans": "从地面向上看见的广大空间。" }, "mapping_type": "Lexical equivalent", "rationale": { "en": "Calibration case: ordinary lexical equivalence (sky → 天空), the sky ↔ 盖 candidate, independent word histories, the ABOVE → COVER schema and literary interpretation remain separate.", "zh-Hans": "Mapping 校准案例：普通词义对应（sky → 天空）、sky ↔ 盖候选、各自词史、ABOVE → COVER 图式与文学解释保持分离。" } }, "entry_status": "Published", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "B", "historical_relation_status": "Unestablished", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "English sky, French ciel and Chinese 天/盖 each have independently documented histories; none establishes an English–Chinese cognate relation.", "zh-Hans": "英语 sky、法语 ciel 与汉语“天／盖”各有独立可考的历史；这些材料不能建立英汉同源关系。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-SKY-NORSE-001", "claim": { "en": "Middle English sky continues Old Norse ský ‘cloud’; the English sense expanded to the visible upper region.", "zh-Hans": "中古英语 sky 承自古诺尔斯语 ský“云”，英语词义后来扩展至可见的上方空间。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-SKY" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-CIEL-LATIN-002", "claim": { "en": "French ciel continues Latin caelum, ‘celestial vault / heaven.’", "zh-Hans": "法语 ciel 承自拉丁语 caelum“天穹／天界”。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-CIEL" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-TIAN-FORM-003", "claim": { "en": "Early forms of 天 emphasize a person's head or highest point; the graph subsequently denotes the sky.", "zh-Hans": "“天”的早期字形突出人首或最高处，后来用于表示天空。" }, "status": "Supported", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-CUHK-TIAN" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-SKY", "REF-CNRTL-CIEL", "REF-CUHK-TIAN" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "sky /skaɪ/ ↔ 盖 gài /kaɪ˥˩/ is a candidate velar and rhyme resemblance associated with the cognitive schema ABOVE → COVER.", "zh-Hans": "sky /skaɪ/ ↔ 盖 gài /kaɪ˥˩/ 是候选软腭音与韵部近似观察，并与 ABOVE → COVER 认知图式相连。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "Recorded semantic structure: ABOVE → COVER.", "zh-Hans": "已记录语义结构：ABOVE → COVER。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Author hypotheses remain independently graded and testable; they are not historical proof.", "zh-Hans": "作者假说保持独立分级与可检验性，不作为历史证明。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "UNI-SKY-COVER-001", "claim": { "en": "sky ↔ 盖 as a phonetic-semantic and cognitive candidate", "zh-Hans": "sky ↔ 盖：语音—语义与认知候选映射" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SKY", "SRC-PROTOCOL-MAPPING" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SKY", "SRC-PROTOCOL-MAPPING" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-sky-001", "claim": { "en": "sky /skaɪ/ ↔ 盖 gài /kaɪ˥˩/ is a candidate velar and rhyme resemblance associated with the cognitive schema ABOVE → COVER.", "zh-Hans": "sky /skaɪ/ ↔ 盖 gài /kaɪ˥˩/ 是候选软腭音与韵部近似观察，并与 ABOVE → COVER 认知图式相连。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Modern-form resemblance is not a regular sound correspondence or proof of cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "现代词形近似不是规律音变，也不证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "ABOVE", "COVER" ], "relation": "ABOVE → COVER", "status": "Interpretive" }, "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-SKY-COVER-001", "type": "sound-semantic", "claim": { "en": "sky ↔ 盖 as a phonetic-semantic and cognitive candidate", "zh-Hans": "sky ↔ 盖：语音—语义与认知候选映射" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "supporting_cases": [ "SRC-LB-SKY", "SRC-PROTOCOL-MAPPING" ], "counterexamples": [], "testability": { "en": "See the linked record for testability limits.", "zh-Hans": "可检验性边界见关联记录。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SKY", "SRC-PROTOCOL-MAPPING" ] }, { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-SKY-YIJING-002", "type": "Author structural-symbol hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "The sixty-four hexagrams may be studied as another kind of writing; the author proposes Qian as their originating structure.", "zh-Hans": "六十四卦图可以作为我们的另一种文字来研究；作者提出“所有卦象都是从乾卦而来”。" }, "status": "Speculative/Testable", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "乾 ☰ as the all-yang hexagram", "hexagrams as yin–yang line combinations" ], "counterexamples": [ "This is not presented as a settled historical or Yijing conclusion", "The combinatorial system also requires yin lines and includes Kun ☷ as a basic contrast" ], "testability": { "en": "Define ‘originating structure’ and compare it with received-text, excavated-text and combinatorial accounts of the hexagram system.", "zh-Hans": "须先定义“从乾卦而来”的结构含义，再与传世文献、出土材料及卦象组合方式比较。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-CTEXT-QIAN" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Published", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "The blue sky is the cover above us, changing through day and night, sun and moon, and the turning seasons.", "zh-Hans": "蓝天是覆盖我们的被盖，昼日夜月，四季变换。" }, "essay_prose": [ { "work_id": "LB-SKY-PROSE-001", "title": { "en": "The Cover Above Us", "zh-Hans": "覆盖我们的蓝天" }, "page_anchor": "words/sky.html#literary", "status": "Published", "text": { "en": "Standing on a mountain and looking up at the sky, I watch the white clouds wandering overhead. At moments the earth itself seems to move, while the houses rise and fall like sampans and ocean liners. Across oceans and great rivers, wherever we are able to sail, we may never travel over every part of Mother Earth. Even in passing, however, we may glimpse her skin and the places where her bones lie exposed—the mountains, ridges and valleys. The blue sky is the cover above us, changing through day and night, sun and moon, and the turning seasons.", "zh-Hans": "站在山上向天空仰望，覺得天上的白雲在遊走，偶爾也會覺得地在走，房屋似此起彼伏的舢板與郵輪。在海洋、大河，在我們能夠航行的地方，我們雖未遊走在這大地母親的每一處，哪怕只是走馬觀花，也可以看看地母的每處肌膚、每處骨骼外露之處——那是山脈與丘壑。那藍天是我們的被蓋，晝日夜月，四季變換。" } } ], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [ { "language": "Chinese", "status": "Author text, editorially revised" }, { "language": "English", "status": "Literary translation" } ], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "Literature may explore freely, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "文学可以自由展开，但不属于历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-SKY-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: Sky literary and research note", "type": "author manuscript", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; claims independently classified" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-SKY", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: sky", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sky", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-CIEL", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de ciel", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/ciel", "path": null, "provenance": "French national lexical resource; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CUHK-TIAN", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database: 天", "type": "palaeographic database", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/oraclePiece.php?piece=%E5%A4%A9", "path": null, "provenance": "university character database; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CTEXT-QIAN", "title": "Chinese Text Project: Book of Changes — Qian", "type": "primary-text database", "url": "https://ctext.org/book-of-changes/qian", "path": null, "provenance": "digitized classical text; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CTEXT-ZHOUBI", "title": "Chinese Text Project: Zhoubi / Gaitian passages", "type": "primary-text database", "url": "https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?char=%E5%91%A8%E9%AB%80&if=en", "path": null, "provenance": "digitized classical-text index; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-WIKISOURCE-CHILE", "title": "Wikisource: Song of Chile", "type": "primary-text edition", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%95%95%E5%8B%92%E6%AD%8C", "path": null, "provenance": "digital text edition; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-LB-SKY", "title": "Language Book · Sky", "type": "language-book-page", "url": null, "path": "words/sky.html", "provenance": "project editorial page" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Sky Author-Text Literary and Cosmological Revision v1.7 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-02", "published": "2026-08-07" }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Translation (天空), featured candidate (盖 gài), independent histories, the ABOVE → COVER schema, Gaitian cosmology, Yijing hypothesis and literary writing remain separate.", "zh-Hans": "通用翻译（天空）、特色候选（盖 gài）、独立词史、ABOVE→COVER 图式、盖天说、易经假说与文学写作保持分离。" } ], "search_terms": [ "sky", "skies", "heaven", "天空", "天", "昊", "ciel", "盖", "tiānkōng", "ABOVE", "COVER", "gài", "盖天", "盖天说", "乾", "乾卦", "坤", "坤卦", "周易", "六十四卦", "敕勒歌", "穹庐" ], "page": "words/sky.html", "legacy": { "entry_id": "LB-en-sky-001", "source_word": "sky", "language": "English", "normalized_form": "sky", "pronunciation": "/skaɪ/", "phonetic_form": "skaɪ", "lexical_meaning": { "en": "The visible region above the earth.", "zh-Hans": "从地面向上看见的广大空间。" }, "aliases": [ "skies", "heaven", "天空", "天", "昊", "ciel", "盖" ], "classification_status": "published", "primary_chinese_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-sky-primary-tiankong", "chinese_form": "天空", "pinyin": "tiānkōng", "role": "primary", "mapping_basis": "lexical-equivalent", "status": "published", "identity": "source-backed-lexical-mapping", "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SKY" ], "notes": { "en": "Ordinary Chinese lexical equivalent; no common-origin claim.", "zh-Hans": "普通汉语词汇对应；不主张共同词源。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } }, "secondary_chinese_mappings": [ { "mapping_id": "MAP-sky-secondary-tian", "chinese_form": "天", "pinyin": "tiān", "role": "secondary", "mapping_basis": "lexical-equivalent", "status": "published", "identity": "source-backed-lexical-mapping", "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SKY" ], "notes": { "en": "Secondary lexical equivalent retained from v0.2.", "zh-Hans": "保留自 v0.2 的次要词汇对应。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "mapping_rationales": [], "historical_etymologies": [], "sound_symbol_hypothesis_refs": [ "UNI-SKY-COVER-001" ], "other_author_notes": [ { "note_id": "NOTE-sky-french", "identity": "author-note", "status": "classified", "text": { "en": "French lexical counterpart retained from v0.2: ciel.", "zh-Hans": "保留 v0.2 中的法语词汇对应：ciel。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "not-applicable", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SKY" ], "notes": { "en": "Preserved during migration without forcing an evidential interpretation.", "zh-Hans": "迁移时原样保留，不强行赋予证据解释。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "experimental_validation_refs": [], "source_provenance": [ "SRC-LB-SKY", "SRC-PROTOCOL-MAPPING" ], "author": "Jinkai Liu｜劉金凱", "version": "1.5 / dataset 0.1.0 / G.1 migration" }, "featured_mapping": { "source": "sky", "target": "盖", "reading": "gài", "display_label": "Featured phonetic-semantic candidate · 特色音义候选", "status": "Candidate · Low confidence", "historical_relation": "Unestablished", "boundary": { "en": "盖 is displayed first as the author's concise sound–meaning and cover-schema candidate. The standard translation remains 天空; modern resemblance does not establish cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "先展示“盖”gài，作为作者提出的简洁音义与覆盖图式候选；通用翻译仍是“天空”，现代读音近似不证明同源。" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-SKY-RAW", "REF-MW-SKY", "REF-CUHK-TIAN", "REF-CTEXT-ZHOUBI" ] }, "source": { "type": "author-provided literary and research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Traditional characters normalized where appropriate; pinyin and parts of speech normalized; English recast as a literary translation.", "raw_note": "英语：sky n. 天；汉语：盖【gai】n.。六十四卦图是我们的另一种文字。所有卦象都是从乾卦而来。附乾卦原文、坤卦标题、天字字源说明、盖天说、《敕勒歌》，以及站在山上仰望白云、房屋如舢板与邮轮、大地母亲的肌肤与骨骼、蓝天是被盖的文学段落。原稿另将卫星、电离层和平流层并置为所仰望的盖天结构；编辑版将古代模型、现代大气层与地球外部空间分开说明。" } }, { "id": "LB-en-universe-001", "slug": "universe", "title": { "en": "Universe · 宇宙", "zh-Hans": "Universe · 宇宙" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "universe", "pronunciation": "unknown" }, { "role": "target", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "宇宙", "pronunciation": "yǔzhòu" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-universe-primary-yuzhou", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "universe", "pronunciation": "unknown" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "宇宙", "pronunciation": "yǔzhòu" }, "gloss": { "en": "The totality of space, time, matter and energy; also a complete conceptual world.", "zh-Hans": "空间、时间、物质与能量的整体；也可指完整的概念世界。" }, "meaning": { "en": "The totality of space, time, matter and energy; also a complete conceptual world.", "zh-Hans": "空间、时间、物质与能量的整体；也可指完整的概念世界。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical translation", "rationale": { "en": "Translation is kept as the lexical baseline. Language Book mapping begins with the independently evidenced semantic operations inside Latin universus and compares Chinese candidates without claiming cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "翻译仅作为词义底座；Language Book Mapping 从拉丁语 universus 内部有独立证据的语义操作出发，再比较汉语候选，不主张同源。" } }, "entry_status": "Published", "mapping_status": "Supported", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Latin universus is historically analyzed as unus + versus (the participial form of vertere): one + turned, hence all together or whole. Chinese character histories are evaluated separately.", "zh-Hans": "拉丁语 universus 的标准历史分析为 unus + versus（vertere 的分词形式）：一＋转成，继而表示共同整体；汉字词史另行评估。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "EVID-UNIVERSE-LATIN-001", "claim": { "en": "universus: unus + versus / verto, ‘turned into one; combined into one whole.’", "zh-Hans": "universus：unus＋versus／verto，即“转成一个、合为整体”。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS", "REF-MW-UNIVERSE", "REF-CNRTL-UNIVERS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "EVID-UNIVERSE-ZHUAN-001", "claim": { "en": "轉 is glossed as 運也 in Shuowen; later lexicographic material records motion and rotation senses.", "zh-Hans": "《说文》释“轉”为“運也”；后世字书记录移动、旋转义。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-ZDIC-ZHUAN" ] }, { "evidence_id": "EVID-UNIVERSE-WO-001", "claim": { "en": "斡 has an independently attested turn/rotate sense: ‘斡，轉也.’", "zh-Hans": "“斡”有独立可证的旋转义：“斡，轉也”。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-CTEXT-WO", "REF-ZDIC-WO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "EVID-UNIVERSE-WO-002", "claim": { "en": "渦 is attested as 回川 with the gloss 旋流, supporting eddy/whirlpool rather than a cross-language origin claim.", "zh-Hans": "“渦”见“回川”并注“旋流”，支持旋流／漩涡义，不支持跨语言同源。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-CTEXT-WHIRLPOOL", "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL" ] }, { "evidence_id": "EVID-UNIVERSE-YUZHOU-001", "claim": { "en": "Huainanzi distinguishes 宙 as past-to-present time and 宇 as the four directions plus above and below.", "zh-Hans": "《淮南子》以“宙”指古往今来的时间，以“宇”指四方上下的空间。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-CTEXT-HUAINANZI", "REF-ZDIC-YUZHOU" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS", "REF-MW-UNIVERSE", "REF-CNRTL-UNIVERS", "REF-ZDIC-ZHUAN", "REF-CTEXT-WO", "REF-ZDIC-WO", "REF-CTEXT-WHIRLPOOL", "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL", "REF-CTEXT-HUAINANZI", "REF-ZDIC-YUZHOU" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Modern Mandarin wò/wō forms are recorded as a testable sound–meaning cluster. Shared modern syllables do not establish common Chinese ancestry or relation to Latin VERS/VERT.", "zh-Hans": "现代普通话 wò／wō 形式作为可检验音义簇记录；现代音节相同既不证明汉字彼此同源，也不证明它们与拉丁 VERS／VERT 同源。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HYP-WO-ROTATION-CLUSTER", "claim": { "en": "Modern 斡 wò, 涡 wō, 窝 wō and 蜗 wō may be compared around TURN / CURVE / ROTATION, with separate lexical evidence for every character.", "zh-Hans": "现代“斡 wò、涡 wō、窝 wō、蜗 wō”可围绕 TURN／CURVE／ROTATION 比较，但每个字须各用独立词义证据。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-ZDIC-WO", "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL", "REF-ZDIC-NEST", "REF-ZDIC-SNAIL" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-ZDIC-WO", "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL", "REF-ZDIC-NEST", "REF-ZDIC-SNAIL" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "The comparison models two independently evidenced constructions—ONE + TURNED → WHOLE and SPACE + TIME → COSMOS—then marks ROTATION → VORTEX / CURL / ENCLOSURE as a cognitive-geometric extension.", "zh-Hans": "比较并列两条独立有据的构词结构——ONE＋TURNED→WHOLE 与 SPACE＋TIME→COSMOS；ROTATION→VORTEX／CURL／ENCLOSURE 另标为认知—几何延伸。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "MAP-UNIVERSE-GEOMETRY-001", "claim": { "en": "Abstract → Motion → Geometry → Symbol: TURN → ROTATION → VORTEX / CURL / ENCLOSURE.", "zh-Hans": "抽象→动作→几何→符号：TURN→ROTATION→VORTEX／CURL／ENCLOSURE。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL", "REF-ZDIC-NEST", "REF-ZDIC-SNAIL" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL", "REF-ZDIC-NEST", "REF-ZDIC-SNAIL", "REF-ZDIC-ZHOU", "REF-ZDIC-HE", "REF-ZDIC-QUAN" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Cognitive Trace, the author’s spiral-motion proposal, and Cosmic Motion Encoding are explicitly speculative/testable. Etymology does not establish a scientific model of the universe.", "zh-Hans": "语言认知痕迹、作者螺旋运动设想与宇宙运动编码均明确标为推测性／可检验；词源不能建立宇宙的科学模型。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HYP-COGNITIVE-TRACE-001", "claim": { "en": "Language may preserve traces of how earlier human communities perceived, categorized, and modeled the world.", "zh-Hans": "语言可能保存早期人类群体感知、分类和构造世界模型的痕迹。" }, "status": "Speculative/Testable", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [] }, { "evidence_id": "HYP-UNIVERSE-SPIRAL-001", "claim": { "en": "Perhaps ancient people recognized rotational or spiral motion in the universe and preserved that cognition in structures such as universe.", "zh-Hans": "也许古人已经认识到宇宙具有旋转或螺旋式运动，并将这种认知保留在 universe 一类语言结构之中。" }, "status": "Speculative/Testable", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [] }, { "evidence_id": "HYP-COSMIC-MOTION-ENCODING-001", "claim": { "en": "Terms for cosmic totality may recruit ONE / TURN / CYCLE / ENCLOSE / SPACE / TIME more often than suitable controls across languages and cultures.", "zh-Hans": "跨语言／文化的宇宙整体词汇，是否比适当对照更频繁调用 ONE／TURN／CYCLE／ENCLOSE／SPACE／TIME。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [] } ], "source_refs": [] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-WO-ROTATION-001", "claim": { "en": "Modern Mandarin: 斡 wò, 涡 wō, 窝 wō, 蜗 wō. Their nearby modern forms motivate a cluster test only.", "zh-Hans": "现代普通话：斡 wò、涡 wō、窝 wō、蜗 wō；相近的现代读音只用于提出聚类检验。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "No historical sound correspondence, shared Chinese etymon or Latin–Chinese cognacy is claimed. Historical pronunciations are omitted here unless tied to a named reconstruction or lexicographic source.", "zh-Hans": "不主张规律历史音变、汉字共同语源或拉丁—汉语同源；未能逐项绑定具名重构或字书来源的历史音不写入。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "ONE", "TURN", "WHOLE", "ROTATION", "VORTEX", "CURL", "ENCLOSURE", "SPACE", "TIME", "COSMOS" ], "relation": "ONE + TURNED → WHOLE | TURN → ROTATION → VORTEX / CURL / ENCLOSURE | SPACE + TIME → COSMOS", "status": "Layered: Established + Interpretive" }, "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "HYP-WO-ROTATION-CLUSTER", "type": "Phonetic-semantic cluster", "claim": { "en": "Modern wò/wō forms may show a testable concentration around TURN / CURVE / ROTATION.", "zh-Hans": "现代 wò／wō 形式可能在 TURN／CURVE／ROTATION 周围形成可检验聚集。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "斡 wò", "涡 wō", "窝 wō", "蜗 wō" ], "counterexamples": [ "Modern homophony does not establish shared origin", "窝 is primarily enclosure/bending", "蜗 is primarily an animal name" ], "testability": { "en": "Build a pre-registered Mandarin lexical sample with frequency-matched syllable controls and independent semantic coding.", "zh-Hans": "建立预注册的普通话词汇样本，以频率匹配音节作对照，并进行独立语义编码。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-ZDIC-WO", "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL", "REF-ZDIC-NEST", "REF-ZDIC-SNAIL" ] }, { "hypothesis_id": "HYP-COGNITIVE-TRACE-001", "type": "Cognitive trace hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "Language may preserve traces of how earlier human communities perceived, categorized, and modeled the world.", "zh-Hans": "语言可能保存早期人类群体感知、分类和构造世界模型的痕迹。" }, "status": "Speculative/Testable", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "Latin ONE + TURNED → WHOLE", "Chinese SPACE + TIME → COSMOS" ], "counterexamples": [ "Lexicalization can be opaque to later speakers", "Parallel metaphors need not reflect the same historical cognition" ], "testability": { "en": "Compare independently coded historical lexical constructions across unrelated language families and time periods.", "zh-Hans": "跨无亲缘语系与历史时期，对历史构词结构进行独立编码比较。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS", "REF-CTEXT-HUAINANZI" ] }, { "hypothesis_id": "HYP-UNIVERSE-SPIRAL-001", "type": "Author hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "Perhaps ancient people recognized rotational or spiral motion in the universe and preserved that cognition in structures such as universe.", "zh-Hans": "也许古人已经认识到宇宙具有旋转或螺旋式运动，并将这种认知保留在 universe 一类语言结构之中。" }, "status": "Speculative/Testable", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "TURN is historically present in the Latin formation" ], "counterexamples": [ "Historical evidence: Unestablished", "Scientific claim: not established by etymology", "TURN → spiral cosmos is an additional inference" ], "testability": { "en": "Require independent historical texts showing a cosmic rotation model linked to the lexical choice; etymology alone is insufficient.", "zh-Hans": "必须找到独立历史文本，显示宇宙旋转模型与该词汇选择有关；仅凭词源不足。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS" ] }, { "hypothesis_id": "HYP-COSMIC-MOTION-ENCODING-001", "type": "Cross-linguistic semantic-frequency hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "Cosmic-totality expressions may recruit ONE / TURN / CYCLE / ENCLOSE / SPACE / TIME more often than matched non-cosmic concepts.", "zh-Hans": "表达宇宙整体的词语，可能比匹配的非宇宙概念更频繁调用 ONE／TURN／CYCLE／ENCLOSE／SPACE／TIME。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "universus", "宇宙" ], "counterexamples": [ "Current examples are too few", "Borrowing and genealogical dependence must be controlled" ], "testability": { "en": "Pre-register languages, etymological sources, semantic coding, genealogical controls and a comparison baseline.", "zh-Hans": "预注册语言样本、词源来源、语义编码、谱系控制与比较基线。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS", "REF-CTEXT-HUAINANZI" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Published", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "The universe is a poem written by existence itself.", "zh-Hans": "宇宙是存在本身写下的一首诗。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "Literature may explore freely, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "文学可以自由展开，但不属于历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS", "title": "Lewis & Short Latin Dictionary: universus", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://archli.com/dictionary/lewis-short-latin-dictionary/universus-179957", "path": null, "provenance": "Lewis & Short (1879) digital edition" }, { "reference_id": "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNUS", "title": "Lewis & Short Latin Dictionary: unus", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://classics.andrewgadsden.com/lewisandshort/entry/n49871", "path": null, "provenance": "Lewis & Short (1879) digital edition" }, { "reference_id": "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-VERTERE", "title": "Lewis & Short Latin Dictionary: vertere / verto", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://alatius.com/ls/index.php?l=vertere", "path": null, "provenance": "Lewis & Short digital edition" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-UNIVERSE", "title": "Merriam-Webster: universe — word history", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/universe", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary reference" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-UNIVERS", "title": "CNRTL: étymologie de univers", "type": "etymological dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/univers", "path": null, "provenance": "French national lexical resource" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-VERSE", "title": "Merriam-Webster: verse — word history", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/verse", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary reference" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CTEXT-HUAINANZI", "title": "Chinese Text Project: Huainanzi, Qisu Xun", "type": "primary-text database", "url": "https://ctext.org/text.pl?if=gb&node=3206", "path": null, "provenance": "digitized classical text" }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-YUZHOU", "title": "漢典: 宇宙", "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99", "path": null, "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-ZHUAN", "title": "漢典: 轉／转", "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E8%BD%AC", "path": null, "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition. Original work cited: 《说文解字》; platform transcription, edition unspecified." }, { "reference_id": "REF-CTEXT-WO", "title": "Chinese Text Project dictionary: 斡", "type": "character/historical dictionary index", "url": "https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?char=%E6%96%A1&if=en", "path": null, "provenance": "indexed Shuowen, Guangyun, Kangxi and Hanyu references" }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-WO", "title": "漢典: 斡", "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hant/%E6%96%A1", "path": null, "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition. Original work cited: 《广雅》; platform transcription, edition unspecified." }, { "reference_id": "REF-CTEXT-WHIRLPOOL", "title": "Chinese Text Project dictionary: 渦", "type": "character/historical dictionary index", "url": "https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?char=%E6%B8%A6&if=en", "path": null, "provenance": "indexed classical and dictionary references" }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-WHIRLPOOL", "title": "漢典: 渦／涡", "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E6%B6%A1", "path": null, "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-NEST", "title": "漢典: 窩／窝", "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E7%AA%A9", "path": null, "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-SNAIL", "title": "漢典: 蝸／蜗", "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E8%9C%97", "path": null, "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-ZHOU", "title": "漢典: 周", "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E5%91%A8", "path": null, "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-HE", "title": "漢典: 合", "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E5%90%88", "path": null, "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-QUAN", "title": "漢典: 全", "type": "historical/modern dictionary compilation", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E5%85%A8", "path": null, "provenance": "Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic); modern and attributed historical compilation, not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "SRC-LB-UNIVERSE", "title": "Language Book · Universe", "type": "language-book-page", "url": null, "path": "words/universe.html", "provenance": "project editorial page" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-PROTOCOL-MAPPING", "title": "Protocol Book · Multidimensional Mapping Framework", "type": "protocol-page", "url": null, "path": "protocol/protocol.mapping-framework.html", "provenance": "project protocol" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Universe Root-Level Semantic Mapper v1.0 / Entry v2.0 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-02", "published": "2026-08-16" }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Language may preserve cognitive traces, but etymology alone cannot establish the physical structure of the universe.", "zh-Hans": "语言可以保存认知痕迹，但不能仅由词源反推出宇宙物理结构。" }, { "en": "No single Chinese character is selected as the unique primary structural mapping; candidates retain evidence-specific grades.", "zh-Hans": "不把任何单一汉字选作唯一主要结构映射；各候选保留各自证据等级。" } ], "search_terms": [ "universe", "universus", "uni", "vers", "vert", "turn", "宇宙", "宇", "宙", "转", "轉", "斡", "涡", "渦", "窝", "窩", "蜗", "蝸", "周", "合", "全", "one", "whole", "rotation", "vortex", "curl", "enclosure", "space", "time", "cosmos" ], "page": "words/universe.html", "legacy": { "entry_id": "LB-en-universe-001", "source_word": "universe", "language": "English", "normalized_form": "universe", "pronunciation": null, "phonetic_form": null, "lexical_meaning": { "en": "The totality of space, time, matter and energy; also a complete conceptual world.", "zh-Hans": "空间、时间、物质与能量的整体；也可指完整的概念世界。" }, "aliases": [ "cosmos", "宇宙", "univers", "世界" ], "classification_status": "published", "primary_chinese_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-universe-primary-yuzhou", "chinese_form": "宇宙", "pinyin": "yǔzhòu", "role": "primary", "mapping_basis": "lexical-equivalent", "status": "published", "identity": "source-backed-lexical-mapping", "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-UNIVERSE" ], "notes": { "en": "Cross-language lexical mapping based on totalizing semantic structure, not cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "基于整体语义结构的跨语言词汇对应，不主张同源。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } }, "secondary_chinese_mappings": [], "mapping_rationales": [], "historical_etymologies": [], "sound_symbol_hypothesis_refs": [ "UNI-UNIVERSE-FLOW-001" ], "other_author_notes": [], "experimental_validation_refs": [], "source_provenance": [ "SRC-LB-UNIVERSE", "SRC-PROTOCOL-MAPPING" ], "author": "Jinkai Liu｜劉金凱", "version": "1.1 / dataset 0.1.0 / G.1 migration" }, "root_level_mapping": { "version": "1.0", "translation": { "source": "universe", "target": "宇宙", "status": "Standard lexical translation" }, "featured_structural_mapping": { "source": "universe", "target": "斡", "reading": "wò", "status": "Strong semantic candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "boundary": { "en": "Featured for the semantic operation TURN / ROTATION; it is not the standard translation and no Latin–Chinese cognacy is claimed.", "zh-Hans": "用于突出 TURN／ROTATION 语义操作；它不是通用翻译，也不主张拉丁语与汉语同源。" } }, "latin_decomposition": { "status": "Established", "chain": "Latin universus → UNI (unus) + VERS (versus ← vertere) → ONE + TURNED → WHOLE", "components": [ { "form": "UNI / unus", "primitive": "ONE", "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-UNIVERSE", "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNUS" ] }, { "form": "VERS / versus ← vertere", "primitive": "TURN / TURNED", "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-UNIVERSE", "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-VERTERE" ] }, { "form": "universus", "primitive": "WHOLE / ENTIRE / ALL TOGETHER", "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-LEWIS-SHORT-UNIVERSUS", "REF-CNRTL-UNIVERS" ] } ], "modern_verse_note": { "en": "Modern English verse ‘poetic line’ belongs to the wider historical TURN family through Latin versus ‘line/row’; it is not the operative modern meaning used to decompose universe.", "zh-Hans": "现代英语 verse“诗行”虽经拉丁 versus“行列”属于更广的 TURN 词族，但不是拆解 universe 时采用的现代核心义。" } }, "semantic_primitives": [ "ONE", "TURN", "WHOLE", "ROTATION", "VORTEX", "CURL", "ENCLOSURE", "SPACE", "TIME", "COSMOS" ], "chinese_structural_candidates": [ { "character": "一", "reading": "yī", "roles": [ "ONE" ], "evidence_status": "Supported lexical mapping", "candidate_grade": "Direct structural candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "note": { "en": "Direct Chinese semantic equivalent for ONE.", "zh-Hans": "ONE 的直接汉语语义对应。" } }, { "character": "转／轉", "reading": "zhuǎn / zhuàn", "roles": [ "TURN", "ROTATION" ], "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning", "candidate_grade": "Direct semantic candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "note": { "en": "Shuowen glosses 轉 as 運也; later records include motion and rotation.", "zh-Hans": "《说文》释“轉”为“運也”；后世记录移动与旋转义。" } }, { "character": "斡", "reading": "wò", "roles": [ "TURN", "ROTATION" ], "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning", "candidate_grade": "Strong semantic candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "note": { "en": "Guangya/lexicographic record: 斡，轉也. No Latin relation follows.", "zh-Hans": "《广雅》等字书载“斡，轉也”；不能据此推出拉丁语关系。" } }, { "character": "涡／渦", "reading": "wō", "roles": [ "VORTEX", "ROTATION" ], "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning", "candidate_grade": "Geometry candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "note": { "en": "A rotating current / eddy; historical lexicography records 回川 with the gloss 旋流.", "zh-Hans": "旋转水流／漩涡；字书有“回川”并注“旋流”。" } }, { "character": "窝／窩", "reading": "wō", "roles": [ "CURL", "ENCLOSURE", "RECESS" ], "evidence_status": "Modern meaning + later lexicography", "candidate_grade": "Cognitive/Visual Candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "note": { "en": "Nest, recess and ‘bend’ motivate enclosure/curve imagery; a historical ROTATION sense is not established.", "zh-Hans": "巢穴、凹陷与“弄弯”可引出包围／曲线意象；未确立历史 ROTATION 义。" } }, { "character": "蜗／蝸", "reading": "wō", "roles": [ "SPIRAL-FORM", "CURL" ], "evidence_status": "Entity meaning + visual form", "candidate_grade": "Cognitive/Visual Candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "note": { "en": "The word denotes a snail; spiral geometry comes from the shell’s form, not from a lexical meaning ‘rotate.’", "zh-Hans": "本字指蜗牛；螺旋几何来自壳的形态，不是“旋转”的词汇义。" } }, { "character": "周", "reading": "zhōu", "roles": [ "AROUND", "CYCLE", "COMPLETE", "WHOLE" ], "evidence_status": "Established lexical meanings", "candidate_grade": "Semantic result candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "note": { "en": "Around, cycle, complete/all; semantically useful but outside the modern WO sound cluster.", "zh-Hans": "具有环绕、循环、周全／全部等义；语义上有用，但不属于现代 WO 音簇。" } }, { "character": "合", "reading": "hé", "roles": [ "JOIN", "WHOLE" ], "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning", "candidate_grade": "Whole/Totality candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "note": { "en": "Joining/closing models the result of bringing parts together, not TURN itself.", "zh-Hans": "聚合／闭合可表示诸部分成为整体的结果，并非 TURN 本身。" } }, { "character": "全", "reading": "quán", "roles": [ "COMPLETE", "WHOLE" ], "evidence_status": "Established lexical meaning", "candidate_grade": "Whole/Totality candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "note": { "en": "Complete/entire models the outcome WHOLE, not the turning operation.", "zh-Hans": "完整／全部对应结果 WHOLE，并非旋转操作。" } } ], "geometry_mapping": { "status": "Interpretive", "chain": "Abstract → Motion → Geometry → Symbol | TURN → ROTATION → VORTEX / CURL / ENCLOSURE", "boundary": { "en": "This is a cognitive-geometric mapping, not the historical meaning of every form in the chain.", "zh-Hans": "这是认知—几何映射，不是链上每一形式的历史词义。" } }, "traditional_chinese_construction": { "status": "Historically supported conceptual construction", "chain": "宇 + 宙 → SPACE + TIME → COSMOS", "boundary": { "en": "This Chinese construction is independent of the Latin decomposition.", "zh-Hans": "这条中文传统构词链独立于拉丁语拆解。" } }, "whole_candidates": [ "合", "全", "周" ], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "Translation is not Mapping; semantic resemblance is not cognacy; etymology cannot by itself establish the physical structure of the universe.", "zh-Hans": "Translation 不等于 Mapping；语义相似不等于同源；不能仅由词源推断宇宙物理结构。" } } }, { "id": "LB-en-man-001", "slug": "human", "title": { "en": "Man · Human", "zh-Hans": "Man · 人 · 男" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "man", "pronunciation": "/mæn/" }, { "role": "target", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "男", "pronunciation": "nán" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-man-primary-nan", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "man", "pronunciation": "/mæn/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "男", "pronunciation": "nán" }, "gloss": { "en": "An adult male human; historically, also a person or human being in some uses.", "zh-Hans": "成年男性；部分历史用法中也可泛指人。" }, "meaning": { "en": "An adult male human; historically, also a person or human being in some uses.", "zh-Hans": "成年男性；部分历史用法中也可泛指人。" }, "mapping_type": "Cross-language semantic candidate", "rationale": { "en": "The author compares the M–N consonant relation in man and 男.", "zh-Hans": "作者比较 man 与“男”中的 M–N 辅音关系。" } }, "entry_status": "Published", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "B", "historical_relation_status": "Unestablished", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Not evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "summary": { "en": "Historical word histories are evaluated independently from the cross-language mapping.", "zh-Hans": "各语言的历史词源独立于跨语言 mapping 评估。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The M–N relation in man /mæn/ and 男 nán is an author-proposed consonantal comparison.", "zh-Hans": "man /mæn/ 与 男 nán 的 M–N 关系是作者提出的辅音比较。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "RAT-man-mn", "claim": { "en": "The author compares the M–N consonant relation in man and 男.", "zh-Hans": "作者比较 man 与“男”中的 M–N 辅音关系。" }, "status": "Not evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-MAN" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-MAN" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "Recorded semantic structure: HUMAN → PERSON → MALE.", "zh-Hans": "已记录语义结构：HUMAN → PERSON → MALE。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Author hypotheses remain independently graded and testable; they are not historical proof.", "zh-Hans": "作者假说保持独立分级与可检验性，不作为历史证明。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "UNI-SOUND-MN-001", "claim": { "en": "M–N correspondence hypothesis", "zh-Hans": "M–N 对应假说" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-MAN", "SRC-HYPOTHESIS-LAB" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-MAN", "SRC-HYPOTHESIS-LAB" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-man-001", "claim": { "en": "The M–N relation in man /mæn/ and 男 nán is an author-proposed consonantal comparison.", "zh-Hans": "man /mæn/ 与 男 nán 的 M–N 关系是作者提出的辅音比较。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Modern-form resemblance is not a regular sound correspondence or proof of cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "现代词形近似不是规律音变，也不证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "HUMAN", "PERSON", "MALE" ], "relation": "HUMAN → PERSON → MALE", "status": "Interpretive" }, "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-SOUND-MN-001", "type": "sound-semantic", "claim": { "en": "M–N correspondence hypothesis", "zh-Hans": "M–N 对应假说" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "supporting_cases": [ "SRC-LB-MAN", "SRC-HYPOTHESIS-LAB" ], "counterexamples": [], "testability": { "en": "See the linked record for testability limits.", "zh-Hans": "可检验性边界见关联记录。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-MAN", "SRC-HYPOTHESIS-LAB" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Not present", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": null, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "Literature may explore freely, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "文学可以自由展开，但不属于历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "SRC-LB-MAN", "title": "Language Book · Man", "type": "language-book-page", "url": null, "path": "words/man.html", "provenance": "unknown" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-HYPOTHESIS-LAB", "title": "Unilanguage Hypothesis Lab", "type": "project-documentation", "url": null, "path": "hypothesis-lab.html", "provenance": "unknown" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "0.2 / dataset 0.1.0 / G.1 migration", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-02", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "The record preserves the existing man/human calibration case without asserting historical cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "本记录保留既有 man/human 校准案例，不主张历史同源。" } ], "search_terms": [ "man", "male", "human", "person", "男", "男人", "男子", "氓", "nán", "HUMAN", "PERSON", "MALE" ], "page": null, "legacy": { "entry_id": "LB-en-man-001", "source_word": "man", "language": "English", "normalized_form": "man", "pronunciation": "/mæn/", "phonetic_form": "mæn", "lexical_meaning": { "en": "An adult male human; historically, also a person or human being in some uses.", "zh-Hans": "成年男性；部分历史用法中也可泛指人。" }, "aliases": [ "male", "human", "person", "男", "男人", "男子", "氓" ], "classification_status": "published", "primary_chinese_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-man-primary-nan", "chinese_form": "男", "pinyin": "nán", "role": "primary", "mapping_basis": "author-proposal", "status": "published", "identity": "author-idea", "source_verification": { "status": "needs-verification", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-MAN" ], "notes": { "en": "Previously published project mapping retained with its hypothesis identity.", "zh-Hans": "保留此前发布的项目映射及其假说身份。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } }, "secondary_chinese_mappings": [], "mapping_rationales": [ { "rationale_id": "RAT-man-mn", "mapping_ref": "MAP-man-primary-nan", "identity": "author-idea", "status": "candidate", "statement": { "en": "The author compares the M–N consonant relation in man and 男.", "zh-Hans": "作者比较 man 与“男”中的 M–N 辅音关系。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "not-applicable", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-MAN" ], "notes": { "en": "This preserves the author's reason for proposing the mapping; it is not an established fact.", "zh-Hans": "此对象保存作者提出映射的理由，不是既成事实。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "historical_etymologies": [], "sound_symbol_hypothesis_refs": [ "UNI-SOUND-MN-001" ], "other_author_notes": [], "experimental_validation_refs": [], "source_provenance": [ "SRC-LB-MAN", "SRC-HYPOTHESIS-LAB" ], "author": "Jinkai Liu｜劉金凱", "version": "0.2 / dataset 0.1.0 / G.1 migration" } }, { "id": "LB-en-sound-001", "slug": "sound", "title": { "en": "Sound · 声音", "zh-Hans": "Sound · 声音" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "sound", "pronunciation": "/saʊnd/" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "声音", "pronunciation": "shēngyīn" }, { "role": "featured-lexical-candidate", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "声", "pronunciation": "shēng" }, { "role": "verb-equivalent", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "响", "pronunciation": "xiǎng" }, { "role": "historically-related-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "son", "pronunciation": "/sɔ̃/" }, { "role": "historically-related-verb", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "sonner", "pronunciation": "/sɔ.ne/" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-sound-primary-shengyin", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "sound", "pronunciation": "/saʊnd/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "声音", "pronunciation": "shēngyīn" }, "gloss": { "en": "Noun: an audible vibration; verb: to make or cause a sound.", "zh-Hans": "名词：声音；动词：响起或使之发声。" }, "meaning": { "en": "声音 is the standard noun translation; 响 / 响起 expresses the intransitive verb in this record. 声 shēng is displayed as the concise featured lexical candidate.", "zh-Hans": "“声音”是名词的通用翻译；本条以“响／响起”表达不及物动词；单字“声”shēng 作为简洁的特色词义候选展示。" }, "mapping_type": "Lexical equivalent", "rationale": { "en": "This is primarily a lexical and protocol record; no cross-language origin claim is made.", "zh-Hans": "本条主要是词义与协议记录；不主张跨语言共同来源。" } }, "entry_status": "Published", "mapping_status": "Supported", "mapping_level": "A", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "The audible English sound comes through Middle English and Anglo-French from Latin sonus / sonare. French son and sonner continue the same Latin sound family. These histories are independent of Chinese 声 and 响.", "zh-Hans": "英语表示听觉的 sound 经中古英语、盎格鲁法语追溯至拉丁语 sonus／sonare；法语 son、sonner 延续同一拉丁声音词族。这些词史独立于汉语“声”“响”。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-SOUND-LATIN-001", "claim": { "en": "Audible sound: Middle English soun ← Anglo-French son/sun ← Latin sonus, related to sonare ‘to sound.’", "zh-Hans": "听觉义 sound：中古英语 soun ← 盎格鲁法语 son／sun ← 拉丁语 sonus，并与 sonare“发声”相关。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-SOUND" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-FR-SON-002", "claim": { "en": "French son derives from Latin sonus; French sonner derives from Latin sonare.", "zh-Hans": "法语 son 源自拉丁语 sonus；sonner 源自拉丁语 sonare。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-SON", "REF-CNRTL-SONNER" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-SOUND", "REF-CNRTL-SON", "REF-CNRTL-SONNER" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "sound /saʊnd/ and 声 shēng share meaning and begin with sibilant consonants, but English /s/ and Mandarin sh /ʂ/ are not identical, and the remaining sounds do not regularly correspond.", "zh-Hans": "sound /saʊnd/ 与“声”shēng 共享声音义并都以擦音起首，但英语 /s/ 与普通话 sh /ʂ/ 并不相同，其余声音也没有建立规律对应。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-SOUND-SHENG-001", "claim": { "en": "The proposed relation is a modern sound–meaning resemblance, not a historical cognacy claim.", "zh-Hans": "所提关系是现代声音—意义近似，不是历史同源主张。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SOUND", "REF-JL-SOUND-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SOUND", "REF-JL-SOUND-RAW" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "Recorded semantic structure: VIBRATION → HEARING → SPEECH.", "zh-Hans": "已记录语义结构：VIBRATION → HEARING → SPEECH。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Not claimed", "confidence": "Unknown", "summary": { "en": "Author hypotheses remain independently graded and testable; they are not historical proof.", "zh-Hans": "作者假说保持独立分级与可检验性，不作为历史证明。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-SOUND-SHENG-001", "claim": { "en": "sound /saʊnd/ ↔ 声 shēng: shared sound meaning and a broad initial-sibilant resemblance.", "zh-Hans": "sound /saʊnd/ ↔“声”shēng：共享声音义，并有宽泛的起首擦音近似。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "English /s/ is alveolar; Mandarin sh is retroflex /ʂ/. No regular correspondence, shared rime or historical relation is established.", "zh-Hans": "英语 /s/ 为齿龈音；普通话 sh 为卷舌音 /ʂ/。未建立规律对应、共享韵部或历史关系。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "VIBRATION", "HEARING", "SPEECH" ], "relation": "VIBRATION → HEARING → SPEECH", "status": "Interpretive" }, "hypotheses": [], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Published", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "Architecture is frozen music.", "zh-Hans": "那是凝固的音乐。" }, "essay_prose": [ { "work_id": "LB-SOUND-PROSE-001", "title": { "en": "When the Violin Sounds", "zh-Hans": "当小提琴声音响起" }, "text": { "en": "When the violin sounded, it was like a small stream flowing through the forest. As the violin's current rose, I was passing a majestic church. I saw its two round corner towers, its circular window, and tracery radiating like the sun. A saint extended his arms as though an angel were beckoning; behind him, a halo shone like another sun. Columns recalled an ancient Athenian temple. A gentleman in a top hat passed through the great doorway. The violin's rising and falling melody made me imagine a pair of immortal companions drifting down from the mountains of the Middle Ages. Was this music I had once known, or a composer's new work? Sunlight touched the church's marble wall and spread over it a pale layer of yellow. It was frozen music.", "zh-Hans": "小提琴的声音响起时，仿佛森林里一条小小的溪水正在流动。琴声流淌的时候，我正路过一座雄伟的教堂。我看见教堂两座圆形角楼的顶，也看见那扇圆窗，以及像太阳般向四方放射的窗棂。一位圣人伸开双臂，仿佛天使正在招手；他身后的光环，又像一轮太阳。那些圆柱使人想起古老的雅典神庙。一位戴着礼帽的绅士从大门走过。小提琴起伏的旋律，使我想象一双仙侣从中世纪的山间漂流而来。那是我曾经熟悉的音乐，还是作曲家的新作呢？太阳照着教堂大理石的外墙，又为它涂上一层淡淡的黄色。那是凝固的音乐。" }, "status": "Published", "page_anchor": "words/sound.html#literature" } ], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [ { "language": "Chinese", "status": "Author text, editorially revised" }, { "language": "English", "status": "Literary translation" } ], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The violin, forest stream, church, sun, saint and frozen music are literary images. They are not historical or phonetic evidence.", "zh-Hans": "小提琴、森林溪流、教堂、太阳、圣人与“凝固的音乐”均属文学意象，不构成历史或语音证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "SRC-LB-SOUND", "title": "Language Book · Sound", "type": "language-book-page", "url": null, "path": "words/sound.html", "provenance": "unknown" }, { "reference_id": "REF-JL-SOUND-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: Sound literary manuscript and research note", "type": "author manuscript", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; original note preserved below" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-SOUND", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: sound", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sound", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-SON", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de son", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/son/substantif", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-SONNER", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de sonner", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/sonner", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-04" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Sound Literary Revision v1.1 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-02", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "This is primarily a lexical and protocol record; no cross-language origin claim is made.", "zh-Hans": "本条主要是词义与协议记录；不主张跨语言共同来源。" } ], "search_terms": [ "sound", "voice", "声音", "声", "响", "son", "shēngyīn", "VIBRATION", "HEARING", "SPEECH", "响起", "xiǎng", "sonner", "violin", "小提琴", "church", "教堂", "frozen music", "凝固的音乐" ], "page": "words/sound.html", "legacy": { "entry_id": "LB-en-sound-001", "source_word": "sound", "language": "English", "normalized_form": "sound", "pronunciation": null, "phonetic_form": null, "lexical_meaning": { "en": "Vibration that can be heard; in language, the audible medium of speech.", "zh-Hans": "可被听见的振动；在语言中也是言语的可听媒介。" }, "aliases": [ "voice", "声音", "声", "响", "son" ], "classification_status": "published", "primary_chinese_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-sound-primary-shengyin", "chinese_form": "声音", "pinyin": "shēngyīn", "role": "primary", "mapping_basis": "lexical-equivalent", "status": "published", "identity": "source-backed-lexical-mapping", "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SOUND" ], "notes": { "en": "Ordinary Chinese lexical equivalent.", "zh-Hans": "普通汉语词汇对应。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } }, "secondary_chinese_mappings": [ { "mapping_id": "MAP-sound-secondary-sheng", "chinese_form": "声", "pinyin": "shēng", "role": "secondary", "mapping_basis": "lexical-equivalent", "status": "published", "identity": "source-backed-lexical-mapping", "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SOUND" ], "notes": { "en": "Secondary Chinese form retained from v0.2.", "zh-Hans": "保留自 v0.2 的次要汉语形式。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "mapping_rationales": [], "historical_etymologies": [], "sound_symbol_hypothesis_refs": [], "other_author_notes": [ { "note_id": "NOTE-sound-french", "identity": "author-note", "status": "classified", "text": { "en": "French lexical counterpart retained from v0.2: son.", "zh-Hans": "保留 v0.2 中的法语词汇对应：son。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "not-applicable", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SOUND" ], "notes": { "en": "Preserved during migration without forcing an evidential interpretation.", "zh-Hans": "迁移时原样保留，不强行赋予证据解释。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "experimental_validation_refs": [], "source_provenance": [ "SRC-LB-SOUND" ], "author": "Jinkai Liu｜劉金凱", "version": "source page current / dataset 0.2.0 / G.1 migration" }, "featured_mapping": { "source": "sound", "target": "声", "reading": "shēng", "display_label": "Featured lexical mapping · 特色词义映射", "status": "Supported lexical equivalent", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "boundary": { "en": "声 is a concise, source-backed Chinese lexical form. 声音 remains the standard modern dictionary translation; no shared historical origin is claimed.", "zh-Hans": "“声”是有来源记录的简洁汉语词义形式；“声音”仍是现代通用词典翻译，不主张共同历史来源。" }, "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-SOUND" ] }, "source": { "type": "author-provided literary and research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Parts of speech and pinyin normalized; Chinese prose lightly edited; English recast as a literary translation.", "raw_note": "英语：sound [sound] n/v. 声音，响起。汉语：声【sheng】n.；响【xiang】v.。备注：辅音近似。例文原稿以小提琴、森林溪水、雄伟教堂、圆形角楼、圆窗、太阳般四射的窗棂、圣人、雅典神庙圆柱、礼帽绅士、中世纪山间、阳光与‘凝固的音乐’构成文学场景。" } }, { "id": "LB-en-language-001", "slug": "language", "title": { "en": "Language · 朗", "zh-Hans": "Language · 语言 · 朗" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "language", "pronunciation": "/ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/" }, { "role": "target", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "朗", "pronunciation": "lǎng" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-language-primary-lang", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "language", "pronunciation": "/ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "朗", "pronunciation": "lǎng" }, "gloss": { "en": "A structured system used to communicate and interpret meaning.", "zh-Hans": "用于交流和解释意义的结构化系统。" }, "meaning": { "en": "A structured system used to communicate and interpret meaning.", "zh-Hans": "用于交流和解释意义的结构化系统。" }, "mapping_type": "Cross-language semantic candidate", "rationale": { "en": "The author associates language with 朗读 and 朗朗上口: language is cognitively linked with being voiced or read aloud.", "zh-Hans": "作者把 language 与“朗读／朗朗上口”联系：语言在认知上与发声、朗读相关。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "B", "historical_relation_status": "Unestablished", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Supported", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "Historical word histories are evaluated independently from the cross-language mapping.", "zh-Hans": "各语言的历史词源独立于跨语言 mapping 评估。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "ETY-language-001", "claim": { "en": "Historical dictionaries trace English language through Middle English and Old French langage, from langue, ultimately Latin lingua (‘tongue; language’).", "zh-Hans": "历史词典将英语 language 追溯为：中古英语 langage／language，经古法语 langage、langue，最终来自拉丁语 lingua（“舌；语言”）。" }, "status": "Supported", "confidence": "High", "chain": [ "English language", "Middle English langage / language", "Old French langage", "Old French langue", "Latin lingua" ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-AHD-LANGUAGE", "SRC-MED-LANGAGE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-AHD-LANGUAGE", "SRC-MED-LANGAGE" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Unknown", "summary": { "en": "No separate phonetic-semantic observation is recorded.", "zh-Hans": "未记录独立的语音—语义观察。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "RAT-language-lang", "claim": { "en": "The author associates language with 朗读 and 朗朗上口: language is cognitively linked with being voiced or read aloud.", "zh-Hans": "作者把 language 与“朗读／朗朗上口”联系：语言在认知上与发声、朗读相关。" }, "status": "Not evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-LANGUAGE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-LANGUAGE" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "Recorded semantic structure: VOICE → MEANING → COMMUNICATION.", "zh-Hans": "已记录语义结构：VOICE → MEANING → COMMUNICATION。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Author hypotheses remain independently graded and testable; they are not historical proof.", "zh-Hans": "作者假说保持独立分级与可检验性，不作为历史证明。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "UNI-L-GLYPH-HISTORY-001", "claim": { "en": "Research the proposed path from early alphabetic signs in an Egyptian contact setting through Semitic lamed and Greek lambda to Latin L. The proposed pictorial source of lamed, often linked with an ox-goad or crook, remains a historical reconstruction—not a semantic law.", "zh-Hans": "研究在埃及接触环境中的早期字母符号，经闪米特 lamed、希腊 lambda 到拉丁 L 的提议路径。lamed 的图画来源常与赶牛杖或弯杖联系，但仍属于历史重建，不是语义法则。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "source_refs": [ "SRC-YALE-WADI-EL-HOL", "SRC-ANTIQUITY-EARLY-ALPHABET", "SRC-COLLESS-ALPHABET-L" ] }, { "evidence_id": "UNI-L-INHERENT-SEMANTIC-001", "claim": { "en": "Research whether modern L or /l/ has a repeatable semantic association across words. Historical glyph evidence is context for a separate object and does not establish this hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "研究现代字母 L 或 /l/ 音在多个词汇中是否存在可重复的语义关联。历史字形资料属于另一个对象的背景，不能证明本假说。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-LANGUAGE", "SRC-COLLESS-ALPHABET-L" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-YALE-WADI-EL-HOL", "SRC-ANTIQUITY-EARLY-ALPHABET", "SRC-COLLESS-ALPHABET-L", "SRC-LB-LANGUAGE" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "VOICE", "MEANING", "COMMUNICATION" ], "relation": "VOICE → MEANING → COMMUNICATION", "status": "Interpretive" }, "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-L-GLYPH-HISTORY-001", "type": "letter-symbol-history", "claim": { "en": "Research the proposed path from early alphabetic signs in an Egyptian contact setting through Semitic lamed and Greek lambda to Latin L. The proposed pictorial source of lamed, often linked with an ox-goad or crook, remains a historical reconstruction—not a semantic law.", "zh-Hans": "研究在埃及接触环境中的早期字母符号，经闪米特 lamed、希腊 lambda 到拉丁 L 的提议路径。lamed 的图画来源常与赶牛杖或弯杖联系，但仍属于历史重建，不是语义法则。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "supporting_cases": [ "SRC-YALE-WADI-EL-HOL", "SRC-ANTIQUITY-EARLY-ALPHABET", "SRC-COLLESS-ALPHABET-L" ], "counterexamples": [], "testability": { "en": "See the linked record for testability limits.", "zh-Hans": "可检验性边界见关联记录。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "SRC-YALE-WADI-EL-HOL", "SRC-ANTIQUITY-EARLY-ALPHABET", "SRC-COLLESS-ALPHABET-L" ] }, { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-L-INHERENT-SEMANTIC-001", "type": "sound-semantic", "claim": { "en": "Research whether modern L or /l/ has a repeatable semantic association across words. Historical glyph evidence is context for a separate object and does not establish this hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "研究现代字母 L 或 /l/ 音在多个词汇中是否存在可重复的语义关联。历史字形资料属于另一个对象的背景，不能证明本假说。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "supporting_cases": [ "SRC-COLLESS-ALPHABET-L" ], "counterexamples": [], "testability": { "en": "See the linked record for testability limits.", "zh-Hans": "可检验性边界见关联记录。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-LANGUAGE", "SRC-COLLESS-ALPHABET-L" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Not present", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": null, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "Literature may explore freely, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "文学可以自由展开，但不属于历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "SRC-LB-LANGUAGE", "title": "Language Book · Language", "type": "language-book-page", "url": null, "path": "words/language.html", "provenance": "unknown" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-AHD-LANGUAGE", "title": "American Heritage Dictionary · language", "type": "authoritative-dictionary", "url": "https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=language", "path": "docs/product/package-g2-source-verification-v0.1.md", "provenance": "authoritative-dictionary" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-MED-LANGAGE", "title": "Middle English Dictionary · langage", "type": "authoritative-dictionary", "url": "https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED24625", "path": "docs/product/package-g2-source-verification-v0.1.md", "provenance": "authoritative-dictionary" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-YALE-WADI-EL-HOL", "title": "Darnell et al. · Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from Wadi el-Hol", "type": "primary-historical-source", "url": "https://nelc.yale.edu/publications/two-early-alphabetic-inscriptions-wadi-el-hol-new-evidence-origin-alphabet-western", "path": "docs/product/package-g2-source-verification-v0.1.md", "provenance": "primary-publication" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-ANTIQUITY-EARLY-ALPHABET", "title": "Höflmayer et al. · Early alphabetic writing at Tel Lachish", "type": "scholarly-source", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/early-alphabetic-writing-in-the-ancient-near-east-the-missing-link-from-tel-lachish/C73F769B7CF3A7E4E2607958A096B7D8", "path": "docs/product/package-g2-source-verification-v0.1.md", "provenance": "scholarly-publication" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-COLLESS-ALPHABET-L", "title": "Colless · The Origin of the Alphabet: An Examination of the Goldwasser Hypothesis", "type": "scholarly-source", "url": "https://repositorio.uca.edu.ar/bitstream/123456789/6787/4/origin-alphabet-goldwasser-hypothesis.pdf", "path": "docs/product/package-g2-source-verification-v0.1.md", "provenance": "scholarly-publication" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "source page current / dataset 0.2.0 / G.1 migration / G.2 source verification", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-02", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "The language → 朗 mapping is an author proposal. English historical etymology remains a separate track.", "zh-Hans": "language → 朗 是作者提案；英语历史词源保持独立轨道。" } ], "search_terms": [ "language", "speech", "语言", "言语", "langue", "langage", "朗", "lǎng", "VOICE", "MEANING", "COMMUNICATION" ], "page": "words/language.html", "legacy": { "entry_id": "LB-en-language-001", "source_word": "language", "language": "English", "normalized_form": "language", "pronunciation": "/ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/", "phonetic_form": "læŋɡwɪdʒ", "lexical_meaning": { "en": "A structured system used to communicate and interpret meaning.", "zh-Hans": "用于交流和解释意义的结构化系统。" }, "aliases": [ "speech", "语言", "言语", "langue", "langage", "朗", "lǎng" ], "classification_status": "candidate", "primary_chinese_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-language-primary-lang", "chinese_form": "朗", "pinyin": "lǎng", "role": "primary", "mapping_basis": "author-proposal", "status": "candidate", "identity": "author-idea", "source_verification": { "status": "needs-verification", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-LANGUAGE" ], "notes": { "en": "Author-proposed calibration mapping; not historical etymology and not reviewed fact.", "zh-Hans": "作者提出的校准映射；不是历史词源，也不是已审核事实。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } }, "secondary_chinese_mappings": [ { "mapping_id": "MAP-language-secondary-yuyan", "chinese_form": "语言", "pinyin": "yǔyán", "role": "secondary", "mapping_basis": "lexical-equivalent", "status": "published", "identity": "source-backed-lexical-mapping", "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-LANGUAGE" ], "notes": { "en": "Ordinary Chinese lexical equivalent retained separately from the author proposal.", "zh-Hans": "普通汉语词汇对应，与作者假说分开保留。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "mapping_rationales": [ { "rationale_id": "RAT-language-lang", "mapping_ref": "MAP-language-primary-lang", "identity": "author-idea", "status": "candidate", "statement": { "en": "The author associates language with 朗读 and 朗朗上口: language is cognitively linked with being voiced or read aloud.", "zh-Hans": "作者把 language 与“朗读／朗朗上口”联系：语言在认知上与发声、朗读相关。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "not-applicable", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-LANGUAGE" ], "notes": { "en": "This preserves the author's reason for proposing the mapping; it is not an established fact.", "zh-Hans": "此对象保存作者提出映射的理由，不是既成事实。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "historical_etymologies": [ { "etymology_id": "ETY-language-001", "identity": "historical-claim", "status": "candidate", "chain": [ "English language", "Middle English langage / language", "Old French langage", "Old French langue", "Latin lingua" ], "summary": { "en": "Historical dictionaries trace English language through Middle English and Old French langage, from langue, ultimately Latin lingua (‘tongue; language’).", "zh-Hans": "历史词典将英语 language 追溯为：中古英语 langage／language，经古法语 langage、langue，最终来自拉丁语 lingua（“舌；语言”）。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-AHD-LANGUAGE", "SRC-MED-LANGAGE" ], "notes": { "en": "The lexical-history chain is source-backed. These sources do not support the separate language↔朗 author mapping.", "zh-Hans": "该词汇史链已有来源支持；这些来源不支持独立的 language↔朗 作者映射。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "G.2 completed Source Verification only; object-level AI Review has not been executed.", "zh-Hans": "G.2 仅完成来源核验；尚未执行对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "sound_symbol_hypothesis_refs": [ "UNI-L-GLYPH-HISTORY-001", "UNI-L-INHERENT-SEMANTIC-001" ], "other_author_notes": [ { "note_id": "NOTE-language-stream", "identity": "author-note", "status": "needs-classification", "text": { "en": "The source page's lang/朗/亮/廊/浪/良/粮/梁/凉/力/量 stream is preserved as author research material pending finer classification.", "zh-Hans": "源页面的 lang／朗／亮／廊／浪／良／粮／梁／凉／力／量联想链作为作者研究材料保留，等待进一步分类。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "not-applicable", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-LANGUAGE" ], "notes": { "en": "Preserved during migration without forcing an evidential interpretation.", "zh-Hans": "迁移时原样保留，不强行赋予证据解释。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "experimental_validation_refs": [], "source_provenance": [ "SRC-LB-LANGUAGE" ], "author": "Jinkai Liu｜劉金凱", "version": "source page current / dataset 0.2.0 / G.1 migration / G.2 source verification" } }, { "id": "LB-en-water-001", "slug": "water", "title": { "en": "Water · 哗", "zh-Hans": "Water · 水 · 哗" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "water", "pronunciation": "/ˈwɔːtər/" }, { "role": "target", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "哗", "pronunciation": "huā" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-water-primary-hua", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "water", "pronunciation": "/ˈwɔːtər/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "哗", "pronunciation": "huā" }, "gloss": { "en": "The transparent liquid essential to life; also water as flow, surface and sound.", "zh-Hans": "生命所必需的透明液体；也包括水的流动、表面与声音。" }, "meaning": { "en": "The transparent liquid essential to life; also water as flow, surface and sound.", "zh-Hans": "生命所必需的透明液体；也包括水的流动、表面与声音。" }, "mapping_type": "Cross-language semantic candidate", "rationale": { "en": "The author links water with 哗/哗哗流水 as an auditory and semantic association.", "zh-Hans": "作者把 water 与“哗／哗哗流水”联系，作为听觉与语义联想。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "B", "historical_relation_status": "Unestablished", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Not evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "summary": { "en": "Historical word histories are evaluated independently from the cross-language mapping.", "zh-Hans": "各语言的历史词源独立于跨语言 mapping 评估。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Unknown", "summary": { "en": "No separate phonetic-semantic observation is recorded.", "zh-Hans": "未记录独立的语音—语义观察。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "RAT-water-hua", "claim": { "en": "The author links water with 哗/哗哗流水 as an auditory and semantic association.", "zh-Hans": "作者把 water 与“哗／哗哗流水”联系，作为听觉与语义联想。" }, "status": "Not evaluated", "confidence": "Unknown", "source_refs": [ "SRC-G1-CALIBRATION" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-G1-CALIBRATION" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "Recorded semantic structure: WATER → FLOW → SURFACE → SOUND.", "zh-Hans": "已记录语义结构：WATER → FLOW → SURFACE → SOUND。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Author hypotheses remain independently graded and testable; they are not historical proof.", "zh-Hans": "作者假说保持独立分级与可检验性，不作为历史证明。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "UNI-W-FH-PHONETIC-001", "claim": { "en": "The author proposes that W may correspond with F or H in the water ↔ 哗 comparison. No regular sound change is asserted.", "zh-Hans": "作者提出在 water ↔ 哗 的比较中，W 可能与 F 或 H 对应；此处不声称存在已证实的规律音变。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "source_refs": [ "SRC-G1-CALIBRATION", "SRC-IPA-CHART", "SRC-CAMBRIDGE-COMPARATIVE" ] }, { "evidence_id": "UNI-W-WATER-002", "claim": { "en": "W-family enrichment in WATER / WETNESS / WAVE-FLOW semantics", "zh-Hans": "W 词族在水／湿润／波动—流动语义中的富集假说" }, "status": "Tested-Inconclusive", "confidence": "low", "source_refs": [ "SRC-EXP-002-PRIMARY", "SRC-EXP-002-PAGE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-G1-CALIBRATION", "SRC-IPA-CHART", "SRC-CAMBRIDGE-COMPARATIVE", "SRC-EXP-002-PRIMARY", "SRC-EXP-002-PAGE" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "WATER", "FLOW", "SURFACE", "SOUND" ], "relation": "WATER → FLOW → SURFACE → SOUND", "status": "Interpretive" }, "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-W-FH-PHONETIC-001", "type": "consonant-correspondence", "claim": { "en": "The author proposes that W may correspond with F or H in the water ↔ 哗 comparison. No regular sound change is asserted.", "zh-Hans": "作者提出在 water ↔ 哗 的比较中，W 可能与 F 或 H 对应；此处不声称存在已证实的规律音变。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "supporting_cases": [ "SRC-IPA-CHART", "SRC-CAMBRIDGE-COMPARATIVE" ], "counterexamples": [], "testability": { "en": "See the linked record for testability limits.", "zh-Hans": "可检验性边界见关联记录。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "SRC-G1-CALIBRATION", "SRC-IPA-CHART", "SRC-CAMBRIDGE-COMPARATIVE" ] }, { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-W-WATER-002", "type": "initial-consonant-semantics", "claim": { "en": "W-family enrichment in WATER / WETNESS / WAVE-FLOW semantics", "zh-Hans": "W 词族在水／湿润／波动—流动语义中的富集假说" }, "status": "Tested-Inconclusive", "confidence": "low", "supporting_cases": [ "SRC-EXP-002-PRIMARY", "SRC-EXP-002-PAGE" ], "counterexamples": [], "testability": { "en": "See the linked record for testability limits.", "zh-Hans": "可检验性边界见关联记录。" }, "experiment_link": "UNI-EXP-002", "source_refs": [ "SRC-EXP-002-PRIMARY", "SRC-EXP-002-PAGE" ] } ], "experiments": [ { "experiment_id": "UNI-EXP-002", "title": { "en": "W → WATER / WETNESS / WAVE-FLOW semantic enrichment", "zh-Hans": "W → 水／湿润／波动—流动语义富集" }, "status": "Tested-Inconclusive", "tested_hypotheses": [ "UNI-W-WATER-002" ], "design": { "en": "Preregistered W-initial lexical-family enrichment for WATER / WETNESS / WAVE-FLOW semantics against controls.", "zh-Hans": "预注册检验 W 起始词族在水／湿润／波动—流动语义上相对控制组的富集。" }, "result": { "en": "Tested-Inconclusive. Direction matched the hypothesis, but uncertainty was wide and the evidence did not establish enrichment or a universal sound law.", "zh-Hans": "检验结果为不确定。方向与假说一致，但不确定性较大，证据未确立富集，更未确立普遍声音法则。" }, "metrics": { "w_target": 7, "w_total": 120, "w_rate_percent": 5.83, "control_target": 9, "control_total": 240, "control_rate_percent": 3.75, "risk_ratio": 1.556, "risk_ratio_95_ci": [ 0.594, 4.075 ], "risk_difference_percentage_points": 2.08, "risk_difference_95_ci_percentage_points": [ -4.12, 9.57 ], "fisher_two_sided_p": 0.4185 }, "path": "experiments/002/results.html", "source_refs": [ "SRC-EXP-002-PRIMARY", "SRC-EXP-002-PAGE" ] } ], "literary_layer": { "status": "Not present", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": null, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "Literature may explore freely, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "文学可以自由展开，但不属于历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "SRC-EXP-002-PRIMARY", "title": "UNI-EXP-002 frozen primary result", "type": "frozen-experiment", "url": null, "path": "experiments/002/results/primary-result.v1.0.json", "provenance": "unknown" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-EXP-002-PAGE", "title": "UNI-EXP-002 public result page", "type": "frozen-experiment", "url": null, "path": "experiments/002/results.html", "provenance": "unknown" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-G1-CALIBRATION", "title": "Package G.1 WATER / LANGUAGE author calibration record", "type": "author-research-record", "url": null, "path": "docs/product/package-g1-classification-model-v0.1.md", "provenance": "unknown" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-IPA-CHART", "title": "International Phonetic Association · official IPA chart", "type": "official-standard", "url": "https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart", "path": "docs/product/package-g2-source-verification-v0.1.md", "provenance": "official-standard" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-CAMBRIDGE-COMPARATIVE", "title": "Cambridge · Historical Linguistics / comparative method", "type": "scholarly-source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108344326.020", "path": "docs/product/package-g2-source-verification-v0.1.md", "provenance": "scholarly-publication" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "G.1 calibration v0.1", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-02", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "The water → 哗 mapping and Experiment 002 result remain independently classified.", "zh-Hans": "water → 哗 mapping 与实验 002 结果保持独立分类。" } ], "search_terms": [ "water", "W", "wetness", "wave", "flow", "哗", "huā", "水", "shuǐ", "WATER", "FLOW", "SURFACE", "SOUND" ], "page": null, "legacy": { "entry_id": "LB-en-water-001", "source_word": "water", "language": "English", "normalized_form": "water", "pronunciation": "/ˈwɔːtər/", "phonetic_form": "wɔːtər", "lexical_meaning": { "en": "The transparent liquid essential to life; also water as flow, surface and sound.", "zh-Hans": "生命所必需的透明液体；也包括水的流动、表面与声音。" }, "aliases": [ "W", "wetness", "wave", "flow", "哗", "huā", "水", "shuǐ" ], "classification_status": "candidate", "primary_chinese_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-water-primary-hua", "chinese_form": "哗", "pinyin": "huā", "role": "primary", "mapping_basis": "author-proposal", "status": "candidate", "identity": "author-idea", "source_verification": { "status": "needs-verification", "source_refs": [ "SRC-G1-CALIBRATION" ], "notes": { "en": "Author-proposed sound-semantic calibration mapping based on the sound of flowing water; not reviewed fact.", "zh-Hans": "作者基于流水声提出的声音—语义校准映射；不是已审核事实。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } }, "secondary_chinese_mappings": [ { "mapping_id": "MAP-water-secondary-shui", "chinese_form": "水", "pinyin": "shuǐ", "role": "secondary", "mapping_basis": "lexical-equivalent", "status": "published", "identity": "source-backed-lexical-mapping", "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-PROTOCOL-MAPPING" ], "notes": { "en": "Ordinary Chinese lexical equivalent included as a separate secondary mapping.", "zh-Hans": "普通汉语词汇对应，作为独立次要 mapping 保存。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "mapping_rationales": [ { "rationale_id": "RAT-water-hua", "mapping_ref": "MAP-water-primary-hua", "identity": "author-idea", "status": "candidate", "statement": { "en": "The author links water with 哗/哗哗流水 as an auditory and semantic association.", "zh-Hans": "作者把 water 与“哗／哗哗流水”联系，作为听觉与语义联想。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "not-applicable", "source_refs": [ "SRC-G1-CALIBRATION" ], "notes": { "en": "This preserves the author's reason for proposing the mapping; it is not an established fact.", "zh-Hans": "此对象保存作者提出映射的理由，不是既成事实。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "historical_etymologies": [], "sound_symbol_hypothesis_refs": [ "UNI-W-FH-PHONETIC-001", "UNI-W-WATER-002" ], "other_author_notes": [ { "note_id": "NOTE-water-other", "identity": "author-note", "status": "needs-classification", "text": { "en": "Reserved for additional author ideas about water without forcing them into a hypothesis or etymology.", "zh-Hans": "用于继续保存作者关于 water 的其他想法，不强行归入假说或词源。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "not-applicable", "source_refs": [ "SRC-G1-CALIBRATION" ], "notes": { "en": "Preserved during migration without forcing an evidential interpretation.", "zh-Hans": "迁移时原样保留，不强行赋予证据解释。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "No G.1 object-level AI review has been completed.", "zh-Hans": "尚未完成 G.1 对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "experimental_validation_refs": [ "UNI-EXP-002" ], "source_provenance": [ "SRC-EXP-002-PRIMARY", "SRC-EXP-002-PAGE", "SRC-G1-CALIBRATION" ], "author": "Jinkai Liu｜劉金凱", "version": "G.1 calibration v0.1" } }, { "id": "LB-en-advance-001", "slug": "advance", "title": { "en": "Advance · 往", "zh-Hans": "Advance · 往" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "advance", "pronunciation": "/ədˈvæns/" }, { "role": "target", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "往", "pronunciation": "wǎng" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-advance-primary-wang", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "advance", "pronunciation": "/ədˈvæns/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "往", "pronunciation": "wǎng" }, "gloss": { "en": "To move or bring something forward; to progress or promote development.", "zh-Hans": "向前移动、使某物向前推进，或取得进展、促进发展。" }, "meaning": { "en": "To move or bring something forward; to progress or promote development.", "zh-Hans": "向前移动、使某物向前推进，或取得进展、促进发展。" }, "mapping_type": "Cross-language semantic candidate", "rationale": { "en": "The proposed mapping compares a shared semantic structure: MOVE → FORWARD / TOWARD A DIRECTION. English advance foregrounds forward motion or progress; Chinese 往 profiles movement toward a destination or direction.", "zh-Hans": "该 mapping 比较共同语义结构：MOVE → FORWARD／TOWARD A DIRECTION。英语 advance 突出向前移动或进展，汉语“往”突出朝目的地或方向移动。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Unestablished", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Supported", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "Historical word histories are evaluated independently from the cross-language mapping.", "zh-Hans": "各语言的历史词源独立于跨语言 mapping 评估。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "ETY-advance-001", "claim": { "en": "Reliable dictionaries trace advance through Middle English and Anglo-French avancer to Vulgar Latin *abantiāre, based on Latin abante. English advancement reflects Anglo-French avancement from avancer + -ment; French avance is deverbal from avancer, and French avancement is avancer + -ment. This source-backed morphology does not contain an independently established historical morpheme vance meaning '前的'.", "zh-Hans": "可靠词典把 advance 经中古英语、盎格鲁法语 avancer 追溯到通俗拉丁语 *abantiāre，其基础为拉丁语 abante。英语 advancement 反映盎格鲁法语 avancement（avancer + -ment）；法语 avance 是由 avancer 逆生的名词，avancement 为 avancer + -ment。该有来源的形态分析不含一个独立且已确立、意为“前的”的历史词素 vance。" }, "status": "Supported", "confidence": "High", "chain": [ "English advance", "Middle English advauncen / avauncen", "Anglo-French avancer", "Vulgar Latin *abantiāre", "Latin abante (ab + ante: before / in front)" ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-MW-ADVANCE", "SRC-MW-ADVANCEMENT", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCER", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCE", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCEMENT" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-MW-ADVANCE", "SRC-MW-ADVANCEMENT", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCER", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCE", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCEMENT" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Unknown", "summary": { "en": "No separate phonetic-semantic observation is recorded.", "zh-Hans": "未记录独立的语音—语义观察。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "RAT-advance-wang", "claim": { "en": "The proposed mapping compares a shared semantic structure: MOVE → FORWARD / TOWARD A DIRECTION. English advance foregrounds forward motion or progress; Chinese 往 profiles movement toward a destination or direction.", "zh-Hans": "该 mapping 比较共同语义结构：MOVE → FORWARD／TOWARD A DIRECTION。英语 advance 突出向前移动或进展，汉语“往”突出朝目的地或方向移动。" }, "status": "Under review", "confidence": "Unknown", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-ADVANCE", "SRC-CAMBRIDGE-ADVANCE-ZH" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-ADVANCE", "SRC-CAMBRIDGE-ADVANCE-ZH" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "Recorded semantic structure: MOVE → FORWARD → TOWARD.", "zh-Hans": "已记录语义结构：MOVE → FORWARD → TOWARD。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Author hypotheses remain independently graded and testable; they are not historical proof.", "zh-Hans": "作者假说保持独立分级与可检验性，不作为历史证明。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "UNI-VANCE-WANG-001", "claim": { "en": "The author proposes testing whether van/vance and Mandarin wang/往 show a repeatable sound-semantic association around forward movement or direction. No sound change, historical correspondence, or common origin is asserted.", "zh-Hans": "作者提出检验 van／vance 与汉语 wang／往 是否围绕向前移动或方向形成可重复的声音—语义关联；此处不声称已证实音变、历史对应或共同词源。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-ADVANCE", "SRC-MW-ADVANCE", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCER" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-ADVANCE", "SRC-MW-ADVANCE", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCER" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "MOVE", "FORWARD", "TOWARD" ], "relation": "MOVE → FORWARD → TOWARD", "status": "Interpretive" }, "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-VANCE-WANG-001", "type": "sound-semantic", "claim": { "en": "The author proposes testing whether van/vance and Mandarin wang/往 show a repeatable sound-semantic association around forward movement or direction. No sound change, historical correspondence, or common origin is asserted.", "zh-Hans": "作者提出检验 van／vance 与汉语 wang／往 是否围绕向前移动或方向形成可重复的声音—语义关联；此处不声称已证实音变、历史对应或共同词源。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "supporting_cases": [ "SRC-LB-ADVANCE" ], "counterexamples": [], "testability": { "en": "See the linked record for testability limits.", "zh-Hans": "可检验性边界见关联记录。" }, "experiment_link": "UNI-EXP-ADVANCE-001", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-ADVANCE", "SRC-MW-ADVANCE", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCER" ] } ], "experiments": [ { "experiment_id": "UNI-EXP-ADVANCE-001", "title": { "en": "Future van/vance ↔ wang/往 validation", "zh-Hans": "未来 van／vance ↔ wang／往 验证" }, "status": "Untested", "tested_hypotheses": [ "UNI-VANCE-WANG-001" ], "design": { "en": "Not tested. A future preregistered design must define the phonetic comparison, semantic categories, sampling frame, controls, annotation and decision rule before data are inspected.", "zh-Hans": "尚未检验。未来必须先预注册语音比较、语义类别、抽样框、控制组、标注方法与判定规则，再查看数据。" }, "result": { "en": "Not Tested. No observations, metrics, outcomes or evidential update exist.", "zh-Hans": "Not Tested／尚未检验：没有观察数据、统计量、结果或证据更新。" }, "metrics": {}, "path": null, "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-ADVANCE" ] } ], "literary_layer": { "status": "Not present", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": null, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "Literature may explore freely, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "文学可以自由展开，但不属于历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "SRC-LB-ADVANCE", "title": "Language Book · Advance", "type": "author-research-record", "url": null, "path": "words/advance.html", "provenance": "project-record" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-CAMBRIDGE-ADVANCE-ZH", "title": "Cambridge Dictionary · advance (English–Chinese Simplified)", "type": "authoritative-dictionary", "url": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-chinese-simplified/advance", "path": "docs/product/package-g3-advance-calibration-v0.1.md", "provenance": "authoritative-dictionary" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-MW-ADVANCE", "title": "Merriam-Webster · advance", "type": "authoritative-dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/advance", "path": "docs/product/package-g3-advance-calibration-v0.1.md", "provenance": "authoritative-dictionary" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-MW-ADVANCEMENT", "title": "Merriam-Webster · advancement", "type": "authoritative-dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/advancement", "path": "docs/product/package-g3-advance-calibration-v0.1.md", "provenance": "authoritative-dictionary" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCER", "title": "CNRTL / TLFi · avancer", "type": "authoritative-dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/avancer", "path": "docs/product/package-g3-advance-calibration-v0.1.md", "provenance": "authoritative-dictionary" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCE", "title": "CNRTL / TLFi · avance", "type": "authoritative-dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/avance", "path": "docs/product/package-g3-advance-calibration-v0.1.md", "provenance": "authoritative-dictionary" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCEMENT", "title": "CNRTL / TLFi · avancement", "type": "authoritative-dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/avancement", "path": "docs/product/package-g3-advance-calibration-v0.1.md", "provenance": "authoritative-dictionary" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "G.3 calibration v0.1 / dataset 0.5.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-02", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "The semantic structure MOVE → FORWARD/TOWARD is distinct from both historical etymology and the vance ↔ 往 sound hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "MOVE → FORWARD/TOWARD 语义结构与历史词源、vance ↔ 往声音假说彼此独立。" } ], "search_terms": [ "advance", "advancement", "avance", "avancer", "avancement", "往", "wǎng", "推进", "前进", "MOVE", "FORWARD", "TOWARD" ], "page": "words/advance.html", "legacy": { "entry_id": "LB-en-advance-001", "source_word": "advance", "language": "English", "normalized_form": "advance", "pronunciation": "/ədˈvæns/", "phonetic_form": "ədˈvæns", "lexical_meaning": { "en": "To move or bring something forward; to progress or promote development.", "zh-Hans": "向前移动、使某物向前推进，或取得进展、促进发展。" }, "aliases": [ "advancement", "avance", "avancer", "avancement", "往", "wǎng", "推进", "前进" ], "classification_status": "candidate", "primary_chinese_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-advance-primary-wang", "chinese_form": "往", "pinyin": "wǎng", "role": "primary", "mapping_basis": "author-proposal", "status": "candidate", "identity": "author-idea", "source_verification": { "status": "needs-verification", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-ADVANCE", "SRC-CAMBRIDGE-ADVANCE-ZH" ], "notes": { "en": "This is the author's selected cross-language research mapping. Cambridge supports ordinary forward-motion translations, but does not establish 往 as a unique primary equivalent or historical relation.", "zh-Hans": "这是作者选择的跨语言研究 mapping。剑桥词典支持通常的向前运动译义，但不确立“往”为唯一主要对应，也不支持历史关系。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "This calibration object has not received an object-level AI review.", "zh-Hans": "该校准对象尚未接受对象级 AI 审核。" } } }, "secondary_chinese_mappings": [ { "mapping_id": "MAP-advance-secondary-tuijin", "chinese_form": "推进", "pinyin": "tuījìn", "role": "secondary", "mapping_basis": "lexical-equivalent", "status": "published", "identity": "source-backed-lexical-mapping", "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-CAMBRIDGE-ADVANCE-ZH" ], "notes": { "en": "Cambridge uses 推进 in a contextual forward-motion example and lists the broader forward/development senses.", "zh-Hans": "剑桥词典在向前运动的语境例句中使用“推进”，并列出相关的前进／发展义。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "This calibration object has not received an object-level AI review.", "zh-Hans": "该校准对象尚未接受对象级 AI 审核。" } } }, { "mapping_id": "MAP-advance-secondary-qianjin", "chinese_form": "前进", "pinyin": "qiánjìn", "role": "secondary", "mapping_basis": "lexical-equivalent", "status": "published", "identity": "source-backed-lexical-mapping", "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-CAMBRIDGE-ADVANCE-ZH" ], "notes": { "en": "Cambridge gives （使）前进 for the forward-motion verb sense.", "zh-Hans": "剑桥词典将向前运动的动词义译为“（使）前进”。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "This calibration object has not received an object-level AI review.", "zh-Hans": "该校准对象尚未接受对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "mapping_rationales": [ { "rationale_id": "RAT-advance-wang", "mapping_ref": "MAP-advance-primary-wang", "identity": "author-idea", "status": "candidate", "statement": { "en": "The proposed mapping compares a shared semantic structure: MOVE → FORWARD / TOWARD A DIRECTION. English advance foregrounds forward motion or progress; Chinese 往 profiles movement toward a destination or direction.", "zh-Hans": "该 mapping 比较共同语义结构：MOVE → FORWARD／TOWARD A DIRECTION。英语 advance 突出向前移动或进展，汉语“往”突出朝目的地或方向移动。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "needs-verification", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-ADVANCE", "SRC-CAMBRIDGE-ADVANCE-ZH" ], "notes": { "en": "The component meanings are documentable, but the decision to make 往 the primary research mapping is the author's analytical proposal.", "zh-Hans": "两个词的相关义项可以记录，但把“往”选作主要研究 mapping 是作者的分析提议。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "This calibration object has not received an object-level AI review.", "zh-Hans": "该校准对象尚未接受对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "historical_etymologies": [ { "etymology_id": "ETY-advance-001", "identity": "historical-claim", "status": "candidate", "chain": [ "English advance", "Middle English advauncen / avauncen", "Anglo-French avancer", "Vulgar Latin *abantiāre", "Latin abante (ab + ante: before / in front)" ], "summary": { "en": "Reliable dictionaries trace advance through Middle English and Anglo-French avancer to Vulgar Latin *abantiāre, based on Latin abante. English advancement reflects Anglo-French avancement from avancer + -ment; French avance is deverbal from avancer, and French avancement is avancer + -ment. This source-backed morphology does not contain an independently established historical morpheme vance meaning '前的'.", "zh-Hans": "可靠词典把 advance 经中古英语、盎格鲁法语 avancer 追溯到通俗拉丁语 *abantiāre，其基础为拉丁语 abante。英语 advancement 反映盎格鲁法语 avancement（avancer + -ment）；法语 avance 是由 avancer 逆生的名词，avancement 为 avancer + -ment。该有来源的形态分析不含一个独立且已确立、意为“前的”的历史词素 vance。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-MW-ADVANCE", "SRC-MW-ADVANCEMENT", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCER", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCE", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCEMENT" ], "notes": { "en": "The cited dictionary etymologies agree on the avancer → *abantiare/abante lineage and on the derivational status of avance/avancement. They do not support the author's ad.van.ce or ad.vance.ment segmentation as historical morphology.", "zh-Hans": "所引词典词源一致支持 avancer → *abantiare／abante 的谱系及 avance／avancement 的派生身份；它们不支持把作者的 ad.van.ce 或 ad.vance.ment 切分当作历史形态。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "This calibration object has not received an object-level AI review.", "zh-Hans": "该校准对象尚未接受对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "sound_symbol_hypothesis_refs": [ "UNI-VANCE-WANG-001" ], "other_author_notes": [ { "note_id": "NOTE-advance-author-analysis", "identity": "author-note", "status": "classified", "text": { "en": "Author Analysis (preserved verbatim in substance): English advance [ədˈvæns], v., 推进; advancement, n., 推进; proposed segmentations ad.van.ce and ad.vance.ment. French avance / avancement; proposed observation vance, adjective, '前的'. Chinese 往 wǎng. These are author-supplied observations and segmentations, not automatically accepted historical morphology.", "zh-Hans": "Author Analysis／作者分析（实质原样保留）：English advance [ədˈvæns] v. 推进；advancement n. 推进；作者切分 ad.van.ce、ad.vance.ment；French avance／avancement，以及作者提出的 vance a. “前的”观察；Chinese 往 wǎng。这些是作者提供的观察与切分，不自动视为历史形态分析。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "disputed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LB-ADVANCE", "SRC-MW-ADVANCE", "SRC-MW-ADVANCEMENT", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCE", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCEMENT" ], "notes": { "en": "The author record is authentic as an author analysis. Its proposed segmentation and vance gloss are not supported by the consulted historical dictionaries, which instead analyze the documented forms through avancer and -ment.", "zh-Hans": "该记录作为作者分析本身是真实的；但所提切分与 vance 释义未获已查历史词典支持，词典把相关形式分析为经 avancer 及后缀 -ment 构成。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "This calibration object has not received an object-level AI review.", "zh-Hans": "该校准对象尚未接受对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "experimental_validation_refs": [ "UNI-EXP-ADVANCE-001" ], "source_provenance": [ "SRC-LB-ADVANCE", "SRC-CAMBRIDGE-ADVANCE-ZH", "SRC-MW-ADVANCE", "SRC-MW-ADVANCEMENT", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCER", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCE", "SRC-CNRTL-AVANCEMENT" ], "author": "Jinkai Liu｜劉金凱", "version": "G.3 calibration v0.1 / dataset 0.5.0" } }, { "id": "LB-en-light-001", "slug": "light", "title": { "en": "Light · 籁 · 如光天籁", "zh-Hans": "Light · 光 · 籁 · 如光天籁" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "light", "pronunciation": "/laɪt/" }, { "role": "target", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "籁", "pronunciation": "lài" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-light-primary-lai", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "light", "pronunciation": "/laɪt/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "籁", "pronunciation": "lài" }, "gloss": { "en": "Visible illumination, brightness, or something that illuminates.", "zh-Hans": "可见的光、明亮状态或照明之物。" }, "meaning": { "en": "Visible illumination, brightness, or something that illuminates.", "zh-Hans": "可见的光、明亮状态或照明之物。" }, "mapping_type": "Cross-language semantic candidate", "rationale": { "en": "The modern forms share an approximate /laɪ/ sequence, while their lexical meanings differ. This motivates a testable LIGHT ↔ SOUND/MUSIC cross-modal comparison rather than an etymological claim.", "zh-Hans": "两个现代读音共享近似 /laɪ/ 序列，但直接词义不同；这支持提出可检验的 LIGHT ↔ SOUND／MUSIC 跨模态比较，而不是词源主张。" } }, "entry_status": "Published", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "B", "historical_relation_status": "Unestablished", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Supported", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "Historical word histories are evaluated independently from the cross-language mapping.", "zh-Hans": "各语言的历史词源独立于跨语言 mapping 评估。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "ETY-light-english-001", "claim": { "en": "The brightness noun is inherited through Germanic and is not a Latin borrowing. The homographic not-heavy adjective belongs to PIE *legwh- and is out of scope.", "zh-Hans": "表示光明的名词经日耳曼语传承，并非拉丁语借词；同形的“重量轻”形容词属于 PIE *legwh-，不在本条范围内。" }, "status": "Supported", "confidence": "High", "chain": [ "English light 'brightness'", "Old English lēoht / līht", "Proto-Germanic *leuhtam / *leukhtam", "PIE *leuk- 'light, brightness'" ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-AHD-LIGHT", "SRC-AHD-LEUK" ] }, { "evidence_id": "ETY-light-latin-001", "claim": { "en": "French lumière follows the luminaria/luminare/lumen line. Latin lux is a related family member, not an intermediate stage in lumière.", "zh-Hans": "法语 lumière 沿 luminaria／luminare／lumen 谱系发展；拉丁语 lux 是相关词族成员，不是 lumière 的中间环节。" }, "status": "Supported", "confidence": "High", "chain": [ "French lumière", "Christian Latin luminaria / luminare", "Latin lumen 'light'", "Latin lux 'light'", "PIE *leuk- 'light, brightness'" ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-CNRTL-LUMIERE", "SRC-CNRTL-LUMEN", "SRC-AHD-LEUK" ] }, { "evidence_id": "ETY-light-lai-001", "claim": { "en": "The Chinese word belongs to an instrument-and-sound history. No historical cognacy or borrowing with English light is established.", "zh-Hans": "汉语“籟／籁”属于乐器—声音历史系统；没有证据证明其与英语 light 历史同源或存在借词关系。" }, "status": "Supported", "confidence": "High", "chain": [ "籟: 從竹，賴聲", "三孔龠: three-holed wind instrument", "sound from apertures", "人籟 / 地籟 / 天籟 / 萬籟" ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-CUHK-LAI", "SRC-CTEXT-LAI" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-AHD-LIGHT", "SRC-AHD-LEUK", "SRC-CNRTL-LUMIERE", "SRC-CNRTL-LUMEN", "SRC-CUHK-LAI", "SRC-CTEXT-LAI" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "light /laɪt/ ↔ 籁 lài shares an approximate /laɪ/ sequence; lexical meanings differ.", "zh-Hans": "light /laɪt/ ↔ 籁 lài 共享近似 /laɪ/ 音序，但直接词义不同。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "RAT-light-lai", "claim": { "en": "The modern forms share an approximate /laɪ/ sequence, while their lexical meanings differ. This motivates a testable LIGHT ↔ SOUND/MUSIC cross-modal comparison rather than an etymological claim.", "zh-Hans": "两个现代读音共享近似 /laɪ/ 序列，但直接词义不同；这支持提出可检验的 LIGHT ↔ SOUND／MUSIC 跨模态比较，而不是词源主张。" }, "status": "Under review", "confidence": "Unknown", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LIGHT-CANDIDATE", "SRC-CUHK-LAI" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-LIGHT-CANDIDATE", "SRC-CUHK-LAI" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "Recorded semantic structure: LIGHT → BRIGHTNESS → SOUND → INNER VISION.", "zh-Hans": "已记录语义结构：LIGHT → BRIGHTNESS → SOUND → INNER VISION。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Author hypotheses remain independently graded and testable; they are not historical proof.", "zh-Hans": "作者假说保持独立分级与可检验性，不作为历史证明。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "UNI-LIGHT-LAI-001", "claim": { "en": "Test whether the modern resemblance between light /laɪt/ and 籁 lài /laɪ̯⁵¹/ strengthens a LIGHT ↔ SOUND/MUSIC association. No translation equivalence, sound law, borrowing or common origin is asserted.", "zh-Hans": "检验 light /laɪt/ 与“籁” lài /laɪ̯⁵¹/ 的现代近音是否会增强 LIGHT ↔ SOUND／MUSIC 联想；本假说不主张翻译等值、音变规律、借词或共同词源。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LIGHT-CROSSMODAL-RECORD", "SRC-LIGHT-CANDIDATE", "SRC-RUGUANG-TIANLAI" ] }, { "evidence_id": "UNI-L-LIGHT-CLUSTER-001", "claim": { "en": "Test whether L-initial light/brightness words occur above a language-specific baseline after etymological-family deduplication. The four motivating surface positives collapse to one PIE *leuk- family at the deepest level.", "zh-Hans": "在进行词源家族去重后，检验 L 起首的光／明亮词是否高于各语言基线。四个表面正例在最深层均归入同一 PIE *leuk- 词族。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "source_refs": [ "SRC-L-LIGHT-CLUSTER-RECORD", "SRC-LIGHT-ETYMOLOGY", "SRC-AHD-LEUK", "SRC-CNRTL-LUMIERE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "SRC-LIGHT-CROSSMODAL-RECORD", "SRC-LIGHT-CANDIDATE", "SRC-RUGUANG-TIANLAI", "SRC-L-LIGHT-CLUSTER-RECORD", "SRC-LIGHT-ETYMOLOGY", "SRC-AHD-LEUK", "SRC-CNRTL-LUMIERE" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-light-001", "claim": { "en": "light /laɪt/ ↔ 籁 lài shares an approximate /laɪ/ sequence; lexical meanings differ.", "zh-Hans": "light /laɪt/ ↔ 籁 lài 共享近似 /laɪ/ 音序，但直接词义不同。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Modern-form resemblance is not a regular sound correspondence or proof of cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "现代词形近似不是规律音变，也不证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "LIGHT", "BRIGHTNESS", "SOUND", "INNER VISION" ], "relation": "LIGHT → BRIGHTNESS → SOUND → INNER VISION", "status": "Interpretive" }, "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LIGHT-LAI-001", "type": "sound-semantic", "claim": { "en": "Test whether the modern resemblance between light /laɪt/ and 籁 lài /laɪ̯⁵¹/ strengthens a LIGHT ↔ SOUND/MUSIC association. No translation equivalence, sound law, borrowing or common origin is asserted.", "zh-Hans": "检验 light /laɪt/ 与“籁” lài /laɪ̯⁵¹/ 的现代近音是否会增强 LIGHT ↔ SOUND／MUSIC 联想；本假说不主张翻译等值、音变规律、借词或共同词源。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "supporting_cases": [ "SRC-RUGUANG-TIANLAI" ], "counterexamples": [], "testability": { "en": "See the linked record for testability limits.", "zh-Hans": "可检验性边界见关联记录。" }, "experiment_link": "UNI-EXP-LIGHT-001", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LIGHT-CROSSMODAL-RECORD", "SRC-LIGHT-CANDIDATE", "SRC-RUGUANG-TIANLAI" ] }, { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-L-LIGHT-CLUSTER-001", "type": "initial-consonant-semantics", "claim": { "en": "Test whether L-initial light/brightness words occur above a language-specific baseline after etymological-family deduplication. The four motivating surface positives collapse to one PIE *leuk- family at the deepest level.", "zh-Hans": "在进行词源家族去重后，检验 L 起首的光／明亮词是否高于各语言基线。四个表面正例在最深层均归入同一 PIE *leuk- 词族。" }, "status": "Untested", "confidence": "low", "supporting_cases": [ "SRC-AHD-LEUK", "SRC-CNRTL-LUMIERE", "SRC-L-LIGHT-CLUSTER-RECORD" ], "counterexamples": [], "testability": { "en": "See the linked record for testability limits.", "zh-Hans": "可检验性边界见关联记录。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "SRC-L-LIGHT-CLUSTER-RECORD", "SRC-LIGHT-ETYMOLOGY", "SRC-AHD-LEUK", "SRC-CNRTL-LUMIERE" ] } ], "experiments": [ { "experiment_id": "UNI-EXP-LIGHT-001", "title": { "en": "Future Light–籁 cross-modal forced-choice study", "zh-Hans": "未来 Light–籁 跨模态强制选择实验" }, "status": "Untested", "tested_hypotheses": [ "UNI-LIGHT-LAI-001" ], "design": { "en": "Not tested. A preregistered design will compare spoken /laɪ/ or /laɪt/ with matched controls while separating sound, spelling, familiarity, Mandarin tone and English final /t/.", "zh-Hans": "尚未检验。未来预注册设计将比较 /laɪ/ 或 /laɪt/ 与匹配控制，并分离声音、拼写、熟悉度、普通话声调及英语词尾 /t/。" }, "result": { "en": "Not Tested. No observations, metrics, outcomes or evidential update exist.", "zh-Hans": "Not Tested／尚未检验：没有观察数据、统计量、结果或证据更新。" }, "metrics": {}, "path": null, "source_refs": [ "SRC-LIGHT-EXPERIMENT-PLAN", "SRC-LIGHT-CANDIDATE" ] } ], "literary_layer": { "status": "Published", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "Sound, music, light and inner vision transform into one another in 《如光天籁》.", "zh-Hans": "《如光天籁》让声音、音乐、光与内在视觉彼此转换。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "Literature may explore freely, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "文学可以自由展开，但不属于历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "SRC-LB-LIGHT", "title": "Language Book · Light → 籁", "type": "language-book-page", "url": null, "path": "words/light.html", "provenance": "unknown" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-LIGHT-CANDIDATE", "title": "LIGHT → 籁 mapping Candidate", "type": "author-research-record", "url": null, "path": "data/candidates/light-lai.v0.1.json", "provenance": "project-record" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-LIGHT-ETYMOLOGY", "title": "LIGHT / lumière / lumen / lux / 籁 etymology bundle", "type": "author-research-record", "url": null, "path": "data/evidence/etymology/light-lai.v0.1.json", "provenance": "project-record" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-LIGHT-CROSSMODAL-RECORD", "title": "Sound↔Light Cross-modal Hypothesis v0.1", "type": "author-research-record", "url": null, "path": "data/hypotheses/sound-light-cross-modal.v0.1.json", "provenance": "project-record" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-L-LIGHT-CLUSTER-RECORD", "title": "L-Light Semantic Cluster Hypothesis v0.1", "type": "author-research-record", "url": null, "path": "data/hypotheses/l-light-semantic-cluster.v0.1.json", "provenance": "project-record" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-LIGHT-EXPERIMENT-PLAN", "title": "Light–籁 cross-modal experiment plan v0.1", "type": "author-research-record", "url": null, "path": "data/experiments/plans/light-lai-cross-modal.v0.1.json", "provenance": "project-record" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-RUGUANG-TIANLAI", "title": "《如光天籁》 selected literary source material", "type": "author-research-record", "url": null, "path": "data/sources/literary/ru-guang-tian-lai.v0.1.json", "provenance": "project-record" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-AHD-LIGHT", "title": "American Heritage Dictionary · light", "type": "authoritative-dictionary", "url": "https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=light", "path": "data/evidence/etymology/light-lai.v0.1.json", "provenance": "authoritative-dictionary" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-AHD-LEUK", "title": "American Heritage Dictionary · Indo-European root leuk-", "type": "authoritative-dictionary", "url": "https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/indoeurop.html", "path": "data/evidence/etymology/light-lai.v0.1.json", "provenance": "authoritative-dictionary" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-CNRTL-LUMIERE", "title": "CNRTL / TLFi · lumière", "type": "authoritative-dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/lumiere", "path": "data/evidence/etymology/light-lai.v0.1.json", "provenance": "authoritative-dictionary" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-CNRTL-LUMEN", "title": "CNRTL / TLFi · lumen", "type": "authoritative-dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/lumen", "path": "data/evidence/etymology/light-lai.v0.1.json", "provenance": "authoritative-dictionary" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-CUHK-LAI", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database · 籟", "type": "authoritative-dictionary", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%B1%9F", "path": "data/evidence/etymology/light-lai.v0.1.json", "provenance": "authoritative-dictionary" }, { "reference_id": "SRC-CTEXT-LAI", "title": "Chinese Text Project · 籟", "type": "primary-historical-source", "url": "https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?char=%E7%B1%9F&if=gb", "path": "data/evidence/etymology/light-lai.v0.1.json", "provenance": "primary-publication" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "G.4 Candidate v0.1 / dataset 0.6.0 / retain_without_promotion", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-02", "published": "2026-08-30" }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "The published literary layer does not promote the light ↔ 籁 candidate or prove etymology.", "zh-Hans": "已发表的文学层不升级 light ↔ 籁 候选，也不证明词源。" } ], "search_terms": [ "light", "籁", "籟", "lài", "LIGHT", "BRIGHTNESS", "SOUND", "INNER VISION" ], "page": "words/light.html", "legacy": { "entry_id": "LB-en-light-001", "source_word": "light", "language": "English", "normalized_form": "light", "pronunciation": "/laɪt/", "phonetic_form": "laɪt", "lexical_meaning": { "en": "Visible illumination, brightness, or something that illuminates.", "zh-Hans": "可见的光、明亮状态或照明之物。" }, "aliases": [ "籁", "籟", "lài" ], "classification_status": "candidate", "primary_chinese_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-light-primary-lai", "chinese_form": "籁", "pinyin": "lài", "role": "primary", "mapping_basis": "author-proposal", "status": "candidate", "identity": "author-idea", "source_verification": { "status": "needs-verification", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LIGHT-CANDIDATE", "SRC-LB-LIGHT" ], "notes": { "en": "This is the author's selected research mapping, retained without promotion. It is not an ordinary lexical translation or historical cognate claim.", "zh-Hans": "这是作者选择并保留、但不升级的研究 mapping；它不是普通词典翻译，也不是历史同源主张。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "This Candidate object has not received object-level AI review.", "zh-Hans": "该 Candidate 对象尚未接受对象级 AI 审核。" } } }, "secondary_chinese_mappings": [], "mapping_rationales": [ { "rationale_id": "RAT-light-lai", "mapping_ref": "MAP-light-primary-lai", "identity": "author-idea", "status": "candidate", "statement": { "en": "The modern forms share an approximate /laɪ/ sequence, while their lexical meanings differ. This motivates a testable LIGHT ↔ SOUND/MUSIC cross-modal comparison rather than an etymological claim.", "zh-Hans": "两个现代读音共享近似 /laɪ/ 序列，但直接词义不同；这支持提出可检验的 LIGHT ↔ SOUND／MUSIC 跨模态比较，而不是词源主张。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "needs-verification", "source_refs": [ "SRC-LIGHT-CANDIDATE", "SRC-CUHK-LAI" ], "notes": { "en": "The component pronunciations and meanings are documentable; the cross-modal comparison remains an author proposal.", "zh-Hans": "相关读音与词义可以记录，但跨模态比较仍是作者提议。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "This Candidate object has not received object-level AI review.", "zh-Hans": "该 Candidate 对象尚未接受对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "historical_etymologies": [ { "etymology_id": "ETY-light-english-001", "identity": "historical-claim", "status": "candidate", "chain": [ "English light 'brightness'", "Old English lēoht / līht", "Proto-Germanic *leuhtam / *leukhtam", "PIE *leuk- 'light, brightness'" ], "summary": { "en": "The brightness noun is inherited through Germanic and is not a Latin borrowing. The homographic not-heavy adjective belongs to PIE *legwh- and is out of scope.", "zh-Hans": "表示光明的名词经日耳曼语传承，并非拉丁语借词；同形的“重量轻”形容词属于 PIE *legwh-，不在本条范围内。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-AHD-LIGHT", "SRC-AHD-LEUK" ], "notes": { "en": "The brightness noun is inherited through Germanic and is not a Latin borrowing. The homographic not-heavy adjective belongs to PIE *legwh- and is out of scope.", "zh-Hans": "表示光明的名词经日耳曼语传承，并非拉丁语借词；同形的“重量轻”形容词属于 PIE *legwh-，不在本条范围内。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "This Candidate object has not received object-level AI review.", "zh-Hans": "该 Candidate 对象尚未接受对象级 AI 审核。" } } }, { "etymology_id": "ETY-light-latin-001", "identity": "historical-claim", "status": "candidate", "chain": [ "French lumière", "Christian Latin luminaria / luminare", "Latin lumen 'light'", "Latin lux 'light'", "PIE *leuk- 'light, brightness'" ], "summary": { "en": "French lumière follows the luminaria/luminare/lumen line. Latin lux is a related family member, not an intermediate stage in lumière.", "zh-Hans": "法语 lumière 沿 luminaria／luminare／lumen 谱系发展；拉丁语 lux 是相关词族成员，不是 lumière 的中间环节。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-CNRTL-LUMIERE", "SRC-CNRTL-LUMEN", "SRC-AHD-LEUK" ], "notes": { "en": "French lumière follows the luminaria/luminare/lumen line. Latin lux is a related family member, not an intermediate stage in lumière.", "zh-Hans": "法语 lumière 沿 luminaria／luminare／lumen 谱系发展；拉丁语 lux 是相关词族成员，不是 lumière 的中间环节。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "This Candidate object has not received object-level AI review.", "zh-Hans": "该 Candidate 对象尚未接受对象级 AI 审核。" } } }, { "etymology_id": "ETY-light-lai-001", "identity": "historical-claim", "status": "candidate", "chain": [ "籟: 從竹，賴聲", "三孔龠: three-holed wind instrument", "sound from apertures", "人籟 / 地籟 / 天籟 / 萬籟" ], "summary": { "en": "The Chinese word belongs to an instrument-and-sound history. No historical cognacy or borrowing with English light is established.", "zh-Hans": "汉语“籟／籁”属于乐器—声音历史系统；没有证据证明其与英语 light 历史同源或存在借词关系。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-CUHK-LAI", "SRC-CTEXT-LAI" ], "notes": { "en": "The Chinese word belongs to an instrument-and-sound history. No historical cognacy or borrowing with English light is established.", "zh-Hans": "汉语“籟／籁”属于乐器—声音历史系统；没有证据证明其与英语 light 历史同源或存在借词关系。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "This Candidate object has not received object-level AI review.", "zh-Hans": "该 Candidate 对象尚未接受对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "sound_symbol_hypothesis_refs": [ "UNI-LIGHT-LAI-001", "UNI-L-LIGHT-CLUSTER-001" ], "other_author_notes": [ { "note_id": "NOTE-light-literary-interpretation", "identity": "author-note", "status": "classified", "text": { "en": "《如光天籁》 repeatedly transforms sound, music, light and inner vision into one another. Its selected passages are Literary / Cognitive Interpretation only and are excluded from historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "《如光天籁》反复在声音、音乐、光与内在视觉之间转换；所选片段仅归为 Literary／Cognitive Interpretation，不进入历史证据。" }, "source_verification": { "status": "source-backed", "source_refs": [ "SRC-RUGUANG-TIANLAI" ], "notes": { "en": "The source record preserves the selected user-provided passages and their evidence boundary.", "zh-Hans": "来源记录保存了用户提供的选段及其证据边界。" } }, "ai_review": { "status": "not-reviewed", "reviewer": null, "reviewed_at": null, "rationale": { "en": "This Candidate object has not received object-level AI review.", "zh-Hans": "该 Candidate 对象尚未接受对象级 AI 审核。" } } } ], "experimental_validation_refs": [ "UNI-EXP-LIGHT-001" ], "source_provenance": [ "SRC-LB-LIGHT", "SRC-LIGHT-CANDIDATE", "SRC-LIGHT-ETYMOLOGY", "SRC-LIGHT-CROSSMODAL-RECORD", "SRC-L-LIGHT-CLUSTER-RECORD", "SRC-LIGHT-EXPERIMENT-PLAN", "SRC-RUGUANG-TIANLAI", "SRC-AHD-LIGHT", "SRC-AHD-LEUK", "SRC-CNRTL-LUMIERE", "SRC-CNRTL-LUMEN", "SRC-CUHK-LAI", "SRC-CTEXT-LAI" ], "author": "Jinkai Liu｜劉金凱", "version": "G.4 Candidate v0.1 / dataset 0.6.0 / retain_without_promotion" } }, { "id": "LB-en-at-003", "slug": "at", "title": { "en": "AT · 在 · 爱 | Love Is Presence", "zh-Hans": "AT · 在 · 爱｜爱在，世界就在" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "at", "pronunciation": "/æt/" }, { "role": "target", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "在", "pronunciation": "zài /tsaɪ̯/" }, { "role": "literary-transformation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "爱", "pronunciation": "ài /aɪ̯˥˩/" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-at-primary-zai", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "at", "pronunciation": "/æt/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "在", "pronunciation": "zài /tsaɪ̯/" }, "gloss": { "en": "Location, point or state → presence", "zh-Hans": "位置、点或状态 → 在场／存在" }, "meaning": { "en": "A candidate comparison through LOCATION → PRESENCE; not interchangeable in every context.", "zh-Hans": "通过 LOCATION → PRESENCE 建立的候选比较；并非所有语境都可互换。" }, "mapping_type": "Phonetic-semantic candidate", "rationale": { "en": "The strongest support is the semantic intersection LOCATION → PRESENCE; /æ/ ↔ /aɪ̯/ is only a limited vowel observation.", "zh-Hans": "最强支持是 LOCATION → PRESENCE 的语义交点；/æ/ ↔ /aɪ̯/ 仅为有限元音观察。" } }, "entry_status": "Published", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "English at, Chinese 在 and Chinese 爱 have independent histories. No common origin is claimed.", "zh-Hans": "英语 at、汉语“在”和“爱”各有独立历史；不主张共同来源。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [ "REF-AHD-AT", "REF-CUHK-CHAR" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "at /æt/ ↔ 在 zài /tsaɪ̯/ is a candidate vowel and phonetic-semantic observation; /t/ does not correspond regularly to /ts/, and Mandarin tone is unmatched.", "zh-Hans": "at /æt/ ↔ 在 zài /tsaɪ̯/ 是候选元音与语音—语义观察；/t/ 与 /ts/ 不构成规律对应，普通话声调也无对应。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "LOCATION → PRESENCE → RELATION → WORLD", "zh-Hans": "位置 → 在场／存在 → 关系 → 世界" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The comparison is testable but currently untested.", "zh-Hans": "该比较可检验，但目前尚未测试。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-at-zai-001", "claim": { "en": "at /æt/ ↔ 在 zài /tsaɪ̯/: limited open/front vowel resemblance plus semantic intersection.", "zh-Hans": "at /æt/ ↔ 在 zài /tsaɪ̯/：有限的开放／前部元音听感近似与语义交点。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "English /t/ and Mandarin /ts/ occupy different positions; no regular sound correspondence is established.", "zh-Hans": "英语 /t/ 与普通话 /ts/ 位置不同；未建立规律音变。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "LOCATION", "PRESENCE", "RELATION", "WORLD" ], "relation": "LOCATION → PRESENCE → RELATION → WORLD", "status": "Interpretive" }, "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-AT-ZAI-001", "type": "Vowel relation / phonetic-semantic candidate", "claim": { "en": "The modern forms at and 在 may support a limited phonetic-semantic association around location and presence.", "zh-Hans": "现代词形 at 与“在”可能围绕位置与在场形成有限语音—语义联想。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "at /æt/", "在 zài /tsaɪ̯/", "LOCATION → PRESENCE" ], "counterexamples": [ "English final /t/ vs Mandarin initial /ts/", "Mandarin lexical tone", "non-identical grammar" ], "testability": { "en": "Test with blinded auditory judgments, corpus-based semantic overlap and explicit negative controls.", "zh-Hans": "可用盲法听辨、语料语义重叠与明确负对照检验。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Published", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "Love is presence. Where love is, the world is.", "zh-Hans": "爱就是在。爱在，世界就在。" }, "essay_prose": [ { "work_id": "LB-AT-PROSE-001", "title": { "en": "When I First Met You / Space and a Common Language / Cosmic Prose Poem", "zh-Hans": "第一次遇见你的时候／太空与共通语言／宇宙散文诗" }, "page_anchor": "words/at.html#first-meeting" } ], "poem_lyrics": [ { "work_id": "LB-AT-LYRICS-001", "title": { "en": "A Beautiful Yearning, in Space", "zh-Hans": "一个美丽的向往，在那太空" }, "page_anchor": "words/at.html#lyrics" } ], "translations": [ { "language": "English", "status": "Published", "page": "words/at.html" } ], "archival_manuscript_media": [ "MEDIA-AT-MS-001", "MEDIA-AT-MS-002" ], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "在 → 爱 is an intentional literary transformation, not etymology or historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "在 → 爱是有意的文学转换，不是词源或历史证据。" } }, "media": [ { "media_id": "MEDIA-AT-ILL-001", "type": "illustration", "path": "images/at-astronaut-pair-illustration.png", "alt": { "en": "Two young astronauts with a blue planet and stars behind them.", "zh-Hans": "两位年轻宇航员，身后是蓝色星球与星空。" }, "caption": { "en": "Visual supplied with the literary work.", "zh-Hans": "随文学作品提供的视觉材料。" }, "source": "unknown", "provenance": "unknown" }, { "media_id": "MEDIA-AT-ILL-002", "type": "illustration", "path": "images/at-galaxy-visual.png", "alt": { "en": "A blue galaxy and dense star field.", "zh-Hans": "蓝色银河与密集星空。" }, "caption": { "en": "Literary visual; not scientific evidence. Creation method is unknown.", "zh-Hans": "文学视觉材料；不是科学证据。创作方式未知。" }, "source": "unknown", "provenance": "unknown" }, { "media_id": "MEDIA-AT-MS-001", "type": "original manuscript", "path": "images/at-original-manuscript-01.png", "alt": { "en": "First page of the original handwritten musical score.", "zh-Hans": "原始手写曲谱第 1 页。" }, "caption": { "en": "Author-provided scan; date unknown.", "zh-Hans": "作者提供扫描件；日期未知。" }, "source": "Jinkai Liu", "provenance": "author-provided scan" }, { "media_id": "MEDIA-AT-MS-002", "type": "original manuscript", "path": "images/at-original-manuscript-02.png", "alt": { "en": "Second page of the original handwritten musical score.", "zh-Hans": "原始手写曲谱第 2 页。" }, "caption": { "en": "Author-provided scan; date unknown.", "zh-Hans": "作者提供扫描件；日期未知。" }, "source": "Jinkai Liu", "provenance": "author-provided scan" } ], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-AHD-AT", "title": "American Heritage Dictionary: at", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=at", "path": null, "provenance": "external reference" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CUHK-CHAR", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database", "type": "character database", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/index.php", "path": null, "provenance": "external reference" }, { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-AT", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: A，爱在，世界就在", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a-5/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; source merged without overwriting the published literary record" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Literary Entry v1.0 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-02", "published": "2026-09-02" }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Publication, mapping, evidence/historical relation and literature are independent axes.", "zh-Hans": "词条发表、mapping、证据／历史关系与文学层是四条独立状态轴。" } ], "search_terms": [ "at", "在", "爱", "愛", "love", "presence", "location", "relation", "world", "世界", "爱在", "愛在", "love is presence", "第一次遇见你的时候", "一个美丽的向往，在那太空", "a beautiful yearning in space" ], "page": "words/at.html", "legacy": null, "legacy_import": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a-5/", "action": "merged-source-deduplicated", "raw_note": "A，爱在，世界就在。遨游蓝色星海。" } }, { "id": "LB-en-a-article-029", "slug": "a-indefinite-article", "title": { "en": "a · Legacy Website Import", "zh-Hans": "a · 旧站导入" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "a", "pronunciation": "not recorded", "part_of_speech": "indefinite article · 不定冠词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "一个／一", "pronunciation": "yí ge / yī" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-a-indefinite-article-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "a", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "一个／一", "pronunciation": "yí ge / yī" }, "gloss": { "en": "the indefinite article used before a nonspecific singular count noun", "zh-Hans": "用于非特指单数可数名词前的不定冠词" }, "meaning": { "en": "the indefinite article used before a nonspecific singular count noun. The standard mapping is independent from the legacy sound hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "用于非特指单数可数名词前的不定冠词。标准词义 Mapping 与旧站声音假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "English a is the reduced form of an, historically from Old English ān ‘one’. This Germanic history does not establish a relation to Chinese 甲 or Cantonese forms.", "zh-Hans": "英语 a 是 an 的弱化形式，历史上来自古英语 ān“一”；该日耳曼词史不建立它与汉字“甲”或粤语形式的关系。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "English a is the reduced form of an, historically from Old English ān ‘one’. This Germanic history does not establish a relation to Chinese 甲 or Cantonese forms.", "zh-Hans": "英语 a 是 an 的弱化形式，历史上来自古英语 ān“一”；该日耳曼词史不建立它与汉字“甲”或粤语形式的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "A comparison with 甲 gaa3 or a Cantonese numeral/classifier requires exact dialect forms and regular correspondences; the legacy note alone is insufficient.", "zh-Hans": "与粤语“甲”gaa3 或数词／量词比较，需要精确方言形式与规律对应；旧注本身证据不足。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "A comparison with 甲 gaa3 or a Cantonese numeral/classifier requires exact dialect forms and regular correspondences; the legacy note alone is insufficient.", "zh-Hans": "与粤语“甲”gaa3 或数词／量词比较，需要精确方言形式与规律对应；旧注本身证据不足。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "ONE → AN INDEFINITE SINGLE MEMBER explains the grammatical development from numeral to article.", "zh-Hans": "ONE → 一个非特指单体，解释了数词向冠词的语法发展。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "ONE → AN INDEFINITE SINGLE MEMBER explains the grammatical development from numeral to article.", "zh-Hans": "ONE → 一个非特指单体，解释了数词向冠词的语法发展。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "本词法记录与已发表的文学记录 AT／在／爱分开；查询 a 指向此条，at 保持不变。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "本词法记录与已发表的文学记录 AT／在／爱分开；查询 a 指向此条，at 保持不变。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "claim": { "en": "A comparison with 甲 gaa3 or a Cantonese numeral/classifier requires exact dialect forms and regular correspondences; the legacy note alone is insufficient.", "zh-Hans": "与粤语“甲”gaa3 或数词／量词比较，需要精确方言形式与规律对应；旧注本身证据不足。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "A", "AN", "INDEFINITE ARTICLE", "ARTICLE" ], "relation": "a → an → indefinite article → article", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "an", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical allomorph", "family": "Old English ān", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] }, { "word": "one", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical family", "family": "Old English ān", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-A" ] }, { "word": "甲 gaa3", "language": "Cantonese/Chinese", "relationship_type": "author comparison requiring research", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "relation": "ONE → AN INDEFINITE SINGLE MEMBER explains the grammatical development from numeral to article.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “a，一个。甲 jia。粤语一为甲，与英语类似。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“a，一个。甲 jia。粤语一为甲，与英语类似。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "a", "一个／一" ], "counterexamples": [ "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE-001", "statement": { "en": "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "本词法记录与已发表的文学记录 AT／在／爱分开；查询 a 指向此条，at 保持不变。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "REF-MW-A" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Preserved from legacy note", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "ONE → AN INDEFINITE SINGLE MEMBER explains the grammatical development from numeral to article.", "zh-Hans": "ONE → 一个非特指单体，解释了数词向冠词的语法发展。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The legacy image may be developed as literature or mnemonic, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "旧站意象可作为文学或记忆法展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-A-INDEFINITE-ARTICLE", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: a，甲 jia。粤语一为甲与英语类似", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e3%80%82%e7%94%b2jia%e3%80%82%e7%b2%a4%e8%af%ad%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%ba%e7%94%b2%e4%b8%8e%e8%8b%b1%e8%aa%9e%e7%b1%bb%e4%bc%bc/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-A", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: a", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Legacy Website Import Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Reviewed; priority 89.2/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Reviewed；优先分 89.2/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "This lexical record is distinct from the published literary AT/在/爱 record; query ‘a’ routes here while ‘at’ remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "本词法记录与已发表的文学记录 AT／在／爱分开；查询 a 指向此条，at 保持不变。" } ], "search_terms": [ "a", "an", "indefinite article", "article", "一个", "一", "不定冠词", "甲", "one" ], "page": null, "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e3%80%82%e7%94%b2jia%e3%80%82%e7%b2%a4%e8%af%ad%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%ba%e7%94%b2%e4%b8%8e%e8%8b%b1%e8%aa%9e%e7%b1%bb%e4%bc%bc/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Legacy title/body excerpt retained; punctuation normalized only where needed for readability.", "raw_note": "a，一个。甲 jia。粤语一为甲，与英语类似。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 6, "disposition": "Reviewed", "priority_score": 89.2 } }, { "id": "LB-en-aback-032", "slug": "aback", "title": { "en": "Aback · Back · Civilization Behind You", "zh-Hans": "Aback · 背 · 文明在你背后" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "aback", "pronunciation": "/əˈbæk/", "part_of_speech": "adverb · 副词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "吃惊地", "pronunciation": "chījīng de" }, { "role": "featured-phonetic-semantic-candidate", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "背", "pronunciation": "bèi" }, { "role": "related-word", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "back", "pronunciation": "/bæk/" }, { "role": "translation-of-back", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "dos", "pronunciation": "/do/" } ], "featured_mapping": { "source": "aback", "target": "背", "reading": "bèi", "display_label": "Featured structural and sound–meaning candidate · 特色结构与音义候选", "status": "Candidate · Low confidence", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "boundary": { "en": "背 bèi is displayed first to make the author's a + back / back ↔ 背 comparison visible. The standard modern translation remains 吃惊地 in taken aback; no English–Chinese cognacy is claimed.", "zh-Hans": "先展示“背”bèi，以突出作者的 a＋back／back↔背比较；现代 taken aback 的通用翻译仍是“吃惊地”，不主张英汉同源。" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK", "REF-MW-BACK" ] }, "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-aback-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "aback", "pronunciation": "/əˈbæk/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "吃惊地", "pronunciation": "chījīng de" }, "gloss": { "en": "chiefly in taken aback: suddenly surprised or startled", "zh-Hans": "主要用于 taken aback：突然吃惊、猝不及防" }, "meaning": { "en": "The standard modern sense is ‘suddenly surprised,’ chiefly in taken aback. The older spatial structure a + back (‘at/on the back; backward’) and the back ↔ 背 candidate are displayed separately.", "zh-Hans": "现代通用义主要是 taken aback 中的“突然吃惊”；较早的空间结构 a＋back（在背后／向后）以及 back↔背候选另行展示。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Published", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Aback continues Middle English abak and Old English on bæc ‘on/at the back’. Its relation to English back is genuine.", "zh-Hans": "aback 延续中古英语 abak 与古英语 on bæc“在背后／向后”；它与英语 back 的关系真实。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABACK-001", "claim": { "en": "Aback continues Middle English abak and Old English on bæc ‘on/at the back’. Its relation to English back is genuine.", "zh-Hans": "aback 延续中古英语 abak 与古英语 on bæc“在背后／向后”；它与英语 back 的关系真实。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABACK" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABACK", "REF-OALD-ABACK", "REF-MW-BACK" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "English back and Mandarin 背 bèi share a broad initial consonant and back-related meanings, but no historical link or regular sound law is established.", "zh-Hans": "英语 back 与普通话“背”bèi 有宽泛起始辅音与后背义交集，但无已证历史联系或规律音变。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABACK-001", "claim": { "en": "English back and Mandarin 背 bèi share a broad initial consonant and back-related meanings, but no historical link or regular sound law is established.", "zh-Hans": "英语 back 与普通话“背”bèi 有宽泛起始辅音与后背义交集，但无已证历史联系或规律音变。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "BACKWARD → RECOIL → SURPRISE helps explain the modern idiom taken aback; ‘civilization behind us’ is literary.", "zh-Hans": "向后 → 退缩 → 吃惊，有助理解现代习语 taken aback；“文明在背后”属于文学表达。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ABACK-001", "claim": { "en": "BACKWARD → RECOIL → SURPRISE helps explain the modern idiom taken aback; ‘civilization behind us’ is literary.", "zh-Hans": "向后 → 退缩 → 吃惊，有助理解现代习语 taken aback；“文明在背后”属于文学表达。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "The English internal history is established; the English–Chinese resemblance remains a candidate only.", "zh-Hans": "英语内部词史已建立；英汉近似仍只属候选。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABACK-001", "claim": { "en": "The English internal history is established; the English–Chinese resemblance remains a candidate only.", "zh-Hans": "英语内部词史已建立；英汉近似仍只属候选。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ABACK-001", "claim": { "en": "English back and Mandarin 背 bèi share a broad initial consonant and back-related meanings, but no historical link or regular sound law is established.", "zh-Hans": "英语 back 与普通话“背”bèi 有宽泛起始辅音与后背义交集，但无已证历史联系或规律音变。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "ABACK", "AT/ON THE BACK", "TAKEN ABACK", "BACK", "背后", "SURPRISE" ], "relation": "a + back → at/on the back → backward → taken aback → surprise | back ↔ 背 (candidate)", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "back", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical source family", "family": "Old English bæc", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABACK" ] }, { "word": "背 bèi", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "phonetic-semantic candidate", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ABACK-001", "relation": "BACKWARD → RECOIL → SURPRISE helps explain the modern idiom taken aback; ‘civilization behind us’ is literary.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ABACK-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “aback，背后。背 bei。back 与背 bei 同音。文明在背后。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“aback，背后。背 bei。back 与背 bei 同音。文明在背后。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "aback", "向后／吃惊地" ], "counterexamples": [ "The English internal history is established; the English–Chinese resemblance remains a candidate only.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK" ] }, { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-ABACK-A-PREFIX-002", "type": "Author morphological interpretation", "claim": { "en": "The author proposes treating a- as semantically empty in a.back for a present-day structural reading.", "zh-Hans": "作者提出：在现代结构阅读 a.back 中，可以把 a- 看作不承载独立词义。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "Modern speakers may transparently recognize back inside aback" ], "counterexamples": [ "Historical dictionaries derive the element from Old English on, meaning at/on/toward" ], "testability": { "en": "Keep the synchronic reading separate from the documented historical derivation and test how present-day speakers segment the word.", "zh-Hans": "将现代共时切分与有文献的历史派生分开，并调查现代使用者如何切分该词。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-OALD-ABACK" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-ABACK-001", "statement": { "en": "The English internal history is established; the English–Chinese resemblance remains a candidate only.", "zh-Hans": "英语内部词史已建立；英汉近似仍只属候选。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "REF-MW-ABACK" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Published", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "Civilization is behind you, and you are its bearer.", "zh-Hans": "文明在你的背后，而你是文明的载体。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [ { "work_id": "LB-ABACK-POEM-001", "title": { "en": "Civilization Behind You", "zh-Hans": "文明在你背后" }, "text": { "en": "People of the civilized world, who have moved from place to place from ancient times until today—you are the bearers of civilization; civilization stands behind you. Loving you has nothing to do with you. I want to do something for my people; that feeling is my own intention. Your arrival was, within the reach of my sight, something that ought to come. If you are the spark that kindled warmth across my earth, may we also say that the spark chose you as its bearer? I am a fruit nearing ripeness, bright and radiant beneath your sunlight.", "zh-Hans": "那自古至今不断变换地方的，文明世界的人啊，你是文明的载体，文明在你的背后。爱你，与你无关；我想为我的人们做事，那种情感，是我自己的本意。你的来到，在我的眼界中，是你应该来临的。如果说你是我的火种，点燃了我的大地的温暖，那是否可以说，那火种以你为载体？我是那快要成熟的果啊，在你的阳光下，明媚灿烂。" }, "status": "Published", "page_anchor": "words/aback.html#literature" } ], "translations": [ { "language": "Chinese", "status": "Author text, editorially revised" }, { "language": "English", "status": "Literary translation" } ], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "Civilization, the spark, earth, fruit and sunlight are literary images; they are not evidence for etymology or cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "文明、火种、大地、果实与阳光属于文学意象，不构成词源或同源证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABACK", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: aback，背。背 bei。back 与背 bei 同音", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/aback%ef%bc%8c%e8%83%8c%e5%90%8e%e3%80%82%e6%96%87%e6%98%8e%e5%9c%a8%e8%83%8c%e5%90%8e/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABACK", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: aback", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aback", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-BACK", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: back", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/back", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-OALD-ABACK", "title": "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: aback", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/aback", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary and word-origin reference; accessed 2026-09-04" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Aback Literary Revision v1.0 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-04", "published": "2026-09-04" }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Candidate; priority 88.3/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Candidate；优先分 88.3/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "The English internal history is established; the English–Chinese resemblance remains a candidate only.", "zh-Hans": "英语内部词史已建立；英汉近似仍只属候选。" } ], "search_terms": [ "aback", "taken aback", "back", "向后", "吃惊", "背", "背后", "背 bei", "surprised", "civilization", "文明", "文明在你背后", "a.back", "dos", "bèi" ], "page": "words/aback.html", "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/aback%ef%bc%8c%e8%83%8c%e5%90%8e%e3%80%82%e6%96%87%e6%98%8e%e5%9c%a8%e8%83%8c%e5%90%8e/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Original lexical proposal and poem retained; pinyin and parts of speech normalized; Chinese punctuation lightly edited; English recast as a literary translation.", "raw_note": "英语：a- pref. 这里选择无意义这种说法；aback [ə'bæk] ad. 在背后；a.back；back [bæk] n. 背。法语：dos n. 背。汉语：背【bei】ad.。备注：作者以字母 a 的字母名称与“背”bèi 作读音联想。诗歌：《文明在你背后》，全文已收入文学层。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 9, "disposition": "Candidate", "priority_score": 88.3 } }, { "id": "LB-en-abandon-033", "slug": "abandon", "title": { "en": "ABANDON · 放弃 — Meaning first, consonant second", "zh-Hans": "ABANDON · 放弃 — 先定语义，再验辅音" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "abandon", "pronunciation": "/əˈbæn.dən/", "part_of_speech": "verb · 动词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "放弃／抛弃／离弃／遗弃", "pronunciation": "fàngqì / pāoqì / líqì / yíqì" }, { "role": "standard-equivalent", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "abandonner", "pronunciation": "/a.bɑ̃.dɔ.ne/" }, { "role": "active-association", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "旁", "pronunciation": "páng" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-abandon-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "abandon", "pronunciation": "/əˈbæn.dən/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "放弃／抛弃／离弃／遗弃", "pronunciation": "fàngqì / pāoqì / líqì / yíqì" }, "gloss": { "en": "give up; leave or withdraw support, depending on context", "zh-Hans": "放弃／抛弃／离弃；依语境亦译遗弃" }, "meaning": { "en": "Whole-word mapping: abandon ↔ 放 fàng, selected by LET GO/RELEASE semantics, then compared as b ↔ f. Root mapping: bandon ↔ 办 bàn, independently evaluated. Both are Phonetic-Semantic Candidates with Historical Relation: Not claimed. Standard Translation: 放弃 / 抛弃 / 离弃 / 遗弃 (Supported). Active Association and related candidates remain secondary.", "zh-Hans": "整词映射 abandon ↔ 放 fàng：先依据 LET GO／RELEASE，再比较 b ↔ f。词根映射 bandon ↔ 办 bàn 独立评估。两者均为 Phonetic-Semantic Candidate，Historical Relation: Not claimed。标准翻译为放弃／抛弃／离弃／遗弃（Supported）；主动联系及相关候选保留为次级。" }, "mapping_type": "Supported standard translation; separate Active Association and related candidates", "rationale": { "en": "Translation Status = Supported; primary lexical Mapping Status = Supported; Active Association Status = Author-proposed; related candidate statuses are independently graded. Historical Relation = Not claimed concerns the cross-language associations, not the documented French-to-English borrowing.", "zh-Hans": "Translation Status＝Supported；主要词义 Mapping Status＝Supported；Active Association Status＝Author-proposed；相关候选逐项分级。Historical Relation＝Not claimed 针对跨语言联想，不否定已记录的法语到英语借词史。" } }, "entry_status": "Published", "mapping_status": "Supported", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Middle English abandounen (English verb attested in the 14th century) was borrowed from Anglo-French abanduner, derived from abandun and a bandun, referring to power or disposal. Continental Old French à bandon likewise concerns disposal; abandonner is derived from abandon (CNRTL records releasing a rein around 1100 and leaving entirely from the 12th century). This supports the development toward relinquish/give up. It is not historically ban + donner. Bandon belongs to a Germanic command/jurisdiction background; this is not the author’s modern segmentation. Bandon itself means power/authority, not release. The displayed pathway is a semantic abstraction, not a strict chronology of first attestations.", "zh-Hans": "中古英语 abandounen（英语动词见于14世纪）借自盎格鲁法语 abanduner，后者由 abandun 及 a bandun 发展，涉及支配与处置。欧洲大陆古法语 à bandon 同样涉及任其处置；abandonner 派生自 abandon（CNRTL 记约1100年的松开缰绳义及12世纪起的完全离开义）。这支持向 relinquish/give up 的语义发展。历史上不是 ban + donner。bandon 具有日耳曼语命令／管辖词族背景，但不是作者提出的现代拆分。 bandon 本身为权力／支配，不是释放。展示路径是语义抽象，不是首见年代的严格序列。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABANDON-001", "claim": { "en": "Middle English abandounen (English verb attested in the 14th century) was borrowed from Anglo-French abanduner, derived from abandun and a bandun, referring to power or disposal. Continental Old French à bandon likewise concerns disposal; abandonner is derived from abandon (CNRTL records releasing a rein around 1100 and leaving entirely from the 12th century). This supports the development toward relinquish/give up. It is not historically ban + donner. Bandon belongs to a Germanic command/jurisdiction background; this is not the author’s modern segmentation.", "zh-Hans": "中古英语 abandounen（英语动词见于14世纪）借自盎格鲁法语 abanduner，后者由 abandun 及 a bandun 发展，涉及支配与处置。欧洲大陆古法语 à bandon 同样涉及任其处置；abandonner 派生自 abandon（CNRTL 记约1100年的松开缰绳义及12世纪起的完全离开义）。这支持向 relinquish/give up 的语义发展。历史上不是 ban + donner。bandon 具有日耳曼语命令／管辖词族背景，但不是作者提出的现代拆分。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABANDON", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDONNER" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-BAN-001", "claim": { "en": "English ban (verb) continues Old English bannan, a Germanic proclamation/command verb; Middle English prohibitive senses reflect Norse influence, with later French/Latin influence. The English noun partly derives from the verb and partly from Anglo-French. French ban /bɑ̃/ is a masculine noun of Old Low Franconian origin: public proclamation, feudal summons/jurisdiction, banns, and exclusion in expressions such as mettre au ban. It is not the ordinary French verb “to prohibit” (interdire); the old note’s French ban v. 禁止 is corrected. This distinction does not cancel the independently proposed English ban ↔ 甭 candidate.", "zh-Hans": "英语动词 ban 承自古英语 bannan，属于日耳曼语宣告／命令词族；中古英语禁止等义受古诺斯语影响，后又受法语／拉丁语影响。英语名词部分来自动词，部分借自盎格鲁法语。法语 ban /bɑ̃/ 为阳性名词，源于古低地法兰克语，涉及公告、封建征召／管辖、婚姻公告及 mettre au ban 等排斥用语；它不是通常表示“禁止”的法语动词（interdire）。旧笔记“法语 ban v. 禁止”已纠正，这不取消独立的英语 ban ↔ 甭 候选。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-BAN", "REF-ACADEMIE-BAN", "REF-MOE-BENG", "REF-ZDIC-BENG", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-BANAL-001", "claim": { "en": "English banal is borrowed from French (Merriam-Webster: first known English use 1825). CNRTL traces French banal to feudal ban plus -al, with bannel attested in 1247 and the very common/unoriginal sense in 1798. Merriam-Webster describes a Medieval Latin bannalis route for Old French bannel. Both accounts connect seigneurial jurisdiction and shared-use facilities with the later commonplace sense. Neither derives it from Chinese. Ban and banal are separately evaluated observations, but their related European histories must be deduplicated in any family-based experiment.", "zh-Hans": "英语 banal 借自法语（Merriam-Webster 记英语首见1825年）。CNRTL 将法语 banal 分析为封建法 ban 加 -al，记1247年 bannel 及1798年的极普通／无新意义；Merriam-Webster 则通过中古拉丁语 bannalis 解释古法语 bannel。两者均联系领主管辖、共同使用设施与后来的平常义，不从汉语倒推词史。ban 和 banal 的观察独立评价，但欧洲词史相关，实验按词源家族去重。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-BANAL", "REF-MW-BANAL", "REF-ZDIC-YIBAN", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABANDON", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDONNER", "REF-MW-BAN", "REF-ACADEMIE-BAN", "REF-MOE-BENG", "REF-ZDIC-BENG", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907", "REF-CNRTL-BANAL", "REF-MW-BANAL", "REF-ZDIC-YIBAN" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Whole-word mapping: abandon ↔ 放 fàng, selected by LET GO/RELEASE semantics, then compared as b ↔ f. Root mapping: bandon ↔ 办 bàn, independently evaluated. Both are Phonetic-Semantic Candidates with Historical Relation: Not claimed. Standard Translation: 放弃 / 抛弃 / 离弃 / 遗弃 (Supported). Active Association and related candidates remain secondary.", "zh-Hans": "整词映射 abandon ↔ 放 fàng：先依据 LET GO／RELEASE，再比较 b ↔ f。词根映射 bandon ↔ 办 bàn 独立评估。两者均为 Phonetic-Semantic Candidate，Historical Relation: Not claimed。标准翻译为放弃／抛弃／离弃／遗弃（Supported）；主动联系及相关候选保留为次级。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "MAP-ABANDON-FANG-PHONETICS", "claim": { "en": "Compare the /b/ after initial /ə/ in English abandon with Mandarin f /f/ in fàng: b ↔ f falls within the proposed b-p-m-f group. This is a medial-to-initial segment comparison, not whole-word homophony; voicing, place/manner, remaining segments and tone differ. Group membership does not prove a sound law or historical relation.", "zh-Hans": "比较英语 abandon 起始 /ə/ 后的 /b/ 与普通话 fàng 的 f /f/：b ↔ f 落入候选 b-p-m-f 组。这是词中到词首的片段比较，不是整词同音；清浊、发音部位／方式、其余音段及声调存在差异。同组不证明音变规律或历史关系。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABANDONNER", "REF-ZDIC-FANG", "REF-MW-ABANDON" ] }, { "evidence_id": "MAP-ABANDON-FANG-SEMANTICS", "claim": { "en": "Whole-word mapping: abandon ↔ 放 fàng. Select 放 for LET GO / RELEASE before comparing sound. CNRTL records release of a rein around 1100 in the French history, and Chinese 放 has an independently documented release sense. This is a scoped historical-semantic bridge, not a claim that 放 alone translates every modern use of abandon.", "zh-Hans": "整词映射：abandon ↔ 放 fàng。先按 LET GO／RELEASE 选择“放”，再比较声音。CNRTL 记法语词史中约1100年的松开缰绳义；汉语“放”另有独立的释放义证据。这是限定语义的历时联系，不表示单字“放”可翻译 abandon 的所有现代用法。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABANDONNER", "REF-ZDIC-FANG", "REF-MW-ABANDON" ] }, { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABANDON-001", "claim": { "en": "English ban ↔ 甭 béng: Phonetic-Semantic Candidate; semantic strength moderate; overall confidence Low; Historical Relation: Not claimed. The overlap is contextual DON’T / DO NOT / PROHIBIT. English ban often means formal prohibition; 甭 commonly means no need/do not and need not prohibit. English /bæn/ and béng show an author-observed labial onset and loose rhyme resemblance, not homophony: Pinyin b is unaspirated /p/, English b is /b/, final /n/ versus /ŋ/, vowels and tone differ.", "zh-Hans": "英语 ban ↔ 甭 béng：Phonetic-Semantic Candidate；语义强度 moderate，整体置信度 Low；Historical Relation: Not claimed。交点限于语境中的 DON’T / DO NOT / PROHIBIT。ban 常表正式禁止，“甭”常表不用／不必／不要，不总是禁止。/bæn/ 与 béng 的双唇起音及宽泛韵部近似仅为作者观察，并非同音：拼音 b 为不送气 /p/，英语 b 为 /b/，韵尾 /n/ 与 /ŋ/、元音和声调有别。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-BAN", "REF-ACADEMIE-BAN", "REF-MOE-BENG", "REF-ZDIC-BENG", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ] }, { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-BANAL-001", "claim": { "en": "banal ↔ 般 bān / 一般: Phonetic-Semantic Candidate; semantic strength moderate; overall confidence Low; Historical Relation: Not claimed. The semantic anchor is the word 一般 in its ordinary/common sense, not an assertion that isolated 般 always means ordinary. Modern banal often adds a negative sense of unoriginal or trite that 一般 need not carry. French /ba.nal/ permits a partial ban- versus bān comparison; English pronunciations vary. Unmatched /al/, vowels, voicing and Mandarin tone remain limitations.", "zh-Hans": "banal ↔ 般 bān / 一般：Phonetic-Semantic Candidate；语义强度 moderate，整体置信度 Low；Historical Relation: Not claimed。语义依据是“一般”的普通／通常义，不主张单字“般”总有普通义。现代 banal 常含陈腐、无新意的贬义，“一般”未必如此。法语 /ba.nal/ 可与 bān 作局部 ban- 音近观察；英语有多种读法。未对应的 /al/、元音、清浊与汉语声调仍是限制。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-BANAL", "REF-MW-BANAL", "REF-ZDIC-YIBAN", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ] }, { "evidence_id": "MAP-BANDON-BAN-SEMANTICS", "claim": { "en": "Bandon means POWER/AUTHORITY; disposal belongs to the relational phrase à bandon. Modern 办/辦 means handle/manage, prepare or deal with. 说文新附 glosses 辦 as exert effort (致力), not authority. Thus bandon ↔ 办 is a limited control/handling association: Low semantic fit for POWER/AUTHORITY, Medium only for a contextual handling/disposal comparison. It is not an exact root translation. 权柄 is the stronger meaning-first support for authority regardless of its sound.", "zh-Hans": "bandon 的核心是 POWER/AUTHORITY；任其处置关系属于 à bandon。现代办／辦为处理、办理、筹备等；《说文新附》释辦为致力，不是权力。因此 bandon ↔ 办仅保留为支配／办理的有限联系：对权力本义语义适配 Low，只有在处理／处置语境比较时为 Medium，不是词根的精确译词。权柄是更合适的权力义支持，其声音不决定选择。" }, "status": "Phonetic-Semantic Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "REF-ZDIC-BAN-HANDLE", "REF-ZDIC-BAN-TRADITIONAL" ] }, { "evidence_id": "MAP-BANDON-BAN-PHONETICS", "claim": { "en": "b ↔ b → same consonant / within b-p-m-f group is the author’s comparison label. It compares the initial b of bandon with Pinyin b in bàn. Pinyin b represents unaspirated /p/; the label is not proof of identical phonetic realization, homophony, or a historical sound law. A source-specific historical French pronunciation and the remaining consonants, vowels and tone still need independent assessment. Group fit cannot upgrade weak semantics.", "zh-Hans": "b ↔ b → same consonant / within b-p-m-f group 是作者的对应标签：比较 bandon 的词首 b 与 bàn 的拼音 b。拼音 b 表示不送气 /p/；此标签不证明实际音值完全相同、同音或历史音变规律。古法语具体时期的读音及其余辅音、元音、汉语声调仍须独立评估。落入预测组不能提升较弱的语义证据。" }, "status": "Phonetic-Semantic Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "REF-ZDIC-BAN-HANDLE", "REF-ZDIC-BAN-TRADITIONAL" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-BAN", "REF-ACADEMIE-BAN", "REF-MOE-BENG", "REF-ZDIC-BENG", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907", "REF-CNRTL-BANAL", "REF-MW-BANAL", "REF-ZDIC-YIBAN", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "REF-ZDIC-BAN-HANDLE", "REF-ZDIC-BAN-TRADITIONAL", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDONNER", "REF-ZDIC-FANG", "REF-MW-ABANDON" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "Active Association: abandon ↔ 放到一旁 → 旁 páng. CONTROL / DISPOSAL → RELEASE → PUT ASIDE → LEAVE/GIVE UP is an author-proposed cognitive and memory bridge, not an attested chain of sound change or translation of 旁 as abandon. Historical Relation: Not claimed; Active Association Status: Author-proposed / Cognitive association.", "zh-Hans": "Active Association：abandon ↔ 放到一旁 → 旁 páng。CONTROL / DISPOSAL → RELEASE → PUT ASIDE → LEAVE/GIVE UP 是作者提出的认知与记忆桥梁，不是已证历史音变链，也不把单字“旁”当作 abandon 的标准译词。Historical Relation: Not claimed；Active Association Status: Author-proposed / Cognitive association。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ABANDON-001", "claim": { "en": "Active Association: abandon ↔ 放到一旁 → 旁 páng. CONTROL / DISPOSAL → RELEASE → PUT ASIDE → LEAVE/GIVE UP is an author-proposed cognitive and memory bridge, not an attested chain of sound change or translation of 旁 as abandon. Historical Relation: Not claimed; Active Association Status: Author-proposed / Cognitive association.", "zh-Hans": "Active Association：abandon ↔ 放到一旁 → 旁 páng。CONTROL / DISPOSAL → RELEASE → PUT ASIDE → LEAVE/GIVE UP 是作者提出的认知与记忆桥梁，不是已证历史音变链，也不把单字“旁”当作 abandon 的标准译词。Historical Relation: Not claimed；Active Association Status: Author-proposed / Cognitive association。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ] }, { "evidence_id": "COG-DONNER-TONG-001", "claim": { "en": "donner ↔ 捅: Weak Active Association / Original Author Association, not a primary mapping. French donner means give and descends from Latin donare. The supplied “捅钱 = 给钱” and reading tōng remain Original Author Usage Observation; standard Mandarin dictionaries give 捅 tǒng (poke/pierce, reveal, provoke), not a verified stable give sense. The targeted dictionary/dialect search did not establish that sense; this is a bounded evidence gap, not proof that no speaker uses it. Historical Relation: Not claimed. Donner is not a historical component of abandon.", "zh-Hans": "donner ↔ 捅：Weak Active Association / Original Author Association，不作主要映射。法语 donner 意为给，源自拉丁语 donare。用户的“捅钱＝给钱”及 tōng 读法保留为 Original Author Usage Observation；标准普通话词典记“捅”tǒng（戳刺、揭露、招惹），没有核验出稳定的给予义。此次词典／方言检索未能证实该义，不等于证明无人这样使用。Historical Relation: Not claimed。donner 不是 abandon 的历史构词部分。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-DONNER", "REF-MOE-TONG", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907", "REF-CNRTL-DONNER", "REF-MOE-TONG" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Rejected", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Original Author Hypothesis: a.ban.don / a + ban + donner; ban = prohibit, donner = give, therefore prohibit giving = abandon. Independent evaluation: Rejected/Unsupported as historical segmentation. CNRTL regards a ban donner as improbable because that phrase is unattested; the cited doner a abandon examples are later (13th century). Preserve the observation without presenting it as etymology.", "zh-Hans": "原始作者假说：a.ban.don / a + ban + donner；ban＝禁止，donner＝给，因此禁止给＝放弃。独立核验：Rejected/Unsupported as historical segmentation（作为历史拆分被否定／缺乏支持）。CNRTL 认为 a ban donner 分析不可信，因为该短语无见证；所引 doner a abandon 例子较晚（13世纪）。保留观察，不作为词源。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABANDON-001", "claim": { "en": "Original Author Hypothesis: a.ban.don / a + ban + donner; ban = prohibit, donner = give, therefore prohibit giving = abandon. Independent evaluation: Rejected/Unsupported as historical segmentation. CNRTL regards a ban donner as improbable because that phrase is unattested; the cited doner a abandon examples are later (13th century). Preserve the observation without presenting it as etymology.", "zh-Hans": "原始作者假说：a.ban.don / a + ban + donner；ban＝禁止，donner＝给，因此禁止给＝放弃。独立核验：Rejected/Unsupported as historical segmentation（作为历史拆分被否定／缺乏支持）。CNRTL 认为 a ban donner 分析不可信，因为该短语无见证；所引 doner a abandon 例子较晚（13世纪）。保留观察，不作为词源。" }, "status": "Rejected", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABANDON", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDONNER", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABANDON", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDONNER", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ABANDON-FANG-001", "claim": { "en": "Compare the /b/ after initial /ə/ in English abandon with Mandarin f /f/ in fàng: b ↔ f falls within the proposed b-p-m-f group. This is a medial-to-initial segment comparison, not whole-word homophony; voicing, place/manner, remaining segments and tone differ. Group membership does not prove a sound law or historical relation.", "zh-Hans": "比较英语 abandon 起始 /ə/ 后的 /b/ 与普通话 fàng 的 f /f/：b ↔ f 落入候选 b-p-m-f 组。这是词中到词首的片段比较，不是整词同音；清浊、发音部位／方式、其余音段及声调存在差异。同组不证明音变规律或历史关系。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Whole-word mapping: abandon ↔ 放 fàng. Select 放 for LET GO / RELEASE before comparing sound. CNRTL records release of a rein around 1100 in the French history, and Chinese 放 has an independently documented release sense. This is a scoped historical-semantic bridge, not a claim that 放 alone translates every modern use of abandon.", "zh-Hans": "整词映射：abandon ↔ 放 fàng。先按 LET GO／RELEASE 选择“放”，再比较声音。CNRTL 记法语词史中约1100年的松开缰绳义；汉语“放”另有独立的释放义证据。这是限定语义的历时联系，不表示单字“放”可翻译 abandon 的所有现代用法。" } }, { "observation_id": "PHON-ABANDON-001", "claim": { "en": "English ban ↔ 甭 béng: Phonetic-Semantic Candidate; semantic strength moderate; overall confidence Low; Historical Relation: Not claimed. The overlap is contextual DON’T / DO NOT / PROHIBIT. English ban often means formal prohibition; 甭 commonly means no need/do not and need not prohibit. English /bæn/ and béng show an author-observed labial onset and loose rhyme resemblance, not homophony: Pinyin b is unaspirated /p/, English b is /b/, final /n/ versus /ŋ/, vowels and tone differ.", "zh-Hans": "英语 ban ↔ 甭 béng：Phonetic-Semantic Candidate；语义强度 moderate，整体置信度 Low；Historical Relation: Not claimed。交点限于语境中的 DON’T / DO NOT / PROHIBIT。ban 常表正式禁止，“甭”常表不用／不必／不要，不总是禁止。/bæn/ 与 béng 的双唇起音及宽泛韵部近似仅为作者观察，并非同音：拼音 b 为不送气 /p/，英语 b 为 /b/，韵尾 /n/ 与 /ŋ/、元音和声调有别。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Renamed in scope from a segment of abandon to independent English ban. Modern resemblance is not regular sound change or cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "范围由 abandon 的片段改为独立英语 ban；现代音近不是规律音变或同源。" } }, { "observation_id": "PHON-BANAL-001", "claim": { "en": "banal ↔ 般 bān / 一般: Phonetic-Semantic Candidate; semantic strength moderate; overall confidence Low; Historical Relation: Not claimed. The semantic anchor is the word 一般 in its ordinary/common sense, not an assertion that isolated 般 always means ordinary. Modern banal often adds a negative sense of unoriginal or trite that 一般 need not carry. French /ba.nal/ permits a partial ban- versus bān comparison; English pronunciations vary. Unmatched /al/, vowels, voicing and Mandarin tone remain limitations.", "zh-Hans": "banal ↔ 般 bān / 一般：Phonetic-Semantic Candidate；语义强度 moderate，整体置信度 Low；Historical Relation: Not claimed。语义依据是“一般”的普通／通常义，不主张单字“般”总有普通义。现代 banal 常含陈腐、无新意的贬义，“一般”未必如此。法语 /ba.nal/ 可与 bān 作局部 ban- 音近观察；英语有多种读法。未对应的 /al/、元音、清浊与汉语声调仍是限制。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "The phonetic comparison selects part of a longer word. Do not silently treat all English pronunciation variants as bān.", "zh-Hans": "语音比较选取较长词的局部；不能把英语所有异读默认为 bān。" } }, { "observation_id": "PHON-BANDON-BAN-001", "claim": { "en": "b ↔ b → same consonant / within b-p-m-f group is the author’s comparison label. It compares the initial b of bandon with Pinyin b in bàn. Pinyin b represents unaspirated /p/; the label is not proof of identical phonetic realization, homophony, or a historical sound law. A source-specific historical French pronunciation and the remaining consonants, vowels and tone still need independent assessment. Group fit cannot upgrade weak semantics.", "zh-Hans": "b ↔ b → same consonant / within b-p-m-f group 是作者的对应标签：比较 bandon 的词首 b 与 bàn 的拼音 b。拼音 b 表示不送气 /p/；此标签不证明实际音值完全相同、同音或历史音变规律。古法语具体时期的读音及其余辅音、元音、汉语声调仍须独立评估。落入预测组不能提升较弱的语义证据。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Bandon means POWER/AUTHORITY; disposal belongs to the relational phrase à bandon. Modern 办/辦 means handle/manage, prepare or deal with. 说文新附 glosses 辦 as exert effort (致力), not authority. Thus bandon ↔ 办 is a limited control/handling association: Low semantic fit for POWER/AUTHORITY, Medium only for a contextual handling/disposal comparison. It is not an exact root translation. 权柄 is the stronger meaning-first support for authority regardless of its sound.", "zh-Hans": "bandon 的核心是 POWER/AUTHORITY；任其处置关系属于 à bandon。现代办／辦为处理、办理、筹备等；《说文新附》释辦为致力，不是权力。因此 bandon ↔ 办仅保留为支配／办理的有限联系：对权力本义语义适配 Low，只有在处理／处置语境比较时为 Medium，不是词根的精确译词。权柄是更合适的权力义支持，其声音不决定选择。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "POWER/AUTHORITY", "DISPOSAL", "GIVE OVER", "LET GO", "GIVE UP" ], "relation": "POWER / AUTHORITY → DISPOSAL → GIVE OVER → LET GO → GIVE UP", "status": "Historical semantic abstraction; independent of consonant-group mapping" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "柄 / 权柄", "language": "Old French / Chinese", "relationship_type": "Semantic support", "family": "No cross-language family claimed", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "《重編國語辭典修訂本》 lists 柄 sense 6 as power and cites Ban Biao’s 王命论 using 权柄. This supports the Chinese lexical meaning only. The cross-language comparison and High semantic-fit grade are editorial judgments, not the dictionary’s endorsement.", "zh-Hans": "来源为《重編國語辭典修訂本》：“柄”名词第6义释为“权力”，并引班彪《王命论》的“权柄”用例。这仅支持汉语词义；跨语言比较及 High 语义适配评分是本项目的编辑判断，不是该词典对映射的认可。" }, "status": "Secondary · High semantic fit · Historical Relation: Not claimed", "source_refs": [ "REF-MOE-BING" ] }, { "word": "bandon ↔ 办", "language": "Old French / Chinese", "relationship_type": "Root-level semantic candidate", "family": "No cross-language family claimed", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Bandon means POWER/AUTHORITY; disposal belongs to the relational phrase à bandon. Modern 办/辦 means handle/manage, prepare or deal with. 说文新附 glosses 辦 as exert effort (致力), not authority. Thus bandon ↔ 办 is a limited control/handling association: Low semantic fit for POWER/AUTHORITY, Medium only for a contextual handling/disposal comparison. It is not an exact root translation. 权柄 is the stronger meaning-first support for authority regardless of its sound.", "zh-Hans": "bandon 的核心是 POWER/AUTHORITY；任其处置关系属于 à bandon。现代办／辦为处理、办理、筹备等；《说文新附》释辦为致力，不是权力。因此 bandon ↔ 办仅保留为支配／办理的有限联系：对权力本义语义适配 Low，只有在处理／处置语境比较时为 Medium，不是词根的精确译词。权柄是更合适的权力义支持，其声音不决定选择。" }, "status": "Phonetic-Semantic Candidate · Low confidence · Historical Relation: Not claimed", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "REF-ZDIC-BAN-HANDLE", "REF-MOE-BING" ] }, { "word": "abandonment", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "derivative", "family": "abandon family", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABANDON" ] }, { "word": "abandon ↔ 放到一旁 → 旁 páng", "language": "English / Chinese", "relationship_type": "Active Association Principle / Cognitive memory bridge", "family": "No cross-language family claimed", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Active Association: abandon ↔ 放到一旁 → 旁 páng. CONTROL / DISPOSAL → RELEASE → PUT ASIDE → LEAVE/GIVE UP is an author-proposed cognitive and memory bridge, not an attested chain of sound change or translation of 旁 as abandon. Historical Relation: Not claimed; Active Association Status: Author-proposed / Cognitive association.", "zh-Hans": "Active Association：abandon ↔ 放到一旁 → 旁 páng。CONTROL / DISPOSAL → RELEASE → PUT ASIDE → LEAVE/GIVE UP 是作者提出的认知与记忆桥梁，不是已证历史音变链，也不把单字“旁”当作 abandon 的标准译词。Historical Relation: Not claimed；Active Association Status: Author-proposed / Cognitive association。" }, "status": "Author-proposed / Cognitive association", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ] }, { "word": "ban ↔ 甭 béng", "language": "English / Chinese", "relationship_type": "Phonetic-Semantic Candidate", "family": "English ban family / independent Chinese 甭", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "English ban ↔ 甭 béng: Phonetic-Semantic Candidate; semantic strength moderate; overall confidence Low; Historical Relation: Not claimed. The overlap is contextual DON’T / DO NOT / PROHIBIT. English ban often means formal prohibition; 甭 commonly means no need/do not and need not prohibit. English /bæn/ and béng show an author-observed labial onset and loose rhyme resemblance, not homophony: Pinyin b is unaspirated /p/, English b is /b/, final /n/ versus /ŋ/, vowels and tone differ.", "zh-Hans": "英语 ban ↔ 甭 béng：Phonetic-Semantic Candidate；语义强度 moderate，整体置信度 Low；Historical Relation: Not claimed。交点限于语境中的 DON’T / DO NOT / PROHIBIT。ban 常表正式禁止，“甭”常表不用／不必／不要，不总是禁止。/bæn/ 与 béng 的双唇起音及宽泛韵部近似仅为作者观察，并非同音：拼音 b 为不送气 /p/，英语 b 为 /b/，韵尾 /n/ 与 /ŋ/、元音和声调有别。" }, "status": "Candidate · semantic moderate · Low confidence · Historical Relation: Not claimed", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-BAN", "REF-ACADEMIE-BAN", "REF-MOE-BENG", "REF-ZDIC-BENG", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ] }, { "word": "French ban", "language": "French", "relationship_type": "Related lexical correction", "family": "Old Low Franconian command / jurisdiction background", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "English ban (verb) continues Old English bannan, a Germanic proclamation/command verb; Middle English prohibitive senses reflect Norse influence, with later French/Latin influence. The English noun partly derives from the verb and partly from Anglo-French. French ban /bɑ̃/ is a masculine noun of Old Low Franconian origin: public proclamation, feudal summons/jurisdiction, banns, and exclusion in expressions such as mettre au ban. It is not the ordinary French verb “to prohibit” (interdire); the old note’s French ban v. 禁止 is corrected. This distinction does not cancel the independently proposed English ban ↔ 甭 candidate.", "zh-Hans": "英语动词 ban 承自古英语 bannan，属于日耳曼语宣告／命令词族；中古英语禁止等义受古诺斯语影响，后又受法语／拉丁语影响。英语名词部分来自动词，部分借自盎格鲁法语。法语 ban /bɑ̃/ 为阳性名词，源于古低地法兰克语，涉及公告、封建征召／管辖、婚姻公告及 mettre au ban 等排斥用语；它不是通常表示“禁止”的法语动词（interdire）。旧笔记“法语 ban v. 禁止”已纠正，这不取消独立的英语 ban ↔ 甭 候选。" }, "status": "Lexical history supported; not French verb 禁止", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-BAN", "REF-ACADEMIE-BAN", "REF-MOE-BENG", "REF-ZDIC-BENG", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ] }, { "word": "banal ↔ 般 bān / 一般", "language": "French / English / Chinese", "relationship_type": "Phonetic-Semantic Candidate", "family": "European feudal-ban family; no Chinese cognacy claimed", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "banal ↔ 般 bān / 一般: Phonetic-Semantic Candidate; semantic strength moderate; overall confidence Low; Historical Relation: Not claimed. The semantic anchor is the word 一般 in its ordinary/common sense, not an assertion that isolated 般 always means ordinary. Modern banal often adds a negative sense of unoriginal or trite that 一般 need not carry. French /ba.nal/ permits a partial ban- versus bān comparison; English pronunciations vary. Unmatched /al/, vowels, voicing and Mandarin tone remain limitations.", "zh-Hans": "banal ↔ 般 bān / 一般：Phonetic-Semantic Candidate；语义强度 moderate，整体置信度 Low；Historical Relation: Not claimed。语义依据是“一般”的普通／通常义，不主张单字“般”总有普通义。现代 banal 常含陈腐、无新意的贬义，“一般”未必如此。法语 /ba.nal/ 可与 bān 作局部 ban- 音近观察；英语有多种读法。未对应的 /al/、元音、清浊与汉语声调仍是限制。" }, "status": "Candidate · semantic moderate · Low confidence · Historical Relation: Not claimed", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-BANAL", "REF-MW-BANAL", "REF-ZDIC-YIBAN", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ] }, { "word": "donner ↔ 捅 (author tōng; standard tǒng)", "language": "French / Chinese", "relationship_type": "Weak Active Association / Original Author Association", "family": "Latin donare / no Chinese historical relation claimed", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "donner ↔ 捅: Weak Active Association / Original Author Association, not a primary mapping. French donner means give and descends from Latin donare. The supplied “捅钱 = 给钱” and reading tōng remain Original Author Usage Observation; standard Mandarin dictionaries give 捅 tǒng (poke/pierce, reveal, provoke), not a verified stable give sense. The targeted dictionary/dialect search did not establish that sense; this is a bounded evidence gap, not proof that no speaker uses it. Historical Relation: Not claimed. Donner is not a historical component of abandon.", "zh-Hans": "donner ↔ 捅：Weak Active Association / Original Author Association，不作主要映射。法语 donner 意为给，源自拉丁语 donare。用户的“捅钱＝给钱”及 tōng 读法保留为 Original Author Usage Observation；标准普通话词典记“捅”tǒng（戳刺、揭露、招惹），没有核验出稳定的给予义。此次词典／方言检索未能证实该义，不等于证明无人这样使用。Historical Relation: Not claimed。donner 不是 abandon 的历史构词部分。" }, "status": "Weak · Author-proposed · Historical Relation: Not claimed", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-DONNER", "REF-MOE-TONG", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ] }, { "word": "band / bande", "language": "English / French", "relationship_type": "Related lexical note", "family": "Sense-specific histories; no automatic merger with abandon", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Related lexical note only: English band “group” comes through Middle French bande and Old Occitan banda, associated with a Germanic sign/banner history; band “strip/binding” has a distinct history. French bande is a noun with strip and group senses, not simply the verb “bandage.” CNRTL notes uncertainty in the route of the group sense. Spelling alone does not merge band/bande with abandon. Possible deeper sign/command interactions mentioned by etymologists do not establish the author’s segmentation or independent experimental evidence.", "zh-Hans": "仅作关联词汇笔记：英语 band“一群”经中古法语 bande、古奥克语 banda，与日耳曼语标志／旗帜背景有关；band“条带／束缚”有另一词史。法语 bande 是名词，含条带与群体等义，不能只写成动词“包扎”。CNRTL 保留群体义传播路线的不确定性。不能因拼写相似并入 abandon 词族；词源学者提到的更深层标志／命令关系，不证实作者拆词，也不自动形成独立实验数据。" }, "status": "Lexical note only", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-BAND", "REF-CNRTL-BANDE" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ABANDON-001", "relation": "abandon ↔ 放到一旁 → 旁 páng; CONTROL / DISPOSAL → RELEASE → PUT ASIDE → LEAVE/GIVE UP", "status": "Author-proposed / Cognitive association", "is_etymological": false }, { "association_id": "ASSOC-DONNER-TONG-001", "relation": "donner ↔ 捅; 捅钱 = 给钱 is Original Author Usage Observation", "status": "Weak / Original Author Association", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "HYP-ABANDON-FANG-001", "type": "Whole-word Phonetic-Semantic Candidate", "claim": { "en": "Whole-word mapping: abandon ↔ 放 fàng. Select 放 for LET GO / RELEASE before comparing sound. CNRTL records release of a rein around 1100 in the French history, and Chinese 放 has an independently documented release sense. This is a scoped historical-semantic bridge, not a claim that 放 alone translates every modern use of abandon.", "zh-Hans": "整词映射：abandon ↔ 放 fàng。先按 LET GO／RELEASE 选择“放”，再比较声音。CNRTL 记法语词史中约1100年的松开缰绳义；汉语“放”另有独立的释放义证据。这是限定语义的历时联系，不表示单字“放”可翻译 abandon 的所有现代用法。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "supporting_cases": [ "Scoped LET GO/RELEASE semantic bridge; not experimental confirmation" ], "counterexamples": [ "放 alone does not cover all modern abandon senses", "Medial /b/ versus initial /f/; unmatched remaining segments and tone" ], "testability": { "en": "Meaning first, consonant second. Predeclare the compared positions and meanings, collect positive/negative cases and matched controls, and deduplicate etymological families. Whole-word and root observations within this entry are not independent historical cases.", "zh-Hans": "先定语义，再验辅音。预先声明比较位置与词义，收集正反例和匹配控制，按词源家族去重。本词条的整词与词根观察不是独立历史案例。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABANDONNER", "REF-ZDIC-FANG", "REF-MW-ABANDON" ] }, { "hypothesis_id": "HYP-BPMF-CONSONANT-GROUP", "type": "Cross-language consonant correspondence hypothesis / case link", "claim": { "en": "Semantic Path studies how one word’s historical meanings develop. Consonant Group Mapping compares an English/French historical word or root with the pronunciation of a semantically selected Chinese candidate. These are independent analyses. The b-p-m-f, d-t-n-l, g-k-h and z-c-s groups predict cross-language sound correspondences, not membership of every Chinese word in one path.", "zh-Hans": "Semantic Path 研究一个词的历史语义怎样发展。Consonant Group Mapping 比较英／法历史词或词根与按语义选出的汉语候选词读音。两者独立；b-p-m-f、d-t-n-l、g-k-h、z-c-s 等组预测跨语言声音对应，不要求汉语路径中的每个字属于同组。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "bandon ↔ 办: limited candidate, not validated support" ], "counterexamples": [ "POWER/AUTHORITY differs from handling", "Pinyin b is /p/, not proof of identical phonetic realization", "Remaining consonants, vowels and tone are unmatched", "Known candidate selection is not a blinded evaluation" ], "testability": { "en": "Identify the historical English/French word or root. Verify its historical semantic meaning and phrase boundaries. Select the best Chinese character/word by meaning independently of sound; retain alternatives. Only then compare the English/French consonant with the Chinese pronunciation. Check the predicted b-p-m-f / d-t-n-l / g-k-h / z-c-s correspondence without requiring a same-group Chinese chain. Score semantics, consonant-group fit, phonetic evidence and historical relation independently. Test later with large samples, counterexamples, matched/random controls and etymological-family deduplication; preregister segments, sources and exclusions. abash ↔ 怕 pà (medial b ↔ p) and bash ↔ 拍 pāi (initial b ↔ p) are two other separately identified Candidate observations. Sharing b-p-m-f does not make them prove each other or bandon ↔ 办. Statistical independence requires etymological-family review; count related derivatives once.", "zh-Hans": "① 确定英／法历史词或词根。 ② 核验历史语义与短语边界。 ③ 先按语义独立选择最合适的汉字／词，保留替代候选。 ④ 再比较英／法辅音与汉语读音。 ⑤ 检查是否落入预测辅音组，不要求汉语路径全链同组。 ⑥ 独立评分：语义、辅音组适配、音值证据与历史关系。 ⑦ 将来以大样本、反例、匹配／随机控制及词源家族去重实验验证；预注册片段、来源与排除条件。 abash ↔ 怕 pà（词中 b ↔ p）与 bash ↔ 拍 pāi（词首 b ↔ p）是另外两个分别记录的 Candidate 观察。共享 b-p-m-f 不使它们互相证明，也不证明 bandon ↔ 办；统计独立性仍需词源家族核验，同源派生须去重。" }, "experiment_link": "EXP-BANDON-BAN-CORRESPONDENCE-PLAN", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "REF-ZDIC-BAN-HANDLE", "REF-ZDIC-BAN-TRADITIONAL" ], "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed" }, { "hypothesis_id": "HYP-BANDON-BAN-001", "type": "Phonetic-Semantic Candidate", "claim": { "en": "Bandon means POWER/AUTHORITY; disposal belongs to the relational phrase à bandon. Modern 办/辦 means handle/manage, prepare or deal with. 说文新附 glosses 辦 as exert effort (致力), not authority. Thus bandon ↔ 办 is a limited control/handling association: Low semantic fit for POWER/AUTHORITY, Medium only for a contextual handling/disposal comparison. It is not an exact root translation. 权柄 is the stronger meaning-first support for authority regardless of its sound.", "zh-Hans": "bandon 的核心是 POWER/AUTHORITY；任其处置关系属于 à bandon。现代办／辦为处理、办理、筹备等；《说文新附》释辦为致力，不是权力。因此 bandon ↔ 办仅保留为支配／办理的有限联系：对权力本义语义适配 Low，只有在处理／处置语境比较时为 Medium，不是词根的精确译词。权柄是更合适的权力义支持，其声音不决定选择。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "bandon ↔ 办: limited candidate, not validated support" ], "counterexamples": [ "POWER/AUTHORITY differs from handling", "Pinyin b is /p/, not proof of identical phonetic realization", "Remaining consonants, vowels and tone are unmatched", "Known candidate selection is not a blinded evaluation" ], "testability": { "en": "Identify the historical English/French word or root. Verify its historical semantic meaning and phrase boundaries. Select the best Chinese character/word by meaning independently of sound; retain alternatives. Only then compare the English/French consonant with the Chinese pronunciation. Check the predicted b-p-m-f / d-t-n-l / g-k-h / z-c-s correspondence without requiring a same-group Chinese chain. Score semantics, consonant-group fit, phonetic evidence and historical relation independently. Test later with large samples, counterexamples, matched/random controls and etymological-family deduplication; preregister segments, sources and exclusions. abash ↔ 怕 pà (medial b ↔ p) and bash ↔ 拍 pāi (initial b ↔ p) are two other separately identified Candidate observations. Sharing b-p-m-f does not make them prove each other or bandon ↔ 办. Statistical independence requires etymological-family review; count related derivatives once.", "zh-Hans": "① 确定英／法历史词或词根。 ② 核验历史语义与短语边界。 ③ 先按语义独立选择最合适的汉字／词，保留替代候选。 ④ 再比较英／法辅音与汉语读音。 ⑤ 检查是否落入预测辅音组，不要求汉语路径全链同组。 ⑥ 独立评分：语义、辅音组适配、音值证据与历史关系。 ⑦ 将来以大样本、反例、匹配／随机控制及词源家族去重实验验证；预注册片段、来源与排除条件。 abash ↔ 怕 pà（词中 b ↔ p）与 bash ↔ 拍 pāi（词首 b ↔ p）是另外两个分别记录的 Candidate 观察。共享 b-p-m-f 不使它们互相证明，也不证明 bandon ↔ 办；统计独立性仍需词源家族核验，同源派生须去重。" }, "experiment_link": "EXP-BANDON-BAN-CORRESPONDENCE-PLAN", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "REF-ZDIC-BAN-HANDLE", "REF-ZDIC-BAN-TRADITIONAL" ], "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed" }, { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ABANDON-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / rejected historical segmentation", "claim": { "en": "Original Author Hypothesis: a.ban.don / a + ban + donner; ban = prohibit, donner = give, therefore prohibit giving = abandon. Independent evaluation: Rejected/Unsupported as historical segmentation. CNRTL regards a ban donner as improbable because that phrase is unattested; the cited doner a abandon examples are later (13th century). Preserve the observation without presenting it as etymology.", "zh-Hans": "原始作者假说：a.ban.don / a + ban + donner；ban＝禁止，donner＝给，因此禁止给＝放弃。独立核验：Rejected/Unsupported as historical segmentation（作为历史拆分被否定／缺乏支持）。CNRTL 认为 a ban donner 分析不可信，因为该短语无见证；所引 doner a abandon 例子较晚（13世纪）。保留观察，不作为词源。" }, "status": "Rejected", "confidence": "High", "supporting_cases": [], "counterexamples": [ "CNRTL: unattested a ban donner; attested historical structure differs." ], "testability": { "en": "Reopen the historical analysis only with earlier attested forms supporting the proposed segmentation; its rejection does not determine other candidate statuses.", "zh-Hans": "仅在有更早见证形式支持该拆分时重开历史分析；它的否定不决定其他候选状态。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABANDON", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDONNER", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ], "historical_relation_status": "Rejected" }, { "hypothesis_id": "HYP-BAN-BENG-001", "type": "Phonetic-Semantic Candidate", "claim": { "en": "English ban ↔ 甭 béng: Phonetic-Semantic Candidate; semantic strength moderate; overall confidence Low; Historical Relation: Not claimed. The overlap is contextual DON’T / DO NOT / PROHIBIT. English ban often means formal prohibition; 甭 commonly means no need/do not and need not prohibit. English /bæn/ and béng show an author-observed labial onset and loose rhyme resemblance, not homophony: Pinyin b is unaspirated /p/, English b is /b/, final /n/ versus /ŋ/, vowels and tone differ.", "zh-Hans": "英语 ban ↔ 甭 béng：Phonetic-Semantic Candidate；语义强度 moderate，整体置信度 Low；Historical Relation: Not claimed。交点限于语境中的 DON’T / DO NOT / PROHIBIT。ban 常表正式禁止，“甭”常表不用／不必／不要，不总是禁止。/bæn/ 与 béng 的双唇起音及宽泛韵部近似仅为作者观察，并非同音：拼音 b 为不送气 /p/，英语 b 为 /b/，韵尾 /n/ 与 /ŋ/、元音和声调有别。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "Contextual DON’T / DO NOT / PROHIBIT" ], "counterexamples": [ "Different lexical/grammatical scope; /n/ vs /ŋ/; voicing/vowels/tone differ." ], "testability": { "en": "Evaluate semantics and phonetics independently with negative cases and randomized controls; deduplicate etymological families. Publication does not validate this relation.", "zh-Hans": "分别核验语义和声音，保留反例与随机对照，按词源家族去重；词条发表不验证该关系。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-BAN", "REF-ACADEMIE-BAN", "REF-MOE-BENG", "REF-ZDIC-BENG", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ], "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "semantic_strength": "moderate" }, { "hypothesis_id": "HYP-BANAL-BAN-001", "type": "Phonetic-Semantic Candidate", "claim": { "en": "banal ↔ 般 bān / 一般: Phonetic-Semantic Candidate; semantic strength moderate; overall confidence Low; Historical Relation: Not claimed. The semantic anchor is the word 一般 in its ordinary/common sense, not an assertion that isolated 般 always means ordinary. Modern banal often adds a negative sense of unoriginal or trite that 一般 need not carry. French /ba.nal/ permits a partial ban- versus bān comparison; English pronunciations vary. Unmatched /al/, vowels, voicing and Mandarin tone remain limitations.", "zh-Hans": "banal ↔ 般 bān / 一般：Phonetic-Semantic Candidate；语义强度 moderate，整体置信度 Low；Historical Relation: Not claimed。语义依据是“一般”的普通／通常义，不主张单字“般”总有普通义。现代 banal 常含陈腐、无新意的贬义，“一般”未必如此。法语 /ba.nal/ 可与 bān 作局部 ban- 音近观察；英语有多种读法。未对应的 /al/、元音、清浊与汉语声调仍是限制。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "Ordinary/common sense of 一般" ], "counterexamples": [ "banal often means trite; isolated 般 is not equivalent; partial phonetic match only." ], "testability": { "en": "Evaluate semantics and phonetics independently with negative cases and randomized controls; deduplicate etymological families. Publication does not validate this relation.", "zh-Hans": "分别核验语义和声音，保留反例与随机对照，按词源家族去重；词条发表不验证该关系。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-BANAL", "REF-MW-BANAL", "REF-ZDIC-YIBAN", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ], "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "semantic_strength": "moderate" } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-ABANDON-001", "statement": { "en": "Original Author Hypothesis: a.ban.don / a + ban + donner; ban = prohibit, donner = give, therefore prohibit giving = abandon. Independent evaluation: Rejected/Unsupported as historical segmentation. CNRTL regards a ban donner as improbable because that phrase is unattested; the cited doner a abandon examples are later (13th century). Preserve the observation without presenting it as etymology.", "zh-Hans": "原始作者假说：a.ban.don / a + ban + donner；ban＝禁止，donner＝给，因此禁止给＝放弃。独立核验：Rejected/Unsupported as historical segmentation（作为历史拆分被否定／缺乏支持）。CNRTL 认为 a ban donner 分析不可信，因为该短语无见证；所引 doner a abandon 例子较晚（13世纪）。保留观察，不作为词源。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABANDON", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDONNER", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ] } ], "experiments": [ { "experiment_id": "EXP-BANDON-BAN-CORRESPONDENCE-PLAN", "title": { "en": "Meaning-first cross-language consonant correspondence study", "zh-Hans": "先定语义的跨语言辅音对应研究" }, "status": "Planned / Not run", "tested_hypotheses": [ "HYP-BANDON-BAN-001", "HYP-BPMF-CONSONANT-GROUP" ], "result": { "en": "No results. Large-sample positive/negative and control design pending; no mutual proof from shared group membership.", "zh-Hans": "无结果。大样本正反例及控制设计待实施；共享辅音组不互相证明。" }, "path": "words/abandon.html#experiment", "source_refs": [] } ], "literary_layer": { "status": "Source material / Active Association", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "Active Association: abandon ↔ 放到一旁 → 旁 páng. CONTROL / DISPOSAL → RELEASE → PUT ASIDE → LEAVE/GIVE UP is an author-proposed cognitive and memory bridge, not an attested chain of sound change or translation of 旁 as abandon. Historical Relation: Not claimed; Active Association Status: Author-proposed / Cognitive association.", "zh-Hans": "Active Association：abandon ↔ 放到一旁 → 旁 páng。CONTROL / DISPOSAL → RELEASE → PUT ASIDE → LEAVE/GIVE UP 是作者提出的认知与记忆桥梁，不是已证历史音变链，也不把单字“旁”当作 abandon 的标准译词。Historical Relation: Not claimed；Active Association Status: Author-proposed / Cognitive association。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The author’s put-aside image may be explored freely; it is neither historical nor experimental evidence. Earlier 甭/GIVE UP editorial mnemonic retained only in revision history.", "zh-Hans": "作者“放到一旁”的意象可自由展开，不作历史或实验依据。早先“甭／GIVE UP”编辑记忆法仅在修订档案中保留。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: abandon，放弃。甭 beng。ban 与甭同音", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abandon/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABANDON", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: abandon", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abandon", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic reference; rechecked 2026-09-07" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: abandon, etymology and history", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/abandon", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic source; checked 2026-09-07. Supports the scoped lexical/history claim, not the author’s cross-language relation." }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-ABANDONNER", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: abandonner, etymology", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/abandonner", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic source; checked 2026-09-07. Supports the scoped lexical/history claim, not the author’s cross-language relation." }, { "reference_id": "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABANDON", "title": "Cambridge English–Chinese Dictionary: abandon", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/词典/英语-汉语-简体/abandon", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic source; checked 2026-09-07. Supports the scoped lexical/history claim, not the author’s cross-language relation." }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-BAN", "title": "Merriam-Webster: ban", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ban", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic source; checked 2026-09-07. Supports the scoped lexical/history claim, not the author’s cross-language relation." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ACADEMIE-BAN", "title": "Académie française, 9th edition: ban", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/academie9/ban", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic source; checked 2026-09-07. Supports the scoped lexical/history claim, not the author’s cross-language relation." }, { "reference_id": "REF-MOE-BENG", "title": "《國語辭典簡編本》: 甭", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=1174&la=0&powerMode=0", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic source; checked 2026-09-07. Supports the scoped lexical/history claim, not the author’s cross-language relation. Responsible institution: Ministry of Education, R.O.C.; institution metadata is not the source title." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-BENG", "title": "Hanzi dictionary: 甭, modern senses", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/甭", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic source; checked 2026-09-07. Supports the scoped lexical/history claim, not the author’s cross-language relation. Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic). Original work and edition must be identified for each historical quotation; platform compilation is not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-BANAL", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: banal, etymology", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/banal", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic source; checked 2026-09-07. Supports the scoped lexical/history claim, not the author’s cross-language relation." }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-BANAL", "title": "Merriam-Webster: banal", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/banal", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic source; checked 2026-09-07. Supports the scoped lexical/history claim, not the author’s cross-language relation." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-YIBAN", "title": "Hanzi dictionary: 一般", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://zdic.net/hans/一般", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic source; checked 2026-09-07. Supports the scoped lexical/history claim, not the author’s cross-language relation. Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic). Original work and edition must be identified for each historical quotation; platform compilation is not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-DONNER", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: donner", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://cnrtl.fr/definition/donner", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic source; checked 2026-09-07. Supports the scoped lexical/history claim, not the author’s cross-language relation." }, { "reference_id": "REF-MOE-TONG", "title": "《重編國語辭典修訂本》: 捅 tǒng", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=2918&la=0&powerMode=0", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic source; checked 2026-09-07. Supports the scoped lexical/history claim, not the author’s cross-language relation. Responsible institution: Ministry of Education, R.O.C.; institution metadata is not the source title." }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-BAND", "title": "Merriam-Webster: band, separate noun histories", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/band", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic source; checked 2026-09-07. Supports the scoped lexical/history claim, not the author’s cross-language relation." }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-BANDE", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: bande, group sense", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/bande//1", "path": null, "provenance": "External lexicographic source; checked 2026-09-07. Supports the scoped lexical/history claim, not the author’s cross-language relation." }, { "reference_id": "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907", "title": "Jinkai Liu: ABANDON full original note and editorial instructions", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis", "url": null, "path": "docs/abandon-semantic-network-v1.md", "provenance": "Author-supplied conversation text, 2026-09-07; original historical claims independently evaluated." }, { "reference_id": "REF-MOE-BING", "title": "《重編國語辭典修訂本》: 柄, power and control", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=538&la=0&powerMode=0", "path": null, "provenance": "Checked 2026-09-07. Scoped Chinese lexical evidence; historical examples are dictionary-attributed, not manuscript collation. No cross-language origin or sound law supported. Responsible institution: Ministry of Education, R.O.C.; institution metadata is not the source title." }, { "reference_id": "REF-MOE-BOFU", "title": "《重編國語辭典修訂本》: 撥付, allocation and literary attestation", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=12718&la=0&powerMode=0", "path": null, "provenance": "Checked 2026-09-07. Scoped Chinese lexical evidence; historical examples are dictionary-attributed, not manuscript collation. No cross-language origin or sound law supported. Responsible institution: Ministry of Education, R.O.C.; institution metadata is not the source title." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-BAN-HANDLE", "title": "Hanzi dictionary: 办 — lexical senses and attributed textual examples", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/办", "path": null, "provenance": "Checked 2026-09-07. Scoped Chinese lexical evidence; historical examples are dictionary-attributed, not manuscript collation. No cross-language origin or sound law supported. Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic). Original work and edition must be identified for each historical quotation; platform compilation is not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-FANG", "title": "Hanzi dictionary: 放 — lexical senses and attributed textual examples", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/放", "path": null, "provenance": "Checked 2026-09-07. Scoped Chinese lexical evidence; historical examples are dictionary-attributed, not manuscript collation. No cross-language origin or sound law supported. Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic). Original work and edition must be identified for each historical quotation; platform compilation is not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-BA", "title": "Hanzi dictionary: 罢 — lexical senses and attributed textual examples", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/罢", "path": null, "provenance": "Checked 2026-09-07. Scoped Chinese lexical evidence; historical examples are dictionary-attributed, not manuscript collation. No cross-language origin or sound law supported. Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic). Original work and edition must be identified for each historical quotation; platform compilation is not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-PAO", "title": "Hanzi dictionary: 抛 — lexical senses and attributed textual examples", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/抛", "path": null, "provenance": "Checked 2026-09-07. Scoped Chinese lexical evidence; historical examples are dictionary-attributed, not manuscript collation. No cross-language origin or sound law supported. Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic). Original work and edition must be identified for each historical quotation; platform compilation is not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-CHUZHI", "title": "Hanzi dictionary: 处置 — lexical senses and attributed textual examples", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/处置", "path": null, "provenance": "Checked 2026-09-07. Scoped Chinese lexical evidence; historical examples are dictionary-attributed, not manuscript collation. No cross-language origin or sound law supported. Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic). Original work and edition must be identified for each historical quotation; platform compilation is not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-FU", "title": "Hanzi dictionary: 付 — lexical senses and attributed textual examples", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/付", "path": null, "provenance": "Checked 2026-09-07. Scoped Chinese lexical evidence; historical examples are dictionary-attributed, not manuscript collation. No cross-language origin or sound law supported. Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic). Original work and edition must be identified for each historical quotation; platform compilation is not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-QI", "title": "Hanzi dictionary: 弃 — lexical senses and attributed textual examples", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/弃", "path": null, "provenance": "Checked 2026-09-07. Scoped Chinese lexical evidence; historical examples are dictionary-attributed, not manuscript collation. No cross-language origin or sound law supported. Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic). Original work and edition must be identified for each historical quotation; platform compilation is not an original dictionary edition." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ZDIC-BAN-TRADITIONAL", "title": "《说文解字》新附：辦；汉典：现代义项", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.zdic.net/hans/辦", "path": null, "provenance": "Checked 2026-09-07. Supports Chinese lexical senses; does not establish French-Chinese history or exact phonetic identity. Access/aggregation platform: 汉典 (Zdic). Original work and edition must be identified for each historical quotation; platform compilation is not an original dictionary edition. Original work: 《说文解字》新附, 辦; accessed through the platform transcription, not a directly collated edition; edition unspecified." } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "ABANDON Whole-Word and Root Mapping v1.0 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-07", "published": "2026-09-07" }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Candidate; priority 90.7/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Candidate；优先分 90.7/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "Modern English ban and French donner should not be retrofitted as the components of abandon.", "zh-Hans": "不能用现代英语 ban 与法语 donner 反向拼装 abandon 的词史。" }, { "en": "A rejected etymological segmentation does not automatically invalidate every phonetic, semantic, cognitive, or literary observation contained in the original note.", "zh-Hans": "一个历史拆词假说被否定，并不意味着原始笔记中包含的声音、语义、认知或文学观察都随之失效。" }, { "en": "Translation Status ≠ Mapping Status ≠ Historical Relation ≠ Active Association Status. Primary Mapping Status Supported is scoped to the standard lexical translation; the association is Author-proposed and the two related candidates remain Candidate. Rejected is scoped to historical segmentation only.", "zh-Hans": "Translation Status ≠ Mapping Status ≠ Historical Relation ≠ Active Association Status。主要 Mapping Status Supported 仅限标准词义对应；主动联系为 Author-proposed，两个相关候选仍为 Candidate。Rejected 仅限历史拆分。" }, { "en": "The old a- = absence and band = group mnemonic, donate and 动 remain raw-note observations without new records or experimental promotion. Ban/banal historical relatedness requires family deduplication; no controlled result is claimed.", "zh-Hans": "旧 a-＝没有、band＝帮伙记忆法以及 donate、动保留为原始观察，不另建记录或提升实验等级。ban／banal 词史关联须作家族去重；不声称已有对照实验结果。" }, { "en": "Meaning first, consonant second.", "zh-Hans": "先定语义，再验辅音。" }, { "en": "Semantic Path studies how one word’s historical meanings develop. Consonant Group Mapping compares an English/French historical word or root with the pronunciation of a semantically selected Chinese candidate. These are independent analyses. The b-p-m-f, d-t-n-l, g-k-h and z-c-s groups predict cross-language sound correspondences, not membership of every Chinese word in one path.", "zh-Hans": "Semantic Path 研究一个词的历史语义怎样发展。Consonant Group Mapping 比较英／法历史词或词根与按语义选出的汉语候选词读音。两者独立；b-p-m-f、d-t-n-l、g-k-h、z-c-s 等组预测跨语言声音对应，不要求汉语路径中的每个字属于同组。" }, { "en": "The earlier Chinese same-group path design was an implementation error and has been withdrawn. Its path scores and planned path-constraint experiment are superseded, not evidence against the author’s cross-language hypothesis. This is retrospective editorial review, not a blinded study; no experiment has run.", "zh-Hans": "此前要求汉语全链同组的设计属于实现误解，已撤下；相应路径评分与路径约束实验计划作废，不构成对作者跨语言假说的反证。本次为回顾性编辑核验，不是盲评，未运行实验。" }, { "en": "Dialect & Diachronic Chinese Evidence is a separate evidence track. Record dialect/location/date and transcription separately from Middle Chinese or Old Chinese reconstructions, with named sources and reconstruction systems. Modern dialects are not frozen copies of ancient Chinese. No dialect or reconstructed pronunciation is used to raise this candidate’s grade; these comparisons remain pending.", "zh-Hans": "Dialect & Diachronic Chinese Evidence｜汉语方言与历时音韵证据独立记录。方言须注明地点、年代与转写；中古音／上古音须注明来源与重构体系，不能混用。现代方言不是古汉语的冻结复制品。本候选未以方言或重构音提高等级，相关比较待核验。" }, { "en": "abash ↔ 怕 pà (medial b ↔ p) and bash ↔ 拍 pāi (initial b ↔ p) are two other separately identified Candidate observations. Sharing b-p-m-f does not make them prove each other or bandon ↔ 办. Statistical independence requires etymological-family review; count related derivatives once.", "zh-Hans": "abash ↔ 怕 pà（词中 b ↔ p）与 bash ↔ 拍 pāi（词首 b ↔ p）是另外两个分别记录的 Candidate 观察。共享 b-p-m-f 不使它们互相证明，也不证明 bandon ↔ 办；统计独立性仍需词源家族核验，同源派生须去重。" } ], "search_terms": [ "abandon", "abandonment", "放弃", "遗弃", "甭", "beng", "ban", "give up", "leave", "抛弃", "离弃", "旁", "páng", "pang", "放到一旁", "abandonner", "banal", "般", "bān", "一般", "yiban", "donner", "捅", "捅钱", "tōng", "tǒng", "tong", "béng", "band", "bande", "a.ban.don", "a + ban + donner", "禁止给", "relinquish", "bandon", "à bandon", "a bandon", "柄", "权柄", "辦", "办", "bàn", "b-p-m-f", "历时语义路径", "bandon ↔ 办", "Meaning first, consonant second", "先定语义，再验辅音", "d-t-n-l", "g-k-h", "z-c-s", "放", "fàng", "abandon ↔ 放" ], "page": "words/abandon.html", "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abandon/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved Original Author Hypothesis; historical segmentation Rejected/Unsupported; local observations independently evaluated", "normalization": "Earlier imported raw note retained at the start and in revision_history. Full author-supplied text appended; UI Search labels and HTML styling/entities normalized; erroneous segmentation, meanings and spellings are preserved as observations, not silently corrected.", "raw_note": "abandon，放弃。甭 beng。ban 与甭同音。\n\n2026-09-07 作者补充全文（保留词义／拆分／拼写；仅去除界面 Search 与 HTML 格式）：\nabandon，放弃。甭beng。ban与甭同音\n英語\nabandon [ə'bændən] v. 放弃 [<法语]\na.ban.don\nabandonment [ə'bændənmənt] n. 抛弃 [<法语]\nban [bæn] v. 禁止 [<法语]\nbanal [banal] a. 一般的，平凡.般。可以对应般ban\nband n. 一帮，一伙\n法語\nabandonner [abandonner] v. 抛弃\na.ban.don.ner\nban v. 禁止。可以用甭beng这个字代表。\ndonner v. 送。用捅tong字对应，给谁的意思，捅钱。\n漢語\n甭【beng】v. 用法语ban禁止对应，英语ban禁止对应。\n旁【pang】n. 旁边的旁字变成使动的用法，放到一旁，抛弃。与法语ban禁止对应，英语ban禁止对应。这里给一个可能性而已。\n捅【tong】v. 给的意思。与法语donner给字对应，与英语donate给予对应。\n动【dong】v.\n备注：为什么这里分开ban而不是band，因为这个词从法语来，法语里面没有band这个词，是bande包扎。法语中有ban禁止，interdict禁止。法语donner，给的意思。合起来就是禁止给=放弃。如果仅仅从英语角度也可以有这样的解释：a- [a] pref. 没有的意思，用罢ba字对应。band [band] n. 帮伙。不过仅仅是记忆方便这样说，因为这个词从法语而来最后还是从法语角度介绍为好。现在考虑abadon这个词" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 10, "disposition": "Candidate", "priority_score": 90.7 }, "translation_status": "Supported", "translation_source_refs": [ "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABANDON", "REF-MW-ABANDON" ], "active_association_status": "Author-proposed / Cognitive association", "featured_mapping": { "source": "abandon", "target": "放", "reading": "fàng", "status": "Phonetic-Semantic Candidate · Low confidence", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "display_label": "Whole-word mapping · 整词映射 · LET GO / RELEASE → 放 · b ↔ f Candidate", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABANDONNER", "REF-ZDIC-FANG", "REF-MW-ABANDON" ], "boundary": { "en": "Whole-word mapping: abandon ↔ 放 fàng. Select 放 for LET GO / RELEASE before comparing sound. CNRTL records release of a rein around 1100 in the French history, and Chinese 放 has an independently documented release sense. This is a scoped historical-semantic bridge, not a claim that 放 alone translates every modern use of abandon.", "zh-Hans": "整词映射：abandon ↔ 放 fàng。先按 LET GO／RELEASE 选择“放”，再比较声音。CNRTL 记法语词史中约1100年的松开缰绳义；汉语“放”另有独立的释放义证据。这是限定语义的历时联系，不表示单字“放”可翻译 abandon 的所有现代用法。" } }, "revision_history": [ { "date": "2026-09-07", "previous_version": "Legacy Website Import Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "previous_source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Legacy title/body excerpt retained; punctuation normalized only where needed for readability.", "raw_note": "abandon，放弃。甭 beng。ban 与甭同音。" }, "previous_hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ABANDON-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “abandon，放弃。甭 beng。ban 与甭同音。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“abandon，放弃。甭 beng。ban 与甭同音。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "abandon", "放弃／遗弃" ], "counterexamples": [ "Modern English ban and French donner should not be retrofitted as the components of abandon.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-MW-ABANDON" ] } ], "previous_cognitive_evidence": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "‘甭／不要了’ can serve as a colloquial memory cue for GIVE UP, without becoming morphology.", "zh-Hans": "“甭／不要了”可作 GIVE UP 的口语记忆提示，但不是构词分析。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ABANDON-001", "claim": { "en": "‘甭／不要了’ can serve as a colloquial memory cue for GIVE UP, without becoming morphology.", "zh-Hans": "“甭／不要了”可作 GIVE UP 的口语记忆提示，但不是构词分析。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON" ] }, "previous_literary_layer": { "status": "Preserved from legacy note", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "‘甭／不要了’ can serve as a colloquial memory cue for GIVE UP, without becoming morphology.", "zh-Hans": "“甭／不要了”可作 GIVE UP 的口语记忆提示，但不是构词分析。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The legacy image may be developed as literature or mnemonic, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "旧站意象可作为文学或记忆法展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "reason": "Upgrade in place; replace abandon/甭 mnemonic with 旁 association; evaluate local candidates independently." }, { "date": "2026-09-07", "previous_version": "ABANDON Semantic Network v1.0 / Schema v1.0", "previous_featured_mapping": { "source": "abandon", "target": "旁", "reading": "páng", "status": "Author-proposed / Cognitive association · Level C", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "display_label": "Active Association · 放到一旁 → 旁 · NOT etymology", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ], "boundary": { "en": "Active Association: abandon ↔ 放到一旁 → 旁 páng. CONTROL / DISPOSAL → RELEASE → PUT ASIDE → LEAVE/GIVE UP is an author-proposed cognitive and memory bridge, not an attested chain of sound change or translation of 旁 as abandon. Historical Relation: Not claimed; Active Association Status: Author-proposed / Cognitive association.", "zh-Hans": "Active Association：abandon ↔ 放到一旁 → 旁 páng。CONTROL / DISPOSAL → RELEASE → PUT ASIDE → LEAVE/GIVE UP 是作者提出的认知与记忆桥梁，不是已证历史音变链，也不把单字“旁”当作 abandon 的标准译词。Historical Relation: Not claimed；Active Association Status: Author-proposed / Cognitive association。" } }, "previous_semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "CONTROL", "DISPOSAL", "RELEASE", "PUT ASIDE", "LEAVE", "GIVE UP" ], "relation": "CONTROL / DISPOSAL → RELEASE → PUT ASIDE → LEAVE/GIVE UP", "status": "Interpretive / Active Association; not a historical chain" }, "reason": "Promote two explicitly graded semantic paths; retain prior associations and raw note." }, { "date": "2026-09-07", "previous_version": "ABANDON Dual Semantic Paths v1.0 / Schema v1.0", "supersedes_commit": "3f621306bef5af940cf8ea724d1010c1a1e66eb3", "reason": "The earlier Chinese same-group path design was an implementation error and has been withdrawn. Its path scores and planned path-constraint experiment are superseded, not evidence against the author’s cross-language hypothesis. This is retrospective editorial review, not a blinded study; no experiment has run.", "retained_source_note": true } ], "author_usage_observation": { "author": "Jinkai Liu", "raw_text": "捅钱=给钱", "author_reading": "tōng", "standard_reading": "tǒng", "status": "Original Author Usage Observation / unverified give sense", "independent_evaluation": { "en": "donner ↔ 捅: Weak Active Association / Original Author Association, not a primary mapping. French donner means give and descends from Latin donare. The supplied “捅钱 = 给钱” and reading tōng remain Original Author Usage Observation; standard Mandarin dictionaries give 捅 tǒng (poke/pierce, reveal, provoke), not a verified stable give sense. The targeted dictionary/dialect search did not establish that sense; this is a bounded evidence gap, not proof that no speaker uses it. Historical Relation: Not claimed. Donner is not a historical component of abandon.", "zh-Hans": "donner ↔ 捅：Weak Active Association / Original Author Association，不作主要映射。法语 donner 意为给，源自拉丁语 donare。用户的“捅钱＝给钱”及 tōng 读法保留为 Original Author Usage Observation；标准普通话词典记“捅”tǒng（戳刺、揭露、招惹），没有核验出稳定的给予义。此次词典／方言检索未能证实该义，不等于证明无人这样使用。Historical Relation: Not claimed。donner 不是 abandon 的历史构词部分。" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-DONNER", "REF-MOE-TONG", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABANDON", "REF-AUTHOR-ABANDON-20260907" ], "is_historical_evidence": false }, "diachronic_semantic_mapping": { "version": "2.0", "status": "Historical semantic analysis; independent of consonant groups", "historical_path": "BANDON → À BANDON → ABANDONNER → ABANDON", "semantic_path": "POWER / AUTHORITY → DISPOSAL → GIVE OVER → LET GO → GIVE UP", "historical_stages": [ { "stage_id": "bandon", "form": "BANDON", "language": "Old French", "meaning": "POWER / AUTHORITY / CONTROL", "note": { "en": "CNRTL identifies bandon as power/authority. Do not assign RELEASE to this root.", "zh-Hans": "CNRTL 将 bandon 释为权力／支配；不能把 RELEASE 赋给此词根。" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON" ] }, { "stage_id": "a-bandon", "form": "À BANDON", "language": "Old French phrase", "meaning": "at someone’s power/disposal — DISPOSAL RELATION", "note": { "en": "The phrase places something at another’s disposal; this is a relation of authority, not simply the act of handling it. Old French a bandon and Anglo-French a bandun are source forms; À is a normalized display.", "zh-Hans": "短语表示将某物置于他人支配／任其处置的关系，不只是处理动作。古法语 a bandon、盎格鲁法语 a bandun 为来源形式；À 为规范化展示。" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "REF-MW-ABANDON" ] }, { "stage_id": "abandonner", "form": "ABANDONNER", "language": "Old French → French", "meaning": "GIVE OVER / leave to another’s disposal; RELEASE / LET GO; LEAVE", "note": { "en": "The display abbreviates a family including the noun abandon/abandun. CNRTL derives the verb from abandon and records release of a rein around 1100 and leaving entirely from the 12th century. These overlapping senses prevent treating TRANSFER then RELEASE as a proven chronological ladder.", "zh-Hans": "展示缩略了包含名词 abandon/abandun 的词族。CNRTL 将动词分析为由 abandon 派生，记约1100年的松开缰绳义及12世纪起的完全离开义；义项重叠，不能把 TRANSFER 再 RELEASE 当成已证年代阶梯。" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABANDONNER", "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON" ] }, { "stage_id": "english-abandon", "form": "ABANDON", "language": "Middle English → English verb", "meaning": "GIVE UP / LEAVE / DESERT", "note": { "en": "Middle English abandounen, attested in the 14th century, was borrowed through Anglo-French abanduner. Modern meanings include relinquishing an interest and withdrawing support. The later English noun is separate.", "zh-Hans": "中古英语 abandounen 见于14世纪，经盎格鲁法语 abanduner 借入。现代义含放弃权益、离开与撤去支持；后来的英语名词另论。" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABANDON" ] } ], "boundary": { "en": "Historical meanings and attested forms remain separated. The arrows summarize semantic development, not five strictly successive first-attestation dates. No Chinese same-group path is inferred.", "zh-Hans": "历史词形与义项保留边界；箭头概括语义发展，不是五个严格递进的首见年代，不推导汉语同组路径。" } }, "consonant_group_mapping": { "version": "1.0", "principle": { "en": "Meaning first, consonant second.", "zh-Hans": "先定语义，再验辅音。" }, "definitions": { "en": "Semantic Path studies how one word’s historical meanings develop. Consonant Group Mapping compares an English/French historical word or root with the pronunciation of a semantically selected Chinese candidate. These are independent analyses. The b-p-m-f, d-t-n-l, g-k-h and z-c-s groups predict cross-language sound correspondences, not membership of every Chinese word in one path.", "zh-Hans": "Semantic Path 研究一个词的历史语义怎样发展。Consonant Group Mapping 比较英／法历史词或词根与按语义选出的汉语候选词读音。两者独立；b-p-m-f、d-t-n-l、g-k-h、z-c-s 等组预测跨语言声音对应，不要求汉语路径中的每个字属于同组。" }, "predicted_groups": [ "b-p-m-f", "d-t-n-l", "g-k-h", "z-c-s" ], "workflow": [ { "en": "Identify the historical English/French word or root.", "zh-Hans": "① 确定英／法历史词或词根。" }, { "en": "Verify its historical semantic meaning and phrase boundaries.", "zh-Hans": "② 核验历史语义与短语边界。" }, { "en": "Select the best Chinese character/word by meaning independently of sound; retain alternatives.", "zh-Hans": "③ 先按语义独立选择最合适的汉字／词，保留替代候选。" }, { "en": "Only then compare the English/French consonant with the Chinese pronunciation.", "zh-Hans": "④ 再比较英／法辅音与汉语读音。" }, { "en": "Check the predicted b-p-m-f / d-t-n-l / g-k-h / z-c-s correspondence without requiring a same-group Chinese chain.", "zh-Hans": "⑤ 检查是否落入预测辅音组，不要求汉语路径全链同组。" }, { "en": "Score semantics, consonant-group fit, phonetic evidence and historical relation independently.", "zh-Hans": "⑥ 独立评分：语义、辅音组适配、音值证据与历史关系。" }, { "en": "Test later with large samples, counterexamples, matched/random controls and etymological-family deduplication; preregister segments, sources and exclusions.", "zh-Hans": "⑦ 将来以大样本、反例、匹配／随机控制及词源家族去重实验验证；预注册片段、来源与排除条件。" } ], "candidates": [ { "candidate_id": "MAP-BANDON-BAN-001", "source_unit": "bandon", "source_language": "Old French", "target": "办 / 辦", "reading": "bàn", "status": "Phonetic-Semantic Candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "semantic_evaluation": { "en": "Bandon means POWER/AUTHORITY; disposal belongs to the relational phrase à bandon. Modern 办/辦 means handle/manage, prepare or deal with. 说文新附 glosses 辦 as exert effort (致力), not authority. Thus bandon ↔ 办 is a limited control/handling association: Low semantic fit for POWER/AUTHORITY, Medium only for a contextual handling/disposal comparison. It is not an exact root translation. 权柄 is the stronger meaning-first support for authority regardless of its sound.", "zh-Hans": "bandon 的核心是 POWER/AUTHORITY；任其处置关系属于 à bandon。现代办／辦为处理、办理、筹备等；《说文新附》释辦为致力，不是权力。因此 bandon ↔ 办仅保留为支配／办理的有限联系：对权力本义语义适配 Low，只有在处理／处置语境比较时为 Medium，不是词根的精确译词。权柄是更合适的权力义支持，其声音不决定选择。" }, "consonant_comparison": { "source_segment": "initial b in bandon", "target_segment": "Pinyin b in bàn", "label": "b ↔ b → same consonant / within b-p-m-f group", "predicted_group": "b-p-m-f", "group_fit": "Within predicted group at comparison-label level", "phonetic_evidence_status": "Historical source pronunciation pending; Pinyin b is /p/", "note": { "en": "b ↔ b → same consonant / within b-p-m-f group is the author’s comparison label. It compares the initial b of bandon with Pinyin b in bàn. Pinyin b represents unaspirated /p/; the label is not proof of identical phonetic realization, homophony, or a historical sound law. A source-specific historical French pronunciation and the remaining consonants, vowels and tone still need independent assessment. Group fit cannot upgrade weak semantics.", "zh-Hans": "b ↔ b → same consonant / within b-p-m-f group 是作者的对应标签：比较 bandon 的词首 b 与 bàn 的拼音 b。拼音 b 表示不送气 /p/；此标签不证明实际音值完全相同、同音或历史音变规律。古法语具体时期的读音及其余辅音、元音、汉语声调仍须独立评估。落入预测组不能提升较弱的语义证据。" } }, "scores": { "semantic_fit_power_authority": "Low", "semantic_fit_contextual_handling": "Medium", "consonant_group_fit": "Within predicted group", "overall_confidence": "Low", "scale": "Editorial categories, not measured scientific scores" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABANDON", "REF-ZDIC-BAN-HANDLE", "REF-ZDIC-BAN-TRADITIONAL" ], "semantic_support": { "form": "柄 / 权柄", "role": "POWER/AUTHORITY Semantic Support", "selection": "Meaning first, independent of onset", "source_refs": [ "REF-MOE-BING" ] }, "mapping_scope": "root" }, { "candidate_id": "MAP-ABANDON-FANG-001", "mapping_scope": "whole-word", "source_unit": "abandon", "source_language": "English; French historical semantic evidence", "target": "放", "reading": "fàng", "status": "Phonetic-Semantic Candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "semantic_evaluation": { "en": "Whole-word mapping: abandon ↔ 放 fàng. Select 放 for LET GO / RELEASE before comparing sound. CNRTL records release of a rein around 1100 in the French history, and Chinese 放 has an independently documented release sense. This is a scoped historical-semantic bridge, not a claim that 放 alone translates every modern use of abandon.", "zh-Hans": "整词映射：abandon ↔ 放 fàng。先按 LET GO／RELEASE 选择“放”，再比较声音。CNRTL 记法语词史中约1100年的松开缰绳义；汉语“放”另有独立的释放义证据。这是限定语义的历时联系，不表示单字“放”可翻译 abandon 的所有现代用法。" }, "consonant_comparison": { "source_segment": "medial /b/ after /ə/ in abandon", "target_segment": "initial f /f/ in fàng", "label": "b ↔ f · b-p-m-f Candidate group", "predicted_group": "b-p-m-f", "group_fit": "Within proposed group; not a sound law", "phonetic_evidence_status": "Modern pronunciation comparison; no historical sound correspondence established", "note": { "en": "Compare the /b/ after initial /ə/ in English abandon with Mandarin f /f/ in fàng: b ↔ f falls within the proposed b-p-m-f group. This is a medial-to-initial segment comparison, not whole-word homophony; voicing, place/manner, remaining segments and tone differ. Group membership does not prove a sound law or historical relation.", "zh-Hans": "比较英语 abandon 起始 /ə/ 后的 /b/ 与普通话 fàng 的 f /f/：b ↔ f 落入候选 b-p-m-f 组。这是词中到词首的片段比较，不是整词同音；清浊、发音部位／方式、其余音段及声调存在差异。同组不证明音变规律或历史关系。" } }, "scores": { "semantic_fit_let_go_release": "High", "semantic_fit_all_modern_abandon_senses": "Limited / context-dependent", "consonant_group_fit": "Within proposed group", "overall_confidence": "Low", "scale": "Editorial categories; no experimental measurement" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABANDONNER", "REF-ZDIC-FANG", "REF-MW-ABANDON" ] } ], "independent_observations": { "en": "abash ↔ 怕 pà (medial b ↔ p) and bash ↔ 拍 pāi (initial b ↔ p) are two other separately identified Candidate observations. Sharing b-p-m-f does not make them prove each other or bandon ↔ 办. Statistical independence requires etymological-family review; count related derivatives once.", "zh-Hans": "abash ↔ 怕 pà（词中 b ↔ p）与 bash ↔ 拍 pāi（词首 b ↔ p）是另外两个分别记录的 Candidate 观察。共享 b-p-m-f 不使它们互相证明，也不证明 bandon ↔ 办；统计独立性仍需词源家族核验，同源派生须去重。" }, "dialect_diachronic_chinese_evidence": { "status": "Separate evidence track / pending", "note": { "en": "Dialect & Diachronic Chinese Evidence is a separate evidence track. Record dialect/location/date and transcription separately from Middle Chinese or Old Chinese reconstructions, with named sources and reconstruction systems. Modern dialects are not frozen copies of ancient Chinese. No dialect or reconstructed pronunciation is used to raise this candidate’s grade; these comparisons remain pending.", "zh-Hans": "Dialect & Diachronic Chinese Evidence｜汉语方言与历时音韵证据独立记录。方言须注明地点、年代与转写；中古音／上古音须注明来源与重构体系，不能混用。现代方言不是古汉语的冻结复制品。本候选未以方言或重构音提高等级，相关比较待核验。" }, "items": [] }, "correction": { "en": "The earlier Chinese same-group path design was an implementation error and has been withdrawn. Its path scores and planned path-constraint experiment are superseded, not evidence against the author’s cross-language hypothesis. This is retrospective editorial review, not a blinded study; no experiment has run.", "zh-Hans": "此前要求汉语全链同组的设计属于实现误解，已撤下；相应路径评分与路径约束实验计划作废，不构成对作者跨语言假说的反证。本次为回顾性编辑核验，不是盲评，未运行实验。" } } }, { "id": "LB-en-abash-034", "slug": "abash", "title": { "en": "ABASH ↔ 怕 pà · BASH ↔ 拍 pāi", "zh-Hans": "ABASH ↔ 怕 pà · BASH ↔ 拍 pāi" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "bash", "pronunciation": "/bæʃ/", "part_of_speech": "verb · 动词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "猛击", "pronunciation": "měng jī" }, { "role": "featured-phonetic-semantic-candidate", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "拍", "pronunciation": "pāi" }, { "role": "abash-phonetic-semantic-candidate", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "怕", "pronunciation": "pà" }, { "role": "related-source-with-independent-candidate", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "abash", "pronunciation": "/əˈbæʃ/", "part_of_speech": "verb · 动词" }, { "role": "related-standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "使窘迫", "pronunciation": "shǐ jiǒngpò" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-bash-standard", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "bash", "pronunciation": "/bæʃ/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "猛击", "pronunciation": "měng jī" }, "gloss": { "en": "hit or strike violently; crash or smash, depending on context", "zh-Hans": "猛击、狠打；依语境可译猛撞、砸" }, "meaning": { "en": "Cross-language candidate: 拍 pāi — b–p–m–f Consonant-Group Hypothesis / Phonetic-Semantic Candidate, NOT historical cognacy. Standard translation: bash = 猛击 / 狠打 / 猛撞 / 砸. Language Book candidate: BASH → HIT / STRIKE / IMPACT ← 拍 pāi. Related abash means embarrass/disconcert; it is not this mapping.", "zh-Hans": "跨语言候选：拍 pāi — b–p–m–f 辅音组假说／音义候选，不主张历史同源。标准翻译：bash＝猛击／狠打／猛撞／砸。Language Book 候选：BASH → HIT / STRIKE / IMPACT ← 拍 pāi。相关词 abash 意为使窘迫／局促不安，不是本映射。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard translation; separately graded Phonetic-Semantic Candidate bash ↔ 拍", "rationale": { "en": "The shared action domain supports comparison. Initial b ↔ p belongs to Jinkai Liu’s b-p-m-f consonant-group hypothesis, not an established sound change or cognacy claim. Candidate, level C, Low confidence; one example does not promote the rule.", "zh-Hans": "共享动作域支持比较；词首 b ↔ p 链接 Jinkai Liu 的 b-p-m-f 辅音组假说，不是已证实音变或同源。维持 Candidate、C 级、Low confidence；不因单例提升规则等级。" } }, "entry_status": "Published", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Rechecked 2026-09-07: Merriam-Webster gives Middle English abaissen/abaschen, from Anglo-French abaiss- / abair, an alteration of esbaer (Continental Old French esbahir). American Heritage also gives Old French esbahir; Etymonline treats the deeper gaping/imitative explanation as tentative. Abahir is not a Latin etymon. For violent-hit bash, Merriam-Webster lists origin unknown; Etymonline suggests Scandinavian or echoic possibilities, not a secure Old English origin. Standard analyses do not support modern a- + bash(hit); spelling similarity is not derivational evidence, and does not establish absolute unrelatedness.", "zh-Hans": "2026-09-07 独立复核：Merriam-Webster 记中古英语 abaissen／abaschen，经盎格鲁法语 abaiss-／abair（由 esbaer 改形；欧洲大陆古法语 esbahir）。American Heritage 亦记古法语 esbahir；Etymonline 对更深层张口／拟声解释保留不确定性。abahir 不是拉丁语词源。猛击义 bash 在 Merriam-Webster 中起源不明，Etymonline 提出斯堪的纳维亚或拟声可能，不能确定为古英语来源。标准分析不支持现代 a- + bash(hit)；拼写相似不是派生证据，也不证明绝对无关。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABASH-001", "claim": { "en": "Rechecked 2026-09-07: Merriam-Webster gives Middle English abaissen/abaschen, from Anglo-French abaiss- / abair, an alteration of esbaer (Continental Old French esbahir). American Heritage also gives Old French esbahir; Etymonline treats the deeper gaping/imitative explanation as tentative. Abahir is not a Latin etymon. For violent-hit bash, Merriam-Webster lists origin unknown; Etymonline suggests Scandinavian or echoic possibilities, not a secure Old English origin. Standard analyses do not support modern a- + bash(hit); spelling similarity is not derivational evidence, and does not establish absolute unrelatedness.", "zh-Hans": "2026-09-07 独立复核：Merriam-Webster 记中古英语 abaissen／abaschen，经盎格鲁法语 abaiss-／abair（由 esbaer 改形；欧洲大陆古法语 esbahir）。American Heritage 亦记古法语 esbahir；Etymonline 对更深层张口／拟声解释保留不确定性。abahir 不是拉丁语词源。猛击义 bash 在 Merriam-Webster 中起源不明，Etymonline 提出斯堪的纳维亚或拟声可能，不能确定为古英语来源。标准分析不支持现代 a- + bash(hit)；拼写相似不是派生证据，也不证明绝对无关。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABASH", "REF-MW-BASH", "REF-AHD-ABASH", "REF-ETYMONLINE-ABASH", "REF-ETYMONLINE-BASH" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-BASH-HOMOGRAPH-002", "claim": { "en": "Merriam-Webster documents obsolete bash “be abashed”, from Middle English basshen shortened from abasshen, behind bashful. This is not evidence that violent-hit bash developed into abash. Etymonline proposes Scandinavian or echoic possibilities for violent-hit bash and dates it to the 1640s; Merriam-Webster lists origin unknown and first use 1744. Preserve this source difference rather than claiming a settled date or total unrelatedness.", "zh-Hans": "Merriam-Webster 记载已废用的 bash“感到窘迫”，其中古英语 basshen 缩自 abasshen，并见于 bashful 的来源；这不证明“猛击”义 bash 发展成 abash。Etymonline 对猛击义提出斯堪的纳维亚或拟声来源的可能，并记作 1640 年代；Merriam-Webster 列起源不明、首见 1744。保留来源差异，不宣称年代或所有同形词之间的关系已完全定论。" }, "status": "Supported", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-BASHFUL", "REF-MW-BASH", "REF-ETYMONLINE-BASH" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-CHINESE-PAI-PA", "claim": { "en": "CUHK analyzes 拍 with a hand component and a phonetic component, while its earliest sense is uncertain. 拍 has Guangyun 普伯切 (aspirated labial, entering tone, 陌 rhyme). 怕 has both 普駕切 (departing tone, 禡 rhyme) and 普伯切 (entering tone, 陌 rhyme). CUHK reports competing accounts of the fear and tranquil senses; none establishes derivation from 拍.", "zh-Hans": "拍、怕的字源与历史读音已分别核验；怕有普駕、普伯两套反切，畏惧义与淡泊义的关系仍有不同分析。现代音近不建立派生。" }, "status": "Supported", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-CUHK-PAI", "REF-CUHK-PA" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABASH", "REF-MW-BASH", "REF-MW-BASHFUL", "REF-ETYMONLINE-BASH", "REF-CUHK-PAI", "REF-CUHK-PA", "REF-AHD-ABASH", "REF-ETYMONLINE-ABASH" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "BASH → HIT / STRIKE / IMPACT ← 拍 pāi. Initial b ↔ p is a testable mapping within the author’s existing b-p-m-f consonant-group hypothesis. English /b/ and Mandarin p /pʰ/ differ in voicing and aspiration; the rhyme, final /ʃ/ and tone also differ. This is a modern phonetic-semantic candidate, not a historical sound law. ABASH ↔ 怕 pà — psychological Phonetic-Semantic Candidate. Abash means to embarrass/disconcert; 怕 means fear/be afraid. They are not synonyms or standard translations. The proposed overlap is psychological discomfort / loss of composure / fear-related affect, with low-to-moderate semantic strength. Fear need not involve embarrassment and embarrassment need not involve fear.", "zh-Hans": "BASH → HIT / STRIKE / IMPACT ← 拍 pāi。词首 b ↔ p 是作者既有 b-p-m-f 辅音组假说中的待检验映射。英语 /b/ 与普通话 p /pʰ/ 在清浊及送气上不同，韵部、词末 /ʃ/ 和声调也不同；这是现代音义候选，不是历史音变规律。 ABASH ↔ 怕 pà — 心理域音义候选。abash 标准义为使窘迫／使难为情／使失去从容；怕为畏惧／害怕。两者不完全同义，不是标准翻译。候选交集为 psychological discomfort / loss of composure / fear-related affect；语义强度 low-to-moderate。害怕不必窘迫，窘迫也不必害怕。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABASH-001", "claim": { "en": "BASH → HIT / STRIKE / IMPACT ← 拍 pāi. Initial b ↔ p is a testable mapping within the author’s existing b-p-m-f consonant-group hypothesis. English /b/ and Mandarin p /pʰ/ differ in voicing and aspiration; the rhyme, final /ʃ/ and tone also differ. This is a modern phonetic-semantic candidate, not a historical sound law.", "zh-Hans": "BASH → HIT / STRIKE / IMPACT ← 拍 pāi。词首 b ↔ p 是作者既有 b-p-m-f 辅音组假说中的待检验映射。英语 /b/ 与普通话 p /pʰ/ 在清浊及送气上不同，韵部、词末 /ʃ/ 和声调也不同；这是现代音义候选，不是历史音变规律。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-BASH", "REF-CUHK-PAI", "REF-AUTHOR-BPMF" ] }, { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABASH-PA-001", "claim": { "en": "ABASH ↔ 怕 pà — psychological Phonetic-Semantic Candidate. Abash means to embarrass/disconcert; 怕 means fear/be afraid. They are not synonyms or standard translations. The proposed overlap is psychological discomfort / loss of composure / fear-related affect, with low-to-moderate semantic strength. Fear need not involve embarrassment and embarrassment need not involve fear. The /b/ in abash (after initial /ə/, not a word-initial b) is compared with Mandarin p /pʰ/ in 怕 pà under HYP-BPMF-CONSONANT-GROUP. Selecting this segment must be declared in advance; voicing, aspiration, vowels, final /ʃ/ and tone differ. Candidate / C / Low confidence; Historical Relation: Not claimed. No historical sound change or English-Chinese cognacy is asserted.", "zh-Hans": "ABASH ↔ 怕 pà — 心理域音义候选。abash 标准义为使窘迫／使难为情／使失去从容；怕为畏惧／害怕。两者不完全同义，不是标准翻译。候选交集为 psychological discomfort / loss of composure / fear-related affect；语义强度 low-to-moderate。害怕不必窘迫，窘迫也不必害怕。 abash 中 /ə/ 之后的 /b/（不是词首 b）与怕 pà 的 p /pʰ/ 作为 b↔p 候选，链接 HYP-BPMF-CONSONANT-GROUP。片段选择须预先规定；清浊、送气、元音、词末 /ʃ/ 与声调不同。Candidate／C／Low confidence；Historical Relation: Not claimed。不主张历史音变或英汉同源。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABASH", "REF-CUHK-PA", "REF-AUTHOR-ABASH-PA" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-BASH", "REF-CUHK-PAI", "REF-AUTHOR-BPMF", "REF-MW-ABASH", "REF-CUHK-PA", "REF-AUTHOR-ABASH-PA" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "ABASH ↔ BASH — Active Association / Cognitive Bridge. Author-proposed by Jinkai Liu; Cognitive / Pedagogical / Creative method, NOT historical evidence. A learner may imagine BASH as sudden physical impact and ABASH as being made embarrassed/disconcerted: PHYSICAL IMPACT → PSYCHOLOGICAL DISCONCERT. This mnemonic is neither a definition of abash nor a claim that embarrassment requires a physical blow. Historical relation (abash / violent-hit bash): unestablished / not derived in this analysis; not a- + bash(hit). IMPACT → STARTLE → FEAR / EMBARRASSMENT is a Cognitive / Experimental chain. 拍 pāi ↔ 怕 pà is a separate Chinese internal candidate; neither the sound resemblance nor an imagined reaction establishes derivation. The photograph scenario is only an editorial illustration, not the author’s original claim.", "zh-Hans": "ABASH ↔ BASH — 主动联系／认知桥梁。Jinkai Liu 提出；属于认知／教学／创作方法，不属于历史证据。学习者可把 BASH 想象为突然的物理冲击，把 ABASH 联系到被弄得失措／窘迫：PHYSICAL IMPACT → PSYCHOLOGICAL DISCONCERT。这是记忆桥梁，不是 abash 的定义，也不是说窘迫必须由击打引起。abash 与猛击义 bash 的历史关系：未确立／本分析不作派生；不是 a- + bash(hit)。 IMPACT → STARTLE → FEAR / EMBARRASSMENT 是 Cognitive / Experimental 认知链。拍 pāi ↔ 怕 pà 是独立汉语内部候选；音近或设想的心理反应均不建立派生。此前拍照场景仅是编辑举例，不是作者原始主张。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ABASH-001", "claim": { "en": "IMPACT → STARTLE → FEAR / EMBARRASSMENT is a Cognitive / Experimental chain. 拍 pāi ↔ 怕 pà is a separate Chinese internal candidate; neither the sound resemblance nor an imagined reaction establishes derivation. The photograph scenario is only an editorial illustration, not the author’s original claim.", "zh-Hans": "IMPACT → STARTLE → FEAR / EMBARRASSMENT 是 Cognitive / Experimental 认知链。拍 pāi ↔ 怕 pà 是独立汉语内部候选；音近或设想的心理反应均不建立派生。此前拍照场景仅是编辑举例，不是作者原始主张。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABASH" ] }, { "evidence_id": "COG-ABASH-BASH-ACTIVE", "claim": { "en": "ABASH ↔ BASH — Active Association / Cognitive Bridge. Author-proposed by Jinkai Liu; Cognitive / Pedagogical / Creative method, NOT historical evidence. A learner may imagine BASH as sudden physical impact and ABASH as being made embarrassed/disconcerted: PHYSICAL IMPACT → PSYCHOLOGICAL DISCONCERT. This mnemonic is neither a definition of abash nor a claim that embarrassment requires a physical blow. Historical relation (abash / violent-hit bash): unestablished / not derived in this analysis; not a- + bash(hit).", "zh-Hans": "ABASH ↔ BASH — 主动联系／认知桥梁。Jinkai Liu 提出；属于认知／教学／创作方法，不属于历史证据。学习者可把 BASH 想象为突然的物理冲击，把 ABASH 联系到被弄得失措／窘迫：PHYSICAL IMPACT → PSYCHOLOGICAL DISCONCERT。这是记忆桥梁，不是 abash 的定义，也不是说窘迫必须由击打引起。abash 与猛击义 bash 的历史关系：未确立／本分析不作派生；不是 a- + bash(hit)。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-AUTHOR-ACTIVE-ASSOCIATION" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABASH", "REF-AUTHOR-ACTIVE-ASSOCIATION" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Original Author Hypothesis / Legacy Raw Note: a.bash → bash打击 → 惊讶. Independent historical evaluation: unsupported / not established as derivation from a- + violent-hit bash. Preserved as a cognitive association, not standard meaning or historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "Original Author Hypothesis / Legacy Raw Note：a.bash → bash打击 → 惊讶。独立历史评价：不支持／未确立为 a- + 猛击义 bash 的派生；保留认知联想，不作为标准词义或历史证据。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABASH-001", "claim": { "en": "Original Author Hypothesis / Legacy Raw Note: a.bash → bash打击 → 惊讶. Independent historical evaluation: unsupported / not established as derivation from a- + violent-hit bash. Preserved as a cognitive association, not standard meaning or historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "Original Author Hypothesis / Legacy Raw Note：a.bash → bash打击 → 惊讶。独立历史评价：不支持／未确立为 a- + 猛击义 bash 的派生；保留认知联想，不作为标准词义或历史证据。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABASH", "REF-MW-ABASH" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABASH", "REF-MW-ABASH" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ABASH-001", "claim": { "en": "BASH → HIT / STRIKE / IMPACT ← 拍 pāi. Initial b ↔ p is a testable mapping within the author’s existing b-p-m-f consonant-group hypothesis. English /b/ and Mandarin p /pʰ/ differ in voicing and aspiration; the rhyme, final /ʃ/ and tone also differ. This is a modern phonetic-semantic candidate, not a historical sound law.", "zh-Hans": "BASH → HIT / STRIKE / IMPACT ← 拍 pāi。词首 b ↔ p 是作者既有 b-p-m-f 辅音组假说中的待检验映射。英语 /b/ 与普通话 p /pʰ/ 在清浊及送气上不同，韵部、词末 /ʃ/ 和声调也不同；这是现代音义候选，不是历史音变规律。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } }, { "observation_id": "PHON-ABASH-PA-001", "claim": { "en": "The /b/ in abash (after initial /ə/, not a word-initial b) is compared with Mandarin p /pʰ/ in 怕 pà under HYP-BPMF-CONSONANT-GROUP. Selecting this segment must be declared in advance; voicing, aspiration, vowels, final /ʃ/ and tone differ. Candidate / C / Low confidence; Historical Relation: Not claimed. No historical sound change or English-Chinese cognacy is asserted.", "zh-Hans": "abash 中 /ə/ 之后的 /b/（不是词首 b）与怕 pà 的 p /pʰ/ 作为 b↔p 候选，链接 HYP-BPMF-CONSONANT-GROUP。片段选择须预先规定；清浊、送气、元音、词末 /ʃ/ 与声调不同。Candidate／C／Low confidence；Historical Relation: Not claimed。不主张历史音变或英汉同源。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "ABASH ↔ 怕 pà — psychological Phonetic-Semantic Candidate. Abash means to embarrass/disconcert; 怕 means fear/be afraid. They are not synonyms or standard translations. The proposed overlap is psychological discomfort / loss of composure / fear-related affect, with low-to-moderate semantic strength. Fear need not involve embarrassment and embarrassment need not involve fear.", "zh-Hans": "ABASH ↔ 怕 pà — 心理域音义候选。abash 标准义为使窘迫／使难为情／使失去从容；怕为畏惧／害怕。两者不完全同义，不是标准翻译。候选交集为 psychological discomfort / loss of composure / fear-related affect；语义强度 low-to-moderate。害怕不必窘迫，窘迫也不必害怕。" } } ], "chinese_internal_cluster": { "label": "拍 pāi ↔ 怕 pà · Chinese internal candidate cluster", "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "historical_relation": "Unestablished", "members": [ { "character": "拍", "modern_reading": "pāi", "meaning": "以手击打；拍摄", "historical_note": "CUHK：金文从手、白声，但构形初义不明；《说文》异体𢫦为从手、百声。《广韵》普伯切，滂母、入声、陌韵。", "source_refs": [ "REF-CUHK-PAI" ] }, { "character": "怕", "modern_reading": "pà", "meaning": "畏惧；害怕", "historical_note": "CUHK：从心、白声；早期有淡泊／无为义。《广韵》并列普駕切（滂母、去声、禡韵）与普伯切（滂母、入声、陌韵）。畏惧义见《玉篇》。CUHK 保留两说：畏惧义与淡泊义属同形字，或畏惧用法与“怖”的口语音有关；不将两义直接串成已确立派生。", "source_refs": [ "REF-CUHK-PA" ] } ], "boundary": { "en": "The two graphs share the phonetic element 白 in their traditional analyses, but their documented histories and meanings do not establish that one derives from the other.", "zh-Hans": "传统字形分析中两字都含“白”声，但现有字义与音韵资料不能证明“拍”与“怕”彼此派生。" } }, "cognitive_chain": { "abstract": "IMPACT → STARTLE → FEAR / EMBARRASSMENT", "cross_language": "BASH → 拍 → 惊 → 怕", "status": "Cognitive / Experimental Mapping", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "boundary": { "en": "This is a proposed cognitive sequence, not an etymological chain.", "zh-Hans": "这是待检验的认知序列，不是历史词源链。" } }, "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "BASH", "HIT", "STRIKE", "IMPACT", "STARTLE", "FEAR", "EMBARRASSMENT", "ABASH" ], "relation": "ABASH ↔ 怕 pà — psychological Phonetic-Semantic Candidate · b↔p; ABASH ↔ BASH — Active Association only · NOT etymology; BASH ↔ 拍 pāi — physical-action Phonetic-Semantic Candidate · b↔p. Each candidate separately links HYP-BPMF-CONSONANT-GROUP; historical-family independence pending verification.", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "abash", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "related historical correction / standard meaning", "family": "abash family; violent-hit bash origin uncertain", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Related historical correction: abash means embarrass or disconcert (使窘迫、使羞愧、使局促不安). It is not the bash ↔ 拍 candidate and is not simply a- + bash “hit”. See the independent Historical track and the linked BASH case.", "zh-Hans": "相关历史修正：abash 意为使窘迫、使羞愧、使局促不安；它不是 bash ↔ 拍 候选，也不能简单分析为 a- + bash“打”。参见独立历史轨与同一记录中的 BASH 案例。" }, "status": "Supported", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABASH", "REF-MW-BASH", "REF-MW-BASHFUL" ] }, { "word": "abashed", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "derivative", "family": "abash family", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Derivative of the related word abash, not of violent-hit bash.", "zh-Hans": "相关词 abash 的派生形式，不是猛击义 bash 的派生。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABASH" ] }, { "word": "怕 pà", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "Phonetic-Semantic Candidate: abash ↔ 怕", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "ABASH ↔ 怕 pà — psychological Phonetic-Semantic Candidate. Abash means to embarrass/disconcert; 怕 means fear/be afraid. They are not synonyms or standard translations. The proposed overlap is psychological discomfort / loss of composure / fear-related affect, with low-to-moderate semantic strength. Fear need not involve embarrassment and embarrassment need not involve fear.", "zh-Hans": "ABASH ↔ 怕 pà — 心理域音义候选。abash 标准义为使窘迫／使难为情／使失去从容；怕为畏惧／害怕。两者不完全同义，不是标准翻译。候选交集为 psychological discomfort / loss of composure / fear-related affect；语义强度 low-to-moderate。害怕不必窘迫，窘迫也不必害怕。" }, "status": "Candidate", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABASH", "REF-CUHK-PA", "REF-AUTHOR-ABASH-PA" ] }, { "word": "abash ↔ bash", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "Active Association Principle / Cognitive-Pedagogical, NOT etymology", "family": "Deliberate cognitive bridge; no historical family asserted", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "ABASH ↔ BASH — Active Association / Cognitive Bridge. Author-proposed by Jinkai Liu; Cognitive / Pedagogical / Creative method, NOT historical evidence. A learner may imagine BASH as sudden physical impact and ABASH as being made embarrassed/disconcerted: PHYSICAL IMPACT → PSYCHOLOGICAL DISCONCERT. This mnemonic is neither a definition of abash nor a claim that embarrassment requires a physical blow. Historical relation (abash / violent-hit bash): unestablished / not derived in this analysis; not a- + bash(hit).", "zh-Hans": "ABASH ↔ BASH — 主动联系／认知桥梁。Jinkai Liu 提出；属于认知／教学／创作方法，不属于历史证据。学习者可把 BASH 想象为突然的物理冲击，把 ABASH 联系到被弄得失措／窘迫：PHYSICAL IMPACT → PSYCHOLOGICAL DISCONCERT。这是记忆桥梁，不是 abash 的定义，也不是说窘迫必须由击打引起。abash 与猛击义 bash 的历史关系：未确立／本分析不作派生；不是 a- + bash(hit)。" }, "status": "Author-proposed / Cognitive association", "source_refs": [ "REF-AUTHOR-ACTIVE-ASSOCIATION" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ABASH-001", "relation": "IMPACT → STARTLE → FEAR / EMBARRASSMENT is a Cognitive / Experimental chain. 拍 pāi ↔ 怕 pà is a separate Chinese internal candidate; neither the sound resemblance nor an imagined reaction establishes derivation. The photograph scenario is only an editorial illustration, not the author’s original claim.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false }, { "association_id": "ASSOC-ABASH-BASH-ACTIVE", "relation": "ABASH ↔ BASH — Active Association / Cognitive Bridge. Author-proposed by Jinkai Liu; Cognitive / Pedagogical / Creative method, NOT historical evidence. A learner may imagine BASH as sudden physical impact and ABASH as being made embarrassed/disconcerted: PHYSICAL IMPACT → PSYCHOLOGICAL DISCONCERT. This mnemonic is neither a definition of abash nor a claim that embarrassment requires a physical blow. Historical relation (abash / violent-hit bash): unestablished / not derived in this analysis; not a- + bash(hit).", "status": "Author-proposed / Cognitive association", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ABASH-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “abash，惊讶。拍 pai。惊讶。拍下让人惊讶。” Legacy segmentation: a.bash → bash打击 → 惊讶.", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“abash，惊讶。拍 pai。惊讶。拍下让人惊讶。” 旧笔记切分：a.bash → bash打击 → 惊讶。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "Author’s preserved cognitive association only; no historical derivation established" ], "counterexamples": [ "The legacy Chinese gloss is narrowed: modern abash means embarrass/disconcert, not merely surprise.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated.", "Merriam-Webster documents obsolete bash “be abashed”, from Middle English basshen shortened from abasshen, behind bashful. This is not evidence that violent-hit bash developed into abash. Etymonline proposes Scandinavian or echoic possibilities for violent-hit bash and dates it to the 1640s; Merriam-Webster lists origin unknown and first use 1744. Preserve this source difference rather than claiming a settled date or total unrelatedness." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABASH", "REF-MW-ABASH" ], "historical_evaluation": "Unsupported / not established as derivation" }, { "hypothesis_id": "HYP-BPMF-CONSONANT-GROUP", "type": "b-p-m-f consonant-group hypothesis / case link", "claim": { "en": "Two separate b↔p candidates under the b–p–m–f Consonant-Group Hypothesis: abash ↔ 怕 (psychological) and bash ↔ 拍 (physical action). Neither proves the group or supports b↔m/f.", "zh-Hans": "b–p–m–f 辅音组假说下分别记录两个 b↔p 候选：abash ↔ 怕（心理域）与 bash ↔ 拍（动作域）。二者均不证明分组规则，也不提供 b↔m/f 支持。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "abash ↔ 怕 — psychological candidate; low-to-moderate semantic strength; independence pending", "bash ↔ 拍 — physical-action candidate; independence pending" ], "counterexamples": [ "No collected counterexample dataset yet; do not mistake this empty sample for absence of counterexamples.", "Unmatched rhyme, /ʃ/ and tone; voicing/aspiration differ.", "One selected positive example cannot demonstrate a rule.", "Abash and fear are not synonymous; segment selection and unknown historical family independence can inflate apparent correspondence." ], "testability": { "en": "Pre-register b ↔ p/m/f comparisons, collect positive and negative examples without selecting for meaning, and compare blinded semantic correspondence rate with random and matched-control baselines. Report all cases, uncertainty and held-out results; avoid cherry-picking. Etymological-family deduplication｜词源家族去重: retain two separately identified candidate observations, abash ↔ 怕 and bash ↔ 拍, but count them as two independent experimental observations only after etymological-family independence is verified. Current status: pending; bash origins remain uncertain. Modern spelling and Active Association neither merge nor prove independent historical families. Count derivatives of one root once; keep positive cases, counterexamples, random and matched controls. Pre-register segment position (abash medial b versus bash initial b), semantic scoring and exclusions; report sensitivity analyses for uncertain families. Experiment Status: Planned / Not run; no results.", "zh-Hans": "预注册 b ↔ p/m/f 比较；不按语义筛样，收集正例与反例；盲评 semantic correspondence rate，与随机及匹配控制基线比较。公布全部案例、不确定性和留出集结果，避免 cherry-picking。 Etymological-family deduplication｜词源家族去重：abash ↔ 怕 与 bash ↔ 拍 分别记录为两个候选观察，只有词源家族独立性核验通过，才能在实验中计作两个独立观察。当前独立性待核验；bash 深层来源仍未定。现代拼写相似与 Active Association 既不合并历史家族，也不证明家族独立。同一词根的多项派生仅计一个家族；保留正例、反例、随机及匹配控制基线。预注册片段位置（abash 词中 b 与 bash 词首 b）、语义评分及排除条件，对未定家族报告敏感性分析。Experiment Status: Planned / Not run；无结果。" }, "experiment_link": "EXP-BPMF-SEMANTIC-CORRESPONDENCE-PLAN", "source_refs": [ "REF-AUTHOR-BPMF" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-ABASH-001", "statement": { "en": "The legacy Chinese gloss is narrowed: modern abash means embarrass/disconcert, not merely surprise.", "zh-Hans": "旧站汉译已校正：现代 abash 主要是使窘迫／局促，不只是惊讶。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABASH", "REF-MW-ABASH" ] } ], "experiments": [ { "experiment_id": "EXP-BPMF-SEMANTIC-CORRESPONDENCE-PLAN", "title": { "en": "Future b-p-m-f semantic correspondence experiment", "zh-Hans": "未来 b-p-m-f 语义对应实验" }, "status": "Planned / Not run", "result": { "en": "Etymological-family deduplication｜词源家族去重: retain two separately identified candidate observations, abash ↔ 怕 and bash ↔ 拍, but count them as two independent experimental observations only after etymological-family independence is verified. Current status: pending; bash origins remain uncertain. Modern spelling and Active Association neither merge nor prove independent historical families. Count derivatives of one root once; keep positive cases, counterexamples, random and matched controls. Pre-register segment position (abash medial b versus bash initial b), semantic scoring and exclusions; report sensitivity analyses for uncertain families. Experiment Status: Planned / Not run; no results.", "zh-Hans": "Etymological-family deduplication｜词源家族去重：abash ↔ 怕 与 bash ↔ 拍 分别记录为两个候选观察，只有词源家族独立性核验通过，才能在实验中计作两个独立观察。当前独立性待核验；bash 深层来源仍未定。现代拼写相似与 Active Association 既不合并历史家族，也不证明家族独立。同一词根的多项派生仅计一个家族；保留正例、反例、随机及匹配控制基线。预注册片段位置（abash 词中 b 与 bash 词首 b）、语义评分及排除条件，对未定家族报告敏感性分析。Experiment Status: Planned / Not run；无结果。" }, "path": "words/abash.html#bpmf-experiment", "hypothesis_ids": [ "HYP-BPMF-CONSONANT-GROUP" ], "family_independence": { "status": "Pending verification", "eligible_as_two_independent_observations": false, "reason": "Violent-hit bash origin remains uncertain; modern similarity and Active Association cannot establish historical family membership or independence.", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABASH", "REF-MW-BASH", "REF-ETYMONLINE-ABASH", "REF-ETYMONLINE-BASH" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-07" }, "candidate_observations": [ { "observation_id": "OBS-ABASH-PA", "source": "abash", "target": "怕", "domain": "psychological discomfort / loss of composure / fear-related affect", "semantic_strength": "low-to-moderate", "hypothesis_id": "HYP-BPMF-CONSONANT-GROUP", "status": "Candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed" }, { "observation_id": "OBS-BASH-PAI", "source": "bash", "target": "拍", "domain": "HIT / STRIKE / IMPACT", "hypothesis_id": "HYP-BPMF-CONSONANT-GROUP", "status": "Candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed" } ] } ], "literary_layer": { "status": "Published", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "Literature may connect what appears unrelated; research asks whether the connection reveals a repeatable structure.", "zh-Hans": "文学可以连接原本不相干的事物；研究则负责判断这种连接是否具有可重复的结构。" }, "project_note": { "en": "Collanguage imagines a bridge through which English and French speech may be heard as musical Chinese in a future spacefaring age.", "zh-Hans": "通语 Collanguage 想象一座语言桥梁：面向未来宇航时代，英语与法语可以转化成高低错落、如音乐般的汉语。", "status": "Literary / Project Note", "is_evidence": false }, "essay_prose": [ { "title": { "en": "A Bridge Toward the Spacefaring Age", "zh-Hans": "通向宇航时代的语言桥梁" }, "text": { "zh-Hant": "架起語言之間的橋梁，讓我們面對未來的宇航時代。當你聽別人說出英語、法語的時候，由於有通語 Collanguage 所建立的規則與想像，你會自動把語句轉化成高低錯落、如音樂般的漢語，實現一種美好的交流。考慮文化因素，把漢語拼音用於跨語系的語言研究，這就是《語言書》Languagesbook 所探尋和追求的。它可以把兩件原本不相干的事情聯繫起來；在文學與想像中，這種聯繫不必先具備嚴格的歷史邏輯。我在我的葡萄園裡，瑪娜花盛開。", "en": "By building bridges between languages, we prepare ourselves for the spacefaring age ahead. When you hear someone speaking English or French, the rules and imagination developed through Collanguage may let you transform the utterance into Chinese, rising and falling like music, and thus create a beautiful exchange. To bring Chinese pinyin into cross-language-family research while attending to culture: this is what Languagesbook seeks. It may connect two things that at first seem unrelated; in literature and imagination, such a connection need not begin with strict historical logic. In my vineyard, the Mana flowers are in bloom." }, "status": "Published", "page_anchor": "words/abash.html#literature" } ], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The bridge, musical transformation and vineyard are the author's literary and methodological vision. They do not establish phonetic correspondence, cognacy or the historical segmentation a + bash.", "zh-Hans": "语言桥梁、音乐式转化与葡萄园属于作者的文学及方法论愿景；它们不能证明规律语音对应、同源关系或 a＋bash 的历史切分。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABASH", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: abash，惊讶。拍 pai。拍下让人惊讶", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abash/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABASH", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: abash", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abash", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-04; independently rechecked 2026-09-05; independently rechecked 2026-09-07" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-BASH", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: bash", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bash", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference for the separate word bash; accessed 2026-09-04; independently rechecked 2026-09-05; independently rechecked 2026-09-07" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-EBAHIR", "title": "CNRTL: ébahir — étymologie", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/%C3%A9bahir", "path": null, "provenance": "external historical reference for the French family behind Anglo-French forms; accessed 2026-09-04" }, { "reference_id": "REF-AHD-ABASH", "title": "American Heritage Dictionary: abash", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=abash", "path": null, "provenance": "external definition and historical etymology; accessed 2026-09-04; independently rechecked 2026-09-07" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CUHK-PAI", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database: 拍", "type": "historical character database", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%8B%8D", "path": null, "provenance": "character formation, Shuowen gloss and Guangyun phonological category; accessed 2026-09-04; independently rechecked 2026-09-05" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CUHK-PA", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database: 怕", "type": "historical character database", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%80%95", "path": null, "provenance": "character formation and semantic history; accessed 2026-09-04; independently rechecked 2026-09-05" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MOE-PAI", "title": "《異體字字典》: 拍", "type": "government dictionary", "url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=16996&la=0&powerMode=2", "path": null, "provenance": "modern readings, historical form and senses; accessed 2026-09-04 Responsible institution: Ministry of Education, R.O.C.; institution metadata is not the source title." }, { "reference_id": "REF-MOE-PA", "title": "《異體字字典》: 怕", "type": "government dictionary", "url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=-14804", "path": null, "provenance": "modern reading and historical form evidence; accessed 2026-09-04 Responsible institution: Ministry of Education, R.O.C.; institution metadata is not the source title." }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-BASHFUL", "title": "Merriam-Webster: Does bashful mean full of bash?", "type": "dictionary editorial word history", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/does-bashful-mean-full-of-bash", "path": null, "provenance": "independently accessed 2026-09-05; obsolete bash shortened from abash, distinct from the violent-hit sense" }, { "reference_id": "REF-ETYMONLINE-BASH", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary: bash", "type": "etymological dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/bash", "path": null, "provenance": "independently accessed 2026-09-05; tentative origins and dating differ from Merriam-Webster; independently rechecked 2026-09-07" }, { "reference_id": "REF-AUTHOR-BPMF", "title": "Jinkai Liu: b-p-m-f grouping and 拿砖拍他", "type": "Original Author Usage Observation / hypothesis", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "user-supplied correction instruction 2026-09-05; not independent historical or Tianjin dialect verification" }, { "reference_id": "REF-AUTHOR-ACTIVE-ASSOCIATION", "title": "Jinkai Liu: Active Association Principle｜主动联系原则", "type": "Author-proposed cognitive / creative method; not historical evidence", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "User-supplied model correction, 2026-09-05; deliberately constructed mnemonic, not independent historical evidence" }, { "reference_id": "REF-ETYMONLINE-ABASH", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary: abash", "type": "etymological dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/abash", "path": null, "provenance": "Independently checked 2026-09-07; deeper origin tentative" }, { "reference_id": "REF-AUTHOR-ABASH-PA", "title": "Jinkai Liu: abash↔怕 and bash↔拍 as separate b↔p candidates", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "User instruction 2026-09-07; not historical evidence or experimental result" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "ABASH / BASH Separate Candidates v1.5 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-07", "published": "2026-09-04" }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Candidate; priority 89.6/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Candidate；优先分 89.6/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "The legacy Chinese gloss is narrowed: modern abash means embarrass/disconcert, not merely surprise.", "zh-Hans": "旧站汉译已校正：现代 abash 主要是使窘迫／局促，不只是惊讶。" }, { "en": "Correction in place: stable abash ID, slug and page are retained; the case center is BASH ↔ 拍. Count remains unchanged. Level C and Candidate status are retained; literary/raw notes are preserved.", "zh-Hans": "原地修正：保留 abash 的稳定 ID、slug 和页面，案例中心改为 BASH ↔ 拍；总数不变。维持 C 级与 Candidate，保留文学及原始笔记。" }, { "en": "Active Association Principle｜主动联系原则: A learner or mapper may deliberately connect formally or semantically suggestive expressions as a cognitive bridge, while keeping that association separate from historical etymology.", "zh-Hans": "主动联系原则：学习者或语义映射者可以主动连接在形式或语义上具有启发性的表达，作为认知与记忆桥梁，但这种主动联系必须与历史词源关系分开标注。" }, { "en": "Cognitive / Creative method: literature may connect what appears unrelated; research asks whether the connection reveals a repeatable structure. Active Association is not an Evidence / Historical method.", "zh-Hans": "认知／创作方法：文学可以连接原本不相干的事物；研究则负责判断这种连接是否具有可重复的结构。主动联系不归 Evidence / Historical method。" }, { "en": "Translation Status ≠ Mapping Status ≠ Historical Relation ≠ Active Association Status ≠ Experiment Status. Both translations are Supported; both candidate mappings remain Candidate / C / Low; association is cognitive, experiments not run.", "zh-Hans": "Translation Status ≠ Mapping Status ≠ Historical Relation ≠ Active Association Status ≠ Experiment Status。两个标准翻译均 Supported；两个候选映射均 Candidate／C／Low；主动联系为认知方法，实验未运行。" }, { "en": "Etymological-family deduplication｜词源家族去重: retain two separately identified candidate observations, abash ↔ 怕 and bash ↔ 拍, but count them as two independent experimental observations only after etymological-family independence is verified. Current status: pending; bash origins remain uncertain. Modern spelling and Active Association neither merge nor prove independent historical families. Count derivatives of one root once; keep positive cases, counterexamples, random and matched controls. Pre-register segment position (abash medial b versus bash initial b), semantic scoring and exclusions; report sensitivity analyses for uncertain families. Experiment Status: Planned / Not run; no results.", "zh-Hans": "Etymological-family deduplication｜词源家族去重：abash ↔ 怕 与 bash ↔ 拍 分别记录为两个候选观察，只有词源家族独立性核验通过，才能在实验中计作两个独立观察。当前独立性待核验；bash 深层来源仍未定。现代拼写相似与 Active Association 既不合并历史家族，也不证明家族独立。同一词根的多项派生仅计一个家族；保留正例、反例、随机及匹配控制基线。预注册片段位置（abash 词中 b 与 bash 词首 b）、语义评分及排除条件，对未定家族报告敏感性分析。Experiment Status: Planned / Not run；无结果。" }, { "en": "Latest Original Author Hypothesis — Jinkai Liu, 2026-09-07: abash ↔ 怕 and bash ↔ 拍 are proposed as two b↔p candidates. Independent correction is recorded in the Historical track; the original raw note remains unchanged.", "zh-Hans": "最新 Original Author Hypothesis — Jinkai Liu，2026-09-07：abash↔怕 与 bash↔拍 可作为两个 b↔p 候选。独立更正见 Historical 轨；原始 raw note 不变。" } ], "search_terms": [ "abash", "abashed", "embarrass", "disconcert", "窘迫", "局促", "羞愧", "拍", "pai", "惊讶", "a.bash", "bash", "怕", "pāi", "pà", "打击", "宇航时代", "Collanguage", "通语", "玛娜花", "葡萄园", "猛击", "狠打", "猛撞", "砸", "使窘迫", "使羞愧", "使局促不安", "b-p-m-f", "bpmf", "HIT", "STRIKE", "IMPACT", "拿砖拍他", "Active Association", "主动联系", "Cognitive Bridge" ], "page": "words/abash.html", "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abash/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Original lexical observation and newly supplied author narrative retained; punctuation and the apparent 圆／园 typo normalized only in the edited literary presentation.", "raw_note": "abash，惊讶。拍 pai。惊讶。拍下让人惊讶。架起語言之间的桥梁，让我们面對未来宇航時代。當你聼别人説出英語法語的的時侯，由于有通語collanguage的所建立的规则舆想象，你會自动的把這語句轉成高低错落的音樂版的漢語，实现一种美好交流。考虑文化的因素，把漢語拼音用于跨語系的語言的研究，这就是語言書languagesbook所探寻追求的。可以把两个不搭界的的事情联系，不是非得具备逻辑。我在我的葡萄🍇圆，瑪娜花盛开。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 11, "disposition": "Candidate", "priority_score": 89.6 }, "featured_mapping": { "source": "bash", "target": "拍", "reading": "pāi", "status": "Candidate · Low confidence · Level C", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "display_label": "Phonetic-Semantic Candidate · b ↔ p within b-p-m-f", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-BASH", "REF-CUHK-PAI" ], "boundary": { "en": "Candidate / C / Low confidence. Initial b ↔ p is a hypothesis within b-p-m-f; no historical relation is claimed. Standard translation remains 猛击 / 狠打 / 猛撞 / 砸. See the linked hypothesis and planned experiment.", "zh-Hans": "Candidate／C／Low confidence。词首 b ↔ p 属 b-p-m-f 假说，不主张历史关系。标准翻译仍为猛击／狠打／猛撞／砸；参见已链接假说及未来实验。" } }, "query_views": [ { "terms": [ "abash", "abashed", "a.bash", "窘迫", "使窘迫", "局促", "羞愧", "使羞愧", "使局促不安", "embarrass", "disconcert", "使难为情", "使失措", "怕", "pà", "pa", "使失去从容" ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-abash-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "abash", "pronunciation": "/əˈbæʃ/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "使窘迫", "pronunciation": "shǐ jiǒngpò" }, "gloss": { "en": "to destroy the self-possession or confidence of; embarrass or disconcert", "zh-Hans": "使窘迫 · 使难为情 · 使失去从容" }, "meaning": { "en": "Standard translation: abash → 使窘迫 / 使难为情 / 使失去从容 (Supported). ABASH ↔ 怕 pà — psychological Phonetic-Semantic Candidate. Abash means to embarrass/disconcert; 怕 means fear/be afraid. They are not synonyms or standard translations. The proposed overlap is psychological discomfort / loss of composure / fear-related affect, with low-to-moderate semantic strength. Fear need not involve embarrassment and embarrassment need not involve fear. Active association: bash — Cognitive / Pedagogical · NOT etymology.", "zh-Hans": "标准翻译：abash → 使窘迫／使难为情／使失去从容（Supported）。ABASH ↔ 怕 pà — 心理域音义候选。abash 标准义为使窘迫／使难为情／使失去从容；怕为畏惧／害怕。两者不完全同义，不是标准翻译。候选交集为 psychological discomfort / loss of composure / fear-related affect；语义强度 low-to-moderate。害怕不必窘迫，窘迫也不必害怕。 主动联系：bash — Cognitive / Pedagogical · NOT etymology。" }, "mapping_type": "Supported standard translation; separately graded Phonetic-Semantic Candidate abash ↔ 怕", "rationale": { "en": "The /b/ in abash (after initial /ə/, not a word-initial b) is compared with Mandarin p /pʰ/ in 怕 pà under HYP-BPMF-CONSONANT-GROUP. Selecting this segment must be declared in advance; voicing, aspiration, vowels, final /ʃ/ and tone differ. Candidate / C / Low confidence; Historical Relation: Not claimed. No historical sound change or English-Chinese cognacy is asserted.", "zh-Hans": "abash 中 /ə/ 之后的 /b/（不是词首 b）与怕 pà 的 p /pʰ/ 作为 b↔p 候选，链接 HYP-BPMF-CONSONANT-GROUP。片段选择须预先规定；清浊、送气、元音、词末 /ʃ/ 与声调不同。Candidate／C／Low confidence；Historical Relation: Not claimed。不主张历史音变或英汉同源。" } }, "featured_mapping": { "source": "abash", "target": "怕", "reading": "pà", "status": "Candidate · Low confidence · Level C", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "display_label": "Psychological Phonetic-Semantic Candidate · b ↔ p within b-p-m-f · semantic strength: low-to-moderate", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABASH", "REF-CUHK-PA", "REF-AUTHOR-ABASH-PA" ], "boundary": { "en": "ABASH ↔ 怕 pà — psychological Phonetic-Semantic Candidate. Abash means to embarrass/disconcert; 怕 means fear/be afraid. They are not synonyms or standard translations. The proposed overlap is psychological discomfort / loss of composure / fear-related affect, with low-to-moderate semantic strength. Fear need not involve embarrassment and embarrassment need not involve fear.", "zh-Hans": "ABASH ↔ 怕 pà — 心理域音义候选。abash 标准义为使窘迫／使难为情／使失去从容；怕为畏惧／害怕。两者不完全同义，不是标准翻译。候选交集为 psychological discomfort / loss of composure / fear-related affect；语义强度 low-to-moderate。害怕不必窘迫，窘迫也不必害怕。" } }, "translation_status": "Supported", "translation_source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABASH" ] } ], "author_usage_observation": { "label": "Original Author Usage Observation", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "date": "2026-09-05", "text": "拿砖拍他", "reported_context": "天津／北方口语；作者指出此处“拍”可以表达有力击打", "verification_status": "Unverified as a Tianjin dialect fact", "independent_evidence": { "en": "CUHK supports the general hand-striking/beat senses of 拍. The targeted dialect search did not yield a reliable dictionary entry for this exact Tianjin usage; general lexical evidence does not verify the regional attribution.", "zh-Hans": "CUHK 支持“拍”的一般手击／拍打义。针对性方言检索未获得可核验此天津用法的可靠词典条目；一般词义资料不核验地域归属。" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-CUHK-PAI", "REF-AUTHOR-BPMF" ], "is_historical_evidence": false }, "legacy_segmentation_raw_note": "a.bash → bash打击 → 惊讶", "translation_status": "Supported", "translation_source_refs": [ "REF-MW-BASH" ], "active_association_status": "Author-proposed / Cognitive association" }, { "id": "LB-en-abbey-010", "slug": "abbey", "title": { "en": "ABBEY · Monastery · A Diachronic Root Path", "zh-Hans": "ABBEY · 修道院 · 历时词根路径" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "abbey", "pronunciation": "/ˈæbi/" }, { "role": "historically-related-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "abbaye", "pronunciation": "/a.be.i/" }, { "role": "historically-related-title", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "abbé", "pronunciation": "/a.be/" }, { "role": "historically-related-title", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "abbesse", "pronunciation": "/a.bɛs/" }, { "role": "target", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "修道院", "pronunciation": "xiūdàoyuàn" }, { "role": "phonetic-candidate", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "比", "pronunciation": "bǐ /pi˨˩˦/" }, { "role": "phonetic-candidate", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "笔", "pronunciation": "bǐ /pi˨˩˦/" }, { "role": "literary-candidate", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "蓓／蓓蕾", "pronunciation": "bèi /peɪ̯˥˩/ · bèilěi" }, { "role": "root-level-candidate", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "爸", "pronunciation": "bà /pa˥˩/" }, { "role": "historical-root", "code": "arc", "name": "Aramaic", "word": "abba", "pronunciation": "Transliteration; historical phonetic detail pending" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-abbey-primary-xiudaoyuan", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "abbey", "pronunciation": "/ˈæbi/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "修道院", "pronunciation": "xiūdàoyuàn" }, "gloss": { "en": "A monastery or convent governed by an abbot or abbess; also its buildings or church", "zh-Hans": "由男修道院院长或女修道院院长主持的修道院，也可指其建筑或教堂" }, "meaning": { "en": "Standard Translation: abbey → 修道院 / 修院 · Supported. Root Mapping Candidate: ABBA ↔ 爸 bà (FATHER). Kinship control: early-child speech resemblance; historical Aramaic–Chinese relation Not claimed.", "zh-Hans": "标准翻译：abbey → 修道院／修院 · Supported。词根候选：ABBA ↔ 爸 bà（父亲）。亲属称谓控制：早期儿童发音相似；阿拉姆语与汉语历史关系 Not claimed。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard Translation · Supported; root candidate separately graded", "rationale": { "en": "The institution meaning and the FATHER root candidate are independently classified. Meaning first, consonant second. The abbey translation does not change to 爸.", "zh-Hans": "机构词义与 FATHER 词根候选分别分级。Meaning first, consonant second.｜先定语义，再验辅音。abbey 的译词不改为爸。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "English abbey came through Middle English and Anglo-French from Medieval Latin abbātia. The base title abbās/abbot ultimately reflects Aramaic abba ‘father’ through ecclesiastical Greek and Christian Latin. This supports an indirect historical connection to Abba, not a direct borrowing from a modern Jewish form and not a relation to Chinese bi/bei.", "zh-Hans": "英语 abbey 经中古英语和盎格鲁-法语进入，来源是中世纪拉丁语 abbātia。其基础称谓 abbās／abbot 又经教会希腊语和基督教拉丁语上溯至阿拉米语 abba“父亲”。这说明它与 Abba 有间接的深层词史联系，并非直接借自某个现代犹太教形式，也不证明与汉语 bi／bei 有历史关系。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABBEY-001", "claim": { "en": "Middle English abbeye/abbay was borrowed from Anglo-French abeie/abbaye, from Medieval Latin abbātia.", "zh-Hans": "中古英语 abbeye／abbay 借自盎格鲁-法语 abeie／abbaye，后者来自中世纪拉丁语 abbātia。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABBEY", "REF-CNRTL-ABBAYE" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABBA-002", "claim": { "en": "French abbé comes from Christian Latin abbās, transmitted through ecclesiastical Greek from Aramaic abba ‘father’; abbaye is derived from that abbatial title through Latin abbātia.", "zh-Hans": "法语 abbé 来自基督教拉丁语 abbās；该称谓经教会希腊语源自阿拉米语 abba“父亲”。abbaye 则经拉丁语 abbātia 从这一院长称谓派生。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-AF-ABBE", "REF-AF-ABBAYE", "REF-CNRTL-ABBE" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABBESSE-003", "claim": { "en": "French abbesse is borrowed from Christian Latin abbatissa, a derivative of abbas, and names the female head of an abbey.", "zh-Hans": "法语 abbesse 借自基督教拉丁语 abbatissa，是 abbas 的派生词，指女修道院院长。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-AF-ABBESSE", "REF-CNRTL-ABBESSE" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABBATIA-OFFICE-004", "claim": { "en": "CNRTL distinguishes abbatia as office/dignity of an abbot from the monastery sense. The requested Late Latin label and Merriam-Webster’s Medieval Latin label are retained with source attribution.", "zh-Hans": "CNRTL 区分 abbatia 的院长职务／尊位义与修道院义；晚期拉丁语和 Merriam-Webster 的中世纪拉丁语标签分别归属来源。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABBAYE", "REF-MW-ABBEY", "REF-ETYMONLINE-ABBEY" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABBEY", "REF-CNRTL-ABBAYE", "REF-AF-ABBAYE", "REF-AF-ABBE", "REF-CNRTL-ABBE", "REF-AF-ABBESSE", "REF-CNRTL-ABBESSE" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Kinship control: recurrent early-child / baby-talk articulatory patterns are an alternative explanation for similar father/mother terms across languages. ABBA ↔ 爸 is a root-level Phonetic-Semantic Candidate, not abbey’s translation and not evidence of Aramaic–Chinese cognacy. Historical Relation: Not claimed. This control is not a demonstrated origin story for this particular pair.", "zh-Hans": "亲属称谓控制：跨语言父母称谓常出现相似的早期儿童／婴儿语发音模式，构成替代解释。ABBA ↔ 爸是词根级音义候选，不是 abbey 的标准翻译，也不是阿拉姆语与汉语历史同源的证据。Historical Relation: Not claimed。控制因素不等于已证明此词对的具体起源。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABBA-BA-001", "claim": { "en": "Select 爸 for FATHER before inspecting sound; retain 父 / 爹 / 爷 as semantic alternatives even outside the proposed group.", "zh-Hans": "先按 FATHER 选择爸，再检查声音；父／爹／爷作为语义备选保留，不因不符合辅音组而排除。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABBOT", "REF-MOE-BA", "REF-KINSHIP-CONTROL" ] }, { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABBEY-BI-001", "claim": { "en": "abbey-final /bi/ and 比/笔 bǐ /pi/ share a high front vowel and a labial stop, but differ in voicing/phonological system, syllable position and Mandarin tone.", "zh-Hans": "abbey 词尾 /bi/ 与“比／笔”bǐ /pi/ 共享高前元音与唇塞音，但在浊音／音系、音节位置及普通话声调上不同。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABBEY", "REF-JL-ABBEY-RAW" ] }, { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABBAYE-BEI-002", "claim": { "en": "French abbaye /a.be.i/ and 蓓 bèi /peɪ̯/ offer a loose auditory resemblance, but no regular historical correspondence or independent lexical-semantic match has been shown.", "zh-Hans": "法语 abbaye /a.be.i/ 与“蓓”bèi /peɪ̯/ 有宽泛听感近似，但尚无规律历史对应或独立词义对应。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABBEY-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABBEY", "REF-JL-ABBEY-RAW", "REF-MW-ABBOT", "REF-MOE-BA", "REF-KINSHIP-CONTROL" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The standard concept is a monastic institution/community. Spiritual cultivation as growth is a plausible interpretive frame, but the bud-to-rose transformation belongs to the literary layer.", "zh-Hans": "标准概念是修道机构／共同体。“灵魂修持如成长”可作解释性框架，但“蓓蕾长成玫瑰”的转换属于文学层。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [ "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABBEY", "REF-MW-ABBEY", "REF-JL-ABBEY-RAW" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The 比, 笔 and 蓓 comparisons are retained as separately graded author observations. None is historical evidence or a replacement for 修道院.", "zh-Hans": "“比”“笔”“蓓”的比较作为分别分级的作者观察保留；均不是历史证据，也不替代“修道院”。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABBEY-BI-001", "claim": { "en": "比 bǐ is a phonetic candidate only; no supporting abbey-related lexical meaning is recorded.", "zh-Hans": "“比”bǐ 仅为声音候选；未记录与修道院相关的支持性词义。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABBEY-RAW" ] }, { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABBEY-PEN-002", "claim": { "en": "笔 bǐ is a weak/speculative observation. The proposed ‘using a pen’ interpretation lacks an independently established semantic bridge to abbey.", "zh-Hans": "“笔”bǐ 是弱／推测性观察。“用笔”的解释缺少独立成立的语义桥梁。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABBEY-RAW" ] }, { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABBEY-BUD-003", "claim": { "en": "蓓 bèi / 蓓蕾 is a literary phonetic-semantic association: an abbey imagined as a place where the soul develops like a rosebud.", "zh-Hans": "“蓓”bèi／“蓓蕾”是文学性的声音—语义联想：把修道院想象为灵魂如玫瑰蓓蕾般成长之所。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABBEY-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABBEY-RAW" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ABBEY-BI-001", "claim": { "en": "English abbey /ˈæbi/ ends in /bi/, while Mandarin 比 and 笔 are bǐ /pi˨˩˦/.", "zh-Hans": "英语 abbey /ˈæbi/ 以 /bi/ 结尾；普通话“比”“笔”为 bǐ /pi˨˩˦/。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "This is a surface resemblance, not a demonstrated sound law. English /b/ and Mandarin pinyin b represent different phonetic categories, and Mandarin tone has no counterpart here.", "zh-Hans": "这是表面音似，不是已证明的音变规律。英语 /b/ 与普通话拼音 b 所代表的语音范畴不同，普通话声调在此也无对应。" } }, { "observation_id": "PHON-ABBAYE-BEI-002", "claim": { "en": "French abbaye /a.be.i/, abbé /a.be/ and abbesse /a.bɛs/ share the historical abb-/ab- family; 蓓 bèi /peɪ̯˥˩/ only resembles part of these modern sounds.", "zh-Hans": "法语 abbaye /a.be.i/、abbé /a.be/、abbesse /a.bɛs/ 属于有词史关系的 abb-／ab- 词族；“蓓”bèi /peɪ̯˥˩/ 只与部分现代音形近似。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "The relation among the French forms is historical; their resemblance to Chinese bei is not. Surface similarity must not be transferred across those two claims.", "zh-Hans": "法语各形式之间有历史关系；它们与汉语 bei 的近似没有已证历史关系。不能把前一事实转移成后一结论。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION", "MONASTIC COMMUNITY", "SPIRITUAL CULTIVATION", "GROWTH" ], "relation": "RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION → MONASTIC COMMUNITY; literary extension: SPIRITUAL CULTIVATION → GROWTH", "status": "Interpretive" }, "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-ABBEY-BI-001", "type": "Modern-form phonetic candidate", "claim": { "en": "The final syllable of abbey may invite a phonetic association with 比 bǐ, without a semantic or historical claim.", "zh-Hans": "abbey 的末音节可能引发与“比”bǐ 的声音联想，但不提出语义或历史关系主张。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "abbey /ˈæbi/", "比 bǐ /pi˨˩˦/" ], "counterexamples": [ "No abbey-related lexical meaning in 比", "English voicing vs Mandarin aspiration contrast", "Unmatched tone and first syllable" ], "testability": { "en": "Use blinded similarity ratings with unrelated /bi, pi, bei/ controls; semantic support must be tested separately.", "zh-Hans": "可用盲法相似度评分，并加入无关 /bi、pi、bei/ 负对照；语义支持必须另行检验。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABBEY-RAW" ] }, { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-ABBEY-PEN-002", "type": "Weak semantic candidate / negative-control-like observation", "claim": { "en": "笔 bǐ may be heard as similar to abbey-final /bi/, but ‘using a pen’ does not currently supply a supported abbey meaning.", "zh-Hans": "“笔”bǐ 在听感上可能接近 abbey 词尾 /bi/，但“用笔”目前不能提供有支持的修道院词义。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "supporting_cases": [ "abbey /ˈæbi/", "笔 bǐ /pi˨˩˦/" ], "counterexamples": [ "No independent semantic bridge", "Many unrelated words can share /bi/-like syllables", "Not a standard translation" ], "testability": { "en": "Require a preregistered semantic criterion and negative controls before promotion; otherwise retain as a weak observation.", "zh-Hans": "升级前须预先注册语义判据并设置负对照；否则只保留为弱观察。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABBEY-RAW" ] }, { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-ABBAYE-BUD-003", "type": "Literary phonetic-semantic association", "claim": { "en": "Abbaye/abbey and 蓓 bèi can support a literary image of an abbey as a place where the soul grows like a bud, without etymological force.", "zh-Hans": "abbaye／abbey 与“蓓”bèi 可支持“修道院如灵魂蓓蕾成长之所”的文学意象，但不具有词源证明力。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "abbaye /a.be.i/", "蓓 bèi /peɪ̯˥˩/", "author's bud/rose metaphor" ], "counterexamples": [ "No demonstrated historical correspondence", "蓓蕾 is not the standard translation of abbey", "Metaphorical meaning supplied by the author" ], "testability": { "en": "Evaluate as literary reception or mnemonic association, not as an etymological hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "应作为文学接受或记忆联想评价，而不是词源假说。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABBEY-RAW" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Published", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "An abbey is a place where the soul is cultivated like a bud opening toward a rose.", "zh-Hans": "修道院如灵魂的蓓蕾之所，在修持中向玫瑰生长。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The bud, rose and spiritual-growth image is authored literature. It is searchable and preserved, but it is not lexical translation, historical etymology or independent semantic evidence.", "zh-Hans": "蓓蕾、玫瑰与灵魂成长的意象属于作者文学创作。它可检索、被保留，但不是词义翻译、历史词源或独立语义证据。" }, "authorship_status": "Author-proposed" }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-ABBEY-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: abbey source/raw research note", "type": "author research note", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; normalized spelling and decoded HTML entities; research ideas preserved" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABBEY", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: abbey", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abbey", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30; independently rechecked 2026-09-07" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABBEY", "title": "Cambridge Dictionary: abbey", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/abbey", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-ABBAYE", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de abbaye", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/abbaye", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-08-30; independently rechecked 2026-09-07" }, { "reference_id": "REF-AF-ABBAYE", "title": "Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 9e édition: abbaye", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/academie9/abbaye", "path": null, "provenance": "Académie française dictionary text via CNRTL; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-AF-ABBE", "title": "Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 9e édition: abbé", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/academie9/abb%C3%A9", "path": null, "provenance": "Académie française dictionary text via CNRTL; accessed 2026-08-30; independently rechecked 2026-09-07" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-ABBE", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: abbé", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/abb%C3%A9", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-08-30; independently rechecked 2026-09-07" }, { "reference_id": "REF-AF-ABBESSE", "title": "Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 9e édition: abbesse", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/academie9/abbesse", "path": null, "provenance": "Académie française dictionary text via CNRTL; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-ABBESSE", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de abbesse", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/abbesse", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBEY", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: abbey", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abbey/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; source merged without overwriting the independently reviewed record" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABBOT", "title": "Merriam-Webster: abbot", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abbot", "path": null, "type": "research reference", "provenance": "Independently checked 2026-09-07. Late Greek abbâs and Aramaic abbā father; English abbot via Old English, not French abbé." }, { "reference_id": "REF-ETYMONLINE-ABBEY", "title": "Etymonline: abbey / abbot", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/abbey", "path": null, "type": "research reference", "provenance": "Independently checked 2026-09-07. abbeie/abaïe; Late Latin label; father/my father gloss." }, { "reference_id": "REF-MOE-BA", "title": "《異體字字典》: 爸", "url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=26692&q=1", "path": null, "type": "research reference", "provenance": "Independently checked 2026-09-07. Father sense and historical dictionary witnesses; no first-attestation date inferred. Responsible institution: Ministry of Education, R.O.C.; institution metadata is not the source title. Cited historical witness: 《集韻》 via 《異體字字典》; not a direct edition collation." }, { "reference_id": "REF-MOE-DIE", "title": "《重編國語辭典修訂本》: 爹", "url": "https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=2163&q=1&word=%E7%88%B9", "path": null, "type": "research reference", "provenance": "Independently checked 2026-09-07. Father, elder and colloquial grandfather senses. Responsible institution: Ministry of Education, R.O.C.; institution metadata is not the source title." }, { "reference_id": "REF-SINICA-YE", "title": "Academia Sinica character database: 爺", "url": "https://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/char/15990", "path": null, "type": "research reference", "provenance": "Independently checked 2026-09-07. Father, dialectal grandfather and honorific senses; not a universal chronological sequence." }, { "reference_id": "REF-KINSHIP-CONTROL", "title": "Hendery and McConvell: Mama and papa in Indigenous Australia", "url": "https://researchers.westernsydney.edu.au/en/publications/mama-and-papa-in-indigenous-australia/", "path": null, "type": "research reference", "provenance": "Independently checked 2026-09-07. Research abstract discusses recurrent infant-speech explanation and need for family-specific historical investigation." }, { "reference_id": "REF-JAKOBSON-CONTROL", "title": "Roman Jakobson: Why Mama and Papa?", "url": "https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110889598-002/html", "path": null, "type": "research reference", "provenance": "Independently checked 2026-09-07. Bibliographic pointer for future full-text control review; not claimed read in full." } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Legacy Entry Recalibration 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": "2026-08-30", "modified": "2026-09-07", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Entry review and historical-source review do not promote the Chinese sound candidates.", "zh-Hans": "词条审核与历史来源核验不会自动升级汉语声音候选。" }, { "en": "The primary mapping is the ordinary lexical equivalent 修道院; mapping level is Unrated because A–D grading is not being used to manufacture a cross-language sound claim.", "zh-Hans": "主要 Mapping 是普通词义对应“修道院”；Mapping Level 记为 Unrated，避免用 A–D 等级制造跨语言声音主张。" }, { "en": "Legacy Recalibration 001: same ID and entry count. Root mapping Candidate; translation Supported; historical family path evidence-backed; literary 蓓 Published / Author-proposed; 比/笔 weak/speculative.", "zh-Hans": "旧词条校准001：保留ID和词条总数。词根映射 Candidate；翻译 Supported；词族历史路径有来源支持；蓓为 Published／Author-proposed 文学层；比／笔为 weak/speculative。" }, { "en": "Heading follows the established candidate + pinyin + standard-gloss format. The displayed 爸 candidate belongs to historical ABBA, not the whole-word translation of abbey.", "zh-Hans": "标题统一为候选字＋拼音＋标准译义；爸属于历史 ABBA 词根候选，不是 abbey 整词译义。" } ], "search_terms": [ "abbey", "abbeys", "abbaye", "abbé", "abbe", "abbesse", "修道院", "修道", "monastery", "abbot", "abbess", "abba", "阿爸", "阿比", "比", "bi", "笔", "筆", "蓓", "bei", "蓓蕾", "玫瑰", "灵魂修持", "靈魂修持", "spiritual cultivation", "rosebud", "RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION", "MONASTIC COMMUNITY", "爸", "爸爸", "bà", "修院", "abbeie", "abaïe", "abbatia" ], "page": "words/abbey.html", "legacy": null, "source": { "type": "author-provided raw research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "French spelling normalized to abbaye/abbé/abbesse and HTML entities decoded; the research ideas are not overwritten.", "raw_note": "英语：abbey ['æbi] n. 修道院。法语：abbaye n. 修道院；abbé n. 修道院院长；abbesse n. 女修道院院长。汉语候选：比 bi；笔 bi；以及文学候选‘蓓 bei／蓓蕾’。解释：这个词应该从犹太教的阿比而来。而比或许是用笔 bi 的意思。或者解释成蓓 bei、蓓蕾；这里用一个蓓蕾的蓓字对应，因为修道院是人的灵魂的修持，而生长出绚丽的玫瑰的蓓蕾的圣所。" }, "legacy_import": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abbey/", "action": "merged-source-deduplicated", "raw_note": "abbey，修道院。" }, "translation_status": "Supported", "query_views": [ { "terms": [ "爸", "爸爸", "bà", "abba" ], "featured_mapping": null, "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-ABBA-BA-001", "source": { "language": "Aramaic historical root · Root Mapping Candidate", "word": "ABBA", "pronunciation": "abba (transliteration)" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese root candidate", "word": "爸", "pronunciation": "bà /pa˥˩/" }, "gloss": { "en": "FATHER root candidate; abbey translates as 修道院 / 修院", "zh-Hans": "父亲义的词根候选；abbey 标准翻译为修道院／修院" }, "meaning": { "en": "Kinship control: recurrent early-child / baby-talk articulatory patterns are an alternative explanation for similar father/mother terms across languages. ABBA ↔ 爸 is a root-level Phonetic-Semantic Candidate, not abbey’s translation and not evidence of Aramaic–Chinese cognacy. Historical Relation: Not claimed. This control is not a demonstrated origin story for this particular pair.", "zh-Hans": "亲属称谓控制：跨语言父母称谓常出现相似的早期儿童／婴儿语发音模式，构成替代解释。ABBA ↔ 爸是词根级音义候选，不是 abbey 的标准翻译，也不是阿拉姆语与汉语历史同源的证据。Historical Relation: Not claimed。控制因素不等于已证明此词对的具体起源。" }, "mapping_type": "Root-level Phonetic-Semantic Candidate · Kinship control required", "rationale": { "en": "Select 爸 for FATHER before inspecting sound; retain 父 / 爹 / 爷 as semantic alternatives even outside the proposed group.", "zh-Hans": "先按 FATHER 选择爸，再检查声音；父／爹／爷作为语义备选保留，不因不符合辅音组而排除。" } } } ], "recalibration": { "id": "LEGACY-RECALIBRATION-001", "principle": "Meaning first, consonant second.｜先定语义，再验辅音。", "historical_path": "English abbey ← Anglo-French / Old French abbeie / abaïe (also abeie / abbaye) ← Late / Medieval ecclesiastical Latin abbatia ← Latin abbas ← Greek abbas ← Aramaic abba “father / my father”", "semantic_path": "ABBA (FATHER) → ABBAS / ABBOT / ABBÉ (SPIRITUAL FATHER / MONASTIC SUPERIOR) → ABBATIA / ABBAYE / ABBEY (office/institution → monastery)", "historical_path_status": "Evidence-backed", "path_source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABBEY", "REF-MW-ABBOT", "REF-CNRTL-ABBAYE", "REF-CNRTL-ABBE", "REF-AF-ABBE", "REF-ETYMONLINE-ABBEY" ], "path_boundary": { "en": "This is a family/semantic summary, not a linear borrowing chain through every slash-separated form. French abbé and English abbot are parallel descendants of the title family. CNRTL distinguishes abbatia as abbatial office/dignity and as monastery. Merriam-Webster labels abbatia Medieval Latin; Etymonline calls it Late Latin. Father is the shared dictionary gloss; my father is Etymonline’s gloss, not a claim that every occurrence has possessive morphology.", "zh-Hans": "这是词族／语义概括，不是所有斜线词形之间依次借入。法语 abbé 与英语 abbot 是称谓词族的分支。CNRTL 区分 abbatia 的院长职务／尊位义与修道院义。Merriam-Webster 标中世纪拉丁语，Etymonline 标晚期拉丁语。father 是共同释义；my father 按 Etymonline 归属，不断言每一用例都具有所有格形态。" }, "workflow": [ "Historical word/root", "Historical semantic meaning/path", "Independently select Chinese semantic candidate", "Compare source-language consonant with Chinese pronunciation", "Only then check proposed consonant group", "Independent scoring and evidence boundary", "Future experiment/control" ], "root_candidate": { "candidate_id": "MAP-ABBA-BA-001", "mapping_scope": "root", "source_unit": "ABBA", "source_language": "Aramaic", "target": "爸", "reading": "bà", "status": "Phonetic-Semantic Candidate", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "semantic_selection": { "en": "Select 爸 for FATHER before inspecting sound; retain 父 / 爹 / 爷 as semantic alternatives even outside the proposed group.", "zh-Hans": "先按 FATHER 选择爸，再检查声音；父／爹／爷作为语义备选保留，不因不符合辅音组而排除。" }, "consonant_comparison": { "label": "b ↔ b / b-p-m-f candidate group", "source": "b in transliterated abba; historical pronunciation requires period-specific evidence", "target": "Pinyin b in bà represents unaspirated /p/", "boundary": "Comparison labels are not identical IPA values. Gemination, vowels, syllable structure and tone require independent evaluation; no sound law established." }, "scores": { "semantic_fit_father": "High", "surface_sound_resemblance": "Salient but partial", "consonant_group_fit": "Within proposed group at label level", "historical_cross_language_relation": "Not claimed", "overall_confidence": "Low", "scale": "Editorial categories, not experimental measurements" }, "control": { "en": "Kinship control: recurrent early-child / baby-talk articulatory patterns are an alternative explanation for similar father/mother terms across languages. ABBA ↔ 爸 is a root-level Phonetic-Semantic Candidate, not abbey’s translation and not evidence of Aramaic–Chinese cognacy. Historical Relation: Not claimed. This control is not a demonstrated origin story for this particular pair.", "zh-Hans": "亲属称谓控制：跨语言父母称谓常出现相似的早期儿童／婴儿语发音模式，构成替代解释。ABBA ↔ 爸是词根级音义候选，不是 abbey 的标准翻译，也不是阿拉姆语与汉语历史同源的证据。Historical Relation: Not claimed。控制因素不等于已证明此词对的具体起源。" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABBOT", "REF-MOE-BA", "REF-KINSHIP-CONTROL" ] }, "original_author_hypothesis": "这个词应该从犹太教的阿比而来", "independent_correction": { "en": "The family ultimately traces to Aramaic abba via Greek and Latin, with French and English branches. Abbey is an English institution word, not a Jewish-language name or a Jewish title for a pastor.", "zh-Hans": "该词族最终经希腊语和拉丁语追溯至阿拉姆语 abba，形成法语和英语分支。abbey 是英语机构词，不是“犹太语 abbey”或“犹太人称牧师 abbey”。" }, "kinship_research_note": { "status": "Scoped dictionary evidence; historical dating and reconstructions in Research Queue", "note": { "en": "父 / 爸 / 爹 / 爷 have different roles by period, dialect and register. 爸 has historical dictionary witnesses; do not infer a recent foreign borrowing or a first attestation from the modern form. 爹 includes father and other address senses; 爷 includes father, grandfather and honorific senses, not one universal replacement timeline. Modern dialects are not frozen copies of ancient Chinese.", "zh-Hans": "父／爸／爹／爷在时期、方言与语体中的角色不同。爸有历史字书见证；不能据现代形式断言近代外来或首见年代。爹有父亲及其他称呼义；爷有父亲、祖父、尊称等义，不能概括成全国统一的替代时间线。现代方言不是古汉语冻结复制品。" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-MOE-BA", "REF-MOE-DIE", "REF-SINICA-YE" ], "research_queue": [ "父 and 母/妈/娘: source-by-source historical/register comparison", "Earliest dated witnesses for each term; distinguish source composition from surviving edition", "Old/Middle Chinese reconstructions with named systems; dialect location/date/transcription", "Aramaic period-specific phonology and family-deduplicated non-kinship controls" ] }, "future_experiment": { "status": "Planned; not run", "design": "Preregister semantic selection independently of sound; blinded sound ratings; retain 父/爹/爷 regardless of group fit; compare kinship and non-kinship baselines, unrelated /ba,pa,ma/ items and shuffled meaning controls; count abbey/abbaye/abbé/abbot/abbess as one historical family; do not constrain Chinese-internal semantic paths." } }, "featured_mapping": { "source": "abbey", "target": "爸", "reading": "bà", "display_label": "Root-level phonetic-semantic candidate · 词根音义候选：ABBA ↔ 爸（非整词等义）", "status": "Candidate · Low confidence", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "boundary": { "en": "Kinship control: recurrent early-child / baby-talk articulatory patterns are an alternative explanation for similar father/mother terms across languages. ABBA ↔ 爸 is a root-level Phonetic-Semantic Candidate, not abbey’s translation and not evidence of Aramaic–Chinese cognacy. Historical Relation: Not claimed. This control is not a demonstrated origin story for this particular pair.", "zh-Hans": "亲属称谓控制：跨语言父母称谓常出现相似的早期儿童／婴儿语发音模式，构成替代解释。ABBA ↔ 爸是词根级音义候选，不是 abbey 的标准翻译，也不是阿拉姆语与汉语历史同源的证据。Historical Relation: Not claimed。控制因素不等于已证明此词对的具体起源。" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABBOT", "REF-MOE-BA", "REF-KINSHIP-CONTROL" ] } }, { "id": "LB-en-abbreviate-035", "slug": "abbreviate", "title": { "en": "abbreviate · Legacy Website Import", "zh-Hans": "abbreviate · 旧站导入" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "abbreviate", "pronunciation": "not recorded", "part_of_speech": "verb · 动词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "缩写／简略", "pronunciation": "suōxiě / jiǎnlüè" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-abbreviate-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "abbreviate", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "缩写／简略", "pronunciation": "suōxiě / jiǎnlüè" }, "gloss": { "en": "to shorten a word, phrase or text; to represent by a shorter form", "zh-Hans": "缩短词、短语或文本；用较短形式表示" }, "meaning": { "en": "to shorten a word, phrase or text; to represent by a shorter form. The standard mapping is independent from the legacy sound hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "缩短词、短语或文本；用较短形式表示。标准词义 Mapping 与旧站声音假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Abbreviate comes from Late Latin abbreviare ‘make shorter’, from Latin brevis ‘short’. Abbreviation is its genuine derivative, and abridge is a historical relative.", "zh-Hans": "abbreviate 来自晚期拉丁语 abbreviare“使变短”，基于 brevis“短”；abbreviation 是真实派生词，abridge 是历史相关词。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABBREVIATE-001", "claim": { "en": "Abbreviate comes from Late Latin abbreviare ‘make shorter’, from Latin brevis ‘short’. Abbreviation is its genuine derivative, and abridge is a historical relative.", "zh-Hans": "abbreviate 来自晚期拉丁语 abbreviare“使变短”，基于 brevis“短”；abbreviation 是真实派生词，abridge 是历史相关词。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABBREVIATE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABBREVIATE" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The brev segment and 瘪 biě have limited modern resemblance; no cross-language history is established.", "zh-Hans": "brev 片段与“瘪”biě 有有限现代音近；未建立跨语言词史。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABBREVIATE-001", "claim": { "en": "The brev segment and 瘪 biě have limited modern resemblance; no cross-language history is established.", "zh-Hans": "brev 片段与“瘪”biě 有有限现代音近；未建立跨语言词史。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATE", "REF-MW-ABBREVIATE", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATION" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATE", "REF-MW-ABBREVIATE", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATION" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "SHORTEN → COMPRESS → ‘DEFLATE’ gives 瘪 a vivid mnemonic role.", "zh-Hans": "缩短 → 压缩 → “变瘪”，使“瘪”可作生动记忆联想。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ABBREVIATE-001", "claim": { "en": "SHORTEN → COMPRESS → ‘DEFLATE’ gives 瘪 a vivid mnemonic role.", "zh-Hans": "缩短 → 压缩 → “变瘪”，使“瘪”可作生动记忆联想。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATE" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "The real morpheme is the Latin SHORT family brev-/brevis; 瘪 is not its origin.", "zh-Hans": "真实语素属于拉丁语 SHORT 词族 brev-／brevis；“瘪”不是其来源。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABBREVIATE-001", "claim": { "en": "The real morpheme is the Latin SHORT family brev-/brevis; 瘪 is not its origin.", "zh-Hans": "真实语素属于拉丁语 SHORT 词族 brev-／brevis；“瘪”不是其来源。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATE", "REF-MW-ABBREVIATE", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATION" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATE", "REF-MW-ABBREVIATE", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATION" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ABBREVIATE-001", "claim": { "en": "The brev segment and 瘪 biě have limited modern resemblance; no cross-language history is established.", "zh-Hans": "brev 片段与“瘪”biě 有有限现代音近；未建立跨语言词史。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "ABBREVIATE", "ABBREVIATION", "ABBREV", "BRIEF" ], "relation": "abbreviate → abbreviation → abbrev → brief", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "abbreviation", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "derivative", "family": "Latin abbreviare", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABBREVIATE" ] }, { "word": "abridge", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical relative", "family": "Latin abbreviare/brevis", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABBREVIATE" ] }, { "word": "brief/brevity", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical relatives", "family": "Latin brevis", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABBREVIATE" ] }, { "word": "瘪 biě", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "phonetic-cognitive mnemonic", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATE", "REF-MW-ABBREVIATE", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATION" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ABBREVIATE-001", "relation": "SHORTEN → COMPRESS → ‘DEFLATE’ gives 瘪 a vivid mnemonic role.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ABBREVIATE-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “abbreviate，简略。-brev 与瘪 bie 同音。abbreviation，节略。瘪 bie。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“abbreviate，简略。-brev 与瘪 bie 同音。abbreviation，节略。瘪 bie。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "abbreviate", "缩写／简略" ], "counterexamples": [ "The real morpheme is the Latin SHORT family brev-/brevis; 瘪 is not its origin.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATE", "REF-MW-ABBREVIATE", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATION" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-ABBREVIATE-001", "statement": { "en": "The real morpheme is the Latin SHORT family brev-/brevis; 瘪 is not its origin.", "zh-Hans": "真实语素属于拉丁语 SHORT 词族 brev-／brevis；“瘪”不是其来源。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATE", "REF-MW-ABBREVIATE", "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATION" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Preserved from legacy note", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "SHORTEN → COMPRESS → ‘DEFLATE’ gives 瘪 a vivid mnemonic role.", "zh-Hans": "缩短 → 压缩 → “变瘪”，使“瘪”可作生动记忆联想。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The legacy image may be developed as literature or mnemonic, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "旧站意象可作为文学或记忆法展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATE", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: abbreviate / abbreviation，简略／节略。瘪 bie", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abbreviate%ef%bc%8c%e7%ae%80%e7%95%a5%e3%80%82%e7%98%aabie/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABBREVIATE", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: abbreviate", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abbreviate", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABBREVIATION", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: abbreviation，节略。瘪 bie", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abbreviation/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; merged into abbreviate record during import 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Legacy Website Import Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Candidate; priority 90.5/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Candidate；优先分 90.5/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "The real morpheme is the Latin SHORT family brev-/brevis; 瘪 is not its origin.", "zh-Hans": "真实语素属于拉丁语 SHORT 词族 brev-／brevis；“瘪”不是其来源。" } ], "search_terms": [ "abbreviate", "abbreviation", "abbrev", "brief", "brevity", "abridge", "缩写", "简略", "节略", "瘪", "bie", "shorten" ], "page": null, "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abbreviate%ef%bc%8c%e7%ae%80%e7%95%a5%e3%80%82%e7%98%aabie/", "additional_source_urls": [ "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abbreviation/" ], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Legacy title/body excerpt retained; punctuation normalized only where needed for readability.", "raw_note": "abbreviate，简略。-brev 与瘪 bie 同音。abbreviation，节略。瘪 bie。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 12, "disposition": "Candidate", "priority_score": 90.5 } }, { "id": "LB-en-abdicate-036", "slug": "abdicate", "title": { "en": "abdicate · Legacy Website Import", "zh-Hans": "abdicate · 旧站导入" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "abdicate", "pronunciation": "not recorded", "part_of_speech": "verb · 动词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "退位／放弃职责", "pronunciation": "tuìwèi / fàngqì zhízé" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-abdicate-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "abdicate", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "退位／放弃职责", "pronunciation": "tuìwèi / fàngqì zhízé" }, "gloss": { "en": "to formally give up sovereign power, office or a serious responsibility", "zh-Hans": "正式放弃君权、职位或重大职责" }, "meaning": { "en": "to formally give up sovereign power, office or a serious responsibility. The standard mapping is independent from the legacy sound hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "正式放弃君权、职位或重大职责。标准词义 Mapping 与旧站声音假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Abdicate is from Latin abdicare ‘resign, renounce, withdraw’, with ab- ‘away’ and a form related to dicere ‘speak, state’. It is not built from a Chinese sound.", "zh-Hans": "abdicate 来自拉丁语 abdicare“辞去、放弃、退出”，含 ab-“离开”及与 dicere“说、陈述”相关的形式；并非由汉语声音构成。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABDICATE-001", "claim": { "en": "Abdicate is from Latin abdicare ‘resign, renounce, withdraw’, with ab- ‘away’ and a form related to dicere ‘speak, state’. It is not built from a Chinese sound.", "zh-Hans": "abdicate 来自拉丁语 abdicare“辞去、放弃、退出”，含 ab-“离开”及与 dicere“说、陈述”相关的形式；并非由汉语声音构成。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABDICATE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABDICATE" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The final -dicate and 啼 tí overlap only in a small sound fragment and do not establish morphology or cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "词尾 -dicate 与“啼”tí 仅有很小声音片段重合，不能建立构词或同源关系。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABDICATE-001", "claim": { "en": "The final -dicate and 啼 tí overlap only in a small sound fragment and do not establish morphology or cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "词尾 -dicate 与“啼”tí 仅有很小声音片段重合，不能建立构词或同源关系。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABDICATE", "REF-MW-ABDICATE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABDICATE", "REF-MW-ABDICATE" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "A ruler no longer making proclamations after renouncing office is a literary image that loosely echoes the historical SAY/DECLARE root.", "zh-Hans": "统治者退位后不再发号施令，是一种文学意象，并可松散呼应历史上的 SAY／DECLARE 词根。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ABDICATE-001", "claim": { "en": "A ruler no longer making proclamations after renouncing office is a literary image that loosely echoes the historical SAY/DECLARE root.", "zh-Hans": "统治者退位后不再发号施令，是一种文学意象，并可松散呼应历史上的 SAY／DECLARE 词根。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABDICATE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABDICATE" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "The legacy ‘no longer cry’ explanation is literature, while the Latin renounce/declare history is independently established.", "zh-Hans": "旧站“不再啼叫”的解释属于文学；拉丁语放弃／宣布词史则有独立依据。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABDICATE-001", "claim": { "en": "The legacy ‘no longer cry’ explanation is literature, while the Latin renounce/declare history is independently established.", "zh-Hans": "旧站“不再啼叫”的解释属于文学；拉丁语放弃／宣布词史则有独立依据。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABDICATE", "REF-MW-ABDICATE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABDICATE", "REF-MW-ABDICATE" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ABDICATE-001", "claim": { "en": "The final -dicate and 啼 tí overlap only in a small sound fragment and do not establish morphology or cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "词尾 -dicate 与“啼”tí 仅有很小声音片段重合，不能建立构词或同源关系。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "ABDICATE", "ABDICATION", "退位", "让位" ], "relation": "abdicate → abdication → 退位 → 让位", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "abdication", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "derivative", "family": "Latin abdicare", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABDICATE" ] }, { "word": "dictate/diction", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "deeper historical relatives", "family": "Latin dicere/dicare", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABDICATE" ] }, { "word": "啼 tí", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "literary phonetic candidate", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABDICATE", "REF-MW-ABDICATE" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ABDICATE-001", "relation": "A ruler no longer making proclamations after renouncing office is a literary image that loosely echoes the historical SAY/DECLARE root.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ABDICATE-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “abdicate，退位。啼 ti。退位即不再啼叫。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“abdicate，退位。啼 ti。退位即不再啼叫。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "abdicate", "退位／放弃职责" ], "counterexamples": [ "The legacy ‘no longer cry’ explanation is literature, while the Latin renounce/declare history is independently established.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABDICATE", "REF-MW-ABDICATE" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-ABDICATE-001", "statement": { "en": "The legacy ‘no longer cry’ explanation is literature, while the Latin renounce/declare history is independently established.", "zh-Hans": "旧站“不再啼叫”的解释属于文学；拉丁语放弃／宣布词史则有独立依据。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABDICATE", "REF-MW-ABDICATE" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Preserved from legacy note", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "A ruler no longer making proclamations after renouncing office is a literary image that loosely echoes the historical SAY/DECLARE root.", "zh-Hans": "统治者退位后不再发号施令，是一种文学意象，并可松散呼应历史上的 SAY／DECLARE 词根。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The legacy image may be developed as literature or mnemonic, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "旧站意象可作为文学或记忆法展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABDICATE", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: abdicate，退位。啼 ti。退位即不再啼叫", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abdicate%ef%bc%8c%e9%80%80%e4%bd%8d/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABDICATE", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: abdicate", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abdicate", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Legacy Website Import Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Candidate; priority 90.8/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Candidate；优先分 90.8/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "The legacy ‘no longer cry’ explanation is literature, while the Latin renounce/declare history is independently established.", "zh-Hans": "旧站“不再啼叫”的解释属于文学；拉丁语放弃／宣布词史则有独立依据。" } ], "search_terms": [ "abdicate", "abdication", "退位", "让位", "放弃职责", "啼", "ti", "renounce", "resign" ], "page": null, "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abdicate%ef%bc%8c%e9%80%80%e4%bd%8d/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Legacy title/body excerpt retained; punctuation normalized only where needed for readability.", "raw_note": "abdicate，退位。啼 ti。退位即不再啼叫。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 13, "disposition": "Candidate", "priority_score": 90.8 } }, { "id": "LB-en-abdomen-012", "slug": "abdomen", "title": { "en": "Abdomen · Belly · Domain?", "zh-Hans": "Abdomen · 腹部 · 肚子是我们的领地吗？" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "abdomen", "pronunciation": "/ˈæb.də.mən/" }, { "role": "etymological-derivative", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "abdominal", "pronunciation": "/æbˈdɒm.ɪ.nəl/ (UK), /æbˈdɑː.mə.nəl/ (US)" }, { "role": "historically-related-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "abdomen", "pronunciation": "/ab.dɔ.mɛn/" }, { "role": "historically-related-derivative", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "abdominal / abdominale", "pronunciation": "/ab.dɔ.mi.nal/" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "腹部／腹", "pronunciation": "fùbù / fù" }, { "role": "target", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "肚子", "pronunciation": "dùzi /tu˥˩.tsɹ̩/" }, { "role": "phonetic-semantic-candidate", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "肚", "pronunciation": "dù /tu˥˩/" } ], "featured_mapping": { "source": "abdomen", "target": "肚", "reading": "dù", "display_label": "Featured phonetic-semantic candidate · 特色音义候选", "status": "Candidate · Low confidence", "historical_relation": "Not claimed", "boundary": { "en": "肚 dù is shown first as a concise Chinese body-part candidate. The standard translation remains 腹部 / 肚子, and no common historical origin is claimed.", "zh-Hans": "先展示单字“肚”dù，作为简洁的汉语身体词候选；通用翻译仍是“腹部／肚子”，不主张共同历史来源。" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABDOMEN", "REF-MOE-DUZI", "REF-UT-PINYIN-D", "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW" ] }, "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-abdomen-primary-duzi", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "abdomen", "pronunciation": "/ˈæb.də.mən/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "肚子", "pronunciation": "dùzi /tu˥˩.tsɹ̩/" }, "gloss": { "en": "The part of the body between the thorax and pelvis; belly", "zh-Hans": "胸部与骨盆之间的身体部位；腹部、肚子" }, "meaning": { "en": "腹部/腹 is the standard formal translation; 肚子 is the standard everyday equivalent and the selected Chinese mapping. The isolated form 肚 dù is additionally preserved as an experimental phonetic-semantic candidate.", "zh-Hans": "“腹部／腹”是标准正式译法，“肚子”是标准日常对应词，也是本条选定的主要汉语 Mapping；单字“肚”dù 另作为实验性语音—语义候选保留。" }, "mapping_type": "Reviewed lexical equivalent with separate phonetic-semantic candidate", "rationale": { "en": "The ordinary lexical equivalence is strong in the BODY/ABDOMEN/BELLY field. The sound comparison is independently low-confidence and does not imply common origin.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义对应在 BODY／ABDOMEN／BELLY 语义场中明确成立；声音比较另列为低置信候选，不暗示共同来源。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "English and French abdomen are learned borrowings from Latin abdōmen, with the oblique stem abdōmin-. The deeper origin of the Latin word is uncertain. Therefore ab.dom.en is not accepted as a historical segmentation. English abdominal and French abdominal/abdominale are derivatives of abdomen, not evidence for a dom root shared with dome or domain.", "zh-Hans": "英语和法语 abdomen 都是源自拉丁语 abdōmen 的学术借词，其斜格词干为 abdōmin-。该拉丁词更深层来源仍不确定，因此不把 ab.dom.en 接受为历史构词切分。英语 abdominal 与法语 abdominal／abdominale 是 abdomen 的派生词，不能据此推出它们与 dome 或 domain 共享 dom 词根。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABDOMEN-001", "claim": { "en": "English abdomen was borrowed from Middle French and Latin; Latin abdōmen meant the belly or paunch and is of uncertain origin.", "zh-Hans": "英语 abdomen 借自中古法语与拉丁语；拉丁语 abdōmen 指腹部或大肚子，其来源不确定。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABDOMEN" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-FR-ABDOMEN-002", "claim": { "en": "French abdomen is a learned sixteenth-century borrowing from Latin abdomen; French abdominal is derived from French abdomen with the adjectival suffix -al.", "zh-Hans": "法语 abdomen 是十六世纪从拉丁语 abdomen 借入的学术词；法语 abdominal 由法语 abdomen 加形容词后缀 -al 派生。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMEN", "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMINAL" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABDOMEN-DEEP-003", "claim": { "en": "A derivation from Latin abdere ‘hide, conceal’ has been proposed, but major dictionary treatment regards it as doubtful; no deeper decomposition is asserted here.", "zh-Hans": "有人提出它可能与拉丁语 abdere“隐藏”有关，但主要词典认为这一解释可疑；本记录不主张任何更深层构词切分。" }, "status": "Under review", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABDOMEN", "REF-AHD-ABDOMEN" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-DOM-FAMILIES-004", "claim": { "en": "Domain, domestic, dominant and dominate belong to a house/master family through Latin domus, dominus, dominium and dominari. Architectural dome follows a Greek/late-Latin/Romance building-roof path. These histories do not derive from abdomen or from a belly sense.", "zh-Hans": "domain、domestic、dominant、dominate 经拉丁语 domus、dominus、dominium、dominari 属于“家屋／主人”词族。建筑义 dome 则走希腊语—晚期拉丁语—罗曼语的建筑／屋顶路径。这些词史都不源自 abdomen，也不源自“肚子”义。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-DOMAIN", "REF-MW-DOMESTIC", "REF-MW-DOMINANT", "REF-MW-DOMINATE", "REF-CNRTL-DOME" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABDOMEN", "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMEN", "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMINAL", "REF-AHD-ABDOMEN", "REF-MW-DOMAIN", "REF-MW-DOMESTIC", "REF-MW-DOMINANT", "REF-MW-DOMINATE", "REF-CNRTL-DOME" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "abdomen /ˈæb.də.mən/ and 肚 dù /tu˥˩/ meet clearly in BODY/ABDOMEN/BELLY meaning. Sound support is only partial: the second syllable begins with English /d/, while Mandarin pinyin d represents an unaspirated voiceless coronal stop [t]; abdomen also contains /b m n/ with no counterpart in 肚, and 肚 has lexical tone.", "zh-Hans": "abdomen /ˈæb.də.mən/ 与“肚”dù /tu˥˩/ 在 BODY／ABDOMEN／BELLY 词义上明确相交。声音支持仅属局部：abdomen 第二音节以英语 /d/ 起首，而普通话拼音 d 表示不送气清冠音 [t]；abdomen 另有 /b m n/，在“肚”中无对应，并且“肚”带词汇声调。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABDOMEN-DU-001", "claim": { "en": "The proposed domen/dom ↔ 肚 comparison reduces to a partial coronal-stop resemblance plus a strong semantic intersection; it is not the same consonant skeleton.", "zh-Hans": "所提 domen／dom ↔“肚”的比较可归结为局部冠音塞音近似加明确语义交点；二者并不是相同的辅音骨架。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABDOMEN", "REF-MOE-DUZI", "REF-UT-PINYIN-D" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABDOMEN", "REF-MOE-DUZI", "REF-UT-PINYIN-D", "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The authorial chain ROUND/CONVEX → BODY CONTAINER → DOMAIN → CONTROL is a coherent imaginative model, not a historical derivation. The Chinese hand/control imagery is preserved as a cross-cultural cognitive note without expanding it into an origin claim.", "zh-Hans": "作者提出的 ROUND／CONVEX → BODY CONTAINER → DOMAIN → CONTROL 是连贯的想象模型，不是历史派生链。汉语“手—支配”意象作为跨文化认知札记保留，不扩展成词源主张。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ROUND-CONTAINER-001", "claim": { "en": "A convex belly can be imagined through the shape of a dome and as a bodily container or personal domain.", "zh-Hans": "凸起的肚子可借圆顶形状来想象，也可被想象为身体容器或个人领域。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW" ] }, { "evidence_id": "COG-HAND-CONTROL-002", "claim": { "en": "Chinese expressions such as 手下 and the image 翻手为云，覆手为雨 associate hand imagery with subordination or control; this note is cultural-semantic, not etymological.", "zh-Hans": "“手下”以及“翻手为云，覆手为雨”的意象把“手”与从属或支配相联；此处只作文化语义札记，不作词源解释。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The proposed abdomen → dome → domain/control chain is retained as an authored association but rejected as a historical derivation. Similar spelling does not merge distinct etymological families.", "zh-Hans": "所提 abdomen → dome → domain／control 链作为作者联想保留，但作为历史派生关系不成立。拼写相似不能合并不同词源族。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-AB-DOM-EN-001", "claim": { "en": "Segmenting abdomen as ab.dom.en and treating dom as the productive root is unsupported by the attested Latin form and its uncertain deeper origin.", "zh-Hans": "把 abdomen 切分为 ab.dom.en 并把 dom 当作能产词根，得不到已见拉丁语形式及其不确定深层来源的支持。" }, "status": "Rejected", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABDOMEN", "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMEN", "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW" ] }, { "evidence_id": "SPEC-DOME-BELLY-CONTROL-002", "claim": { "en": "Dome ‘rounded roof’, belly roundness, domain and control may form a literary-cognitive association, but the chain is not the historical source of the words.", "zh-Hans": "dome“圆顶”、肚子的圆凸、domain 与 control 可构成文学—认知联想，但不是这些词的历史来源链。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-DOME", "REF-MW-DOMAIN", "REF-MW-DOMINATE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW", "REF-MW-ABDOMEN", "REF-CNRTL-DOME", "REF-MW-DOMAIN", "REF-MW-DOMINATE" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ABDOMEN-DU-001", "claim": { "en": "English abdomen /ˈæb.də.mən/ contains /d/ at the onset of its second syllable; Mandarin 肚 dù /tu˥˩/ begins with the pinyin d sound, phonetically an unaspirated [t].", "zh-Hans": "英语 abdomen /ˈæb.də.mən/ 的第二音节以 /d/ 起首；普通话“肚”dù /tu˥˩/ 以拼音 d 所记的不送气 [t] 起首。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "The stops share coronal place but differ in voicing and phonological system. /b m n/ and Mandarin tone are unmatched, so d-m or d-m-n cannot be claimed as a shared consonantal skeleton.", "zh-Hans": "两者塞音同属冠音部位，但清浊及音系不同；/b m n/ 与普通话声调均无对应，因此不能宣称共享 d-m 或 d-m-n 辅音骨架。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "BODY", "ABDOMEN", "BELLY", "ROUND", "CONVEX", "CONTAINER", "DOMAIN", "CONTROL", "HAND" ], "relation": "BODY/ABDOMEN/BELLY; speculative association: ROUND/CONVEX → BODY CONTAINER → DOMAIN → CONTROL; cross-cultural note: HAND → CONTROL", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "abdominal", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "Etymological derivative", "family": "Latin abdōmen / stem abdōmin-", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Direct derivative of abdomen; genuinely part of the same etymological family.", "zh-Hans": "abdomen 的直接派生词；确属同一历史词族。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABDOMINAL" ] }, { "word": "abdomen / abdominal / abdominale", "language": "French", "relationship_type": "Historical borrowing and derivative", "family": "Latin abdomen / French abdomen", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "French abdomen is a learned Latin borrowing; abdominal/abdominale derives from it.", "zh-Hans": "法语 abdomen 是拉丁学术借词；abdominal／abdominale 由它派生。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMEN", "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMINAL" ] }, { "word": "dome", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "Speculative semantic association", "family": "Greek dôma → Late Latin/Romance architectural path", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Associated by rounded shape and spelling only; not derived from abdomen.", "zh-Hans": "仅因圆凸形状与拼写产生联想；并非由 abdomen 派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-DOME" ] }, { "word": "domain", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "Speculative semantic association", "family": "Latin dominium ← dominus", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Belongs to the ownership/master family; not to the abdomen family.", "zh-Hans": "属于所有权／主人词族，不属于 abdomen 词族。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-DOMAIN" ] }, { "word": "domestic", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "Speculative semantic association", "family": "Latin domesticus ← domus", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Belongs directly to the house/home family; not to the abdomen family.", "zh-Hans": "直接属于家屋／家庭词族，不属于 abdomen 词族。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-DOMESTIC" ] }, { "word": "dominant", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "Speculative semantic association", "family": "Latin dominant- / dominari ← dominus", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Belongs to the master/rule family; not to the abdomen family.", "zh-Hans": "属于主人／统治词族，不属于 abdomen 词族。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-DOMINANT" ] }, { "word": "dominate", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "Speculative semantic association", "family": "Latin dominari ← dominus", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Belongs to the master/rule family; not to the abdomen family.", "zh-Hans": "属于主人／统治词族，不属于 abdomen 词族。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-DOMINATE" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ABDOMEN-DOME-001", "relation": "ROUND/CONVEX → BODY CONTAINER", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false }, { "association_id": "ASSOC-BELLY-DOMAIN-002", "relation": "BODY CONTAINER → PERSONAL DOMAIN", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false }, { "association_id": "ASSOC-DOMAIN-CONTROL-003", "relation": "DOMAIN → CONTROL", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false }, { "association_id": "ASSOC-HAND-CONTROL-004", "relation": "HAND → SUBORDINATION/CONTROL", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-ABDOMEN-DU-001", "type": "Phonetic-semantic candidate", "claim": { "en": "abdomen and 肚 dù may support a limited modern-form association through a coronal stop and the shared BODY/ABDOMEN/BELLY field.", "zh-Hans": "abdomen 与“肚”dù 可能通过冠音塞音及共享的 BODY／ABDOMEN／BELLY 语义场形成有限的现代词形联想。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "abdomen /ˈæb.də.mən/", "肚 dù /tu˥˩/", "BODY/ABDOMEN/BELLY" ], "counterexamples": [ "English /d/ vs Mandarin unaspirated [t]", "Unmatched /b m n/", "Unmatched Mandarin tone", "No historical correspondence" ], "testability": { "en": "Test sound similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded ratings, unrelated body-part controls and matched non-body words.", "zh-Hans": "用盲法评分分别检验声音相似与语义适配，并设置无关身体部位词和匹配的非身体词作为对照。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABDOMEN", "REF-MOE-DUZI", "REF-UT-PINYIN-D", "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW" ] }, { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-ABDOMEN-DOME-DOMAIN-002", "type": "Cognitive / speculative association", "claim": { "en": "ROUND/CONVEX → BODY CONTAINER → DOMAIN → CONTROL may function as a literary-cognitive chain even though it is not a historical word-family derivation.", "zh-Hans": "ROUND／CONVEX → BODY CONTAINER → DOMAIN → CONTROL 可作为文学—认知链发挥作用，即使它不是历史词族派生链。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "rounded belly", "dome shape", "domain as controlled sphere", "author's literary question" ], "counterexamples": [ "abdomen is not built from dome", "domain/domestic/dominant/dominate have independently documented histories", "shape metaphor is author-supplied" ], "testability": { "en": "Evaluate as a metaphor-elicitation or literary-reception pattern, not as etymology.", "zh-Hans": "应作为隐喻诱发或文学接受模式评价，而不是词源假说。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW", "REF-MW-ABDOMEN", "REF-CNRTL-DOME", "REF-MW-DOMAIN", "REF-MW-DOMESTIC", "REF-MW-DOMINANT", "REF-MW-DOMINATE" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Reviewed", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "Is the belly our domain?", "zh-Hans": "肚子是我们的领地吗？" }, "essay_prose": [ { "work_id": "LB-ABDOMEN-PROSE-001", "title": { "en": "Is the Belly Our Domain?", "zh-Hans": "肚子是我们的领地吗？" }, "text": { "en": "Is the belly our domain? When we were children, what did the little dudou covering our bellies look like? We seem to have forgotten. In memory, a child's face is fresh and luminous, while the body still grows to nature's oldest rhythms. Girls, when nature gave you faces as gentle and radiant as moonlight, it also let life move with the waxing and waning moon. Boys, when nature gave you faces bright as sunlight, it also let life rise and fall with the sun. The abdomen may be imagined as an inner territory of the body, holding hunger, breath, growth, and our earliest memories.", "zh-Hans": "肚子，是我们的领地吗？孩提时代，罩在腹部上的那方小小肚兜，究竟是什么模样？我们似乎早已忘了。记忆里的脸庞水灵清亮，身体还随着自然最古老的节律生长。女孩子们，大自然赠予你们月光般柔媚皎洁的面庞，也没有忘记让生命随着月亮的盈亏行走。男孩子们，大自然赠予你们阳光般明朗的面庞，也没有忘记让生命随着太阳的升落起伏。腹部像身体内部的一片领地，收藏着饥饿、呼吸、成长与最初的记忆。" }, "status": "Reviewed" } ], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [ { "language": "English", "status": "Lightly edited from the author's raw draft" } ], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The domain question, dudou, childhood, moon and sun are literary images. They remain searchable and attributable to Jinkai Liu but are not lexical, historical or phonetic evidence.", "zh-Hans": "领地之问、肚兜、孩童、月亮与太阳均属文学意象。它们可检索并归于 Jinkai Liu，但不构成词义、历史或语音证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-ABDOMEN-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: abdomen source/raw research note", "type": "author research note", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; raw English draft preserved below; claims independently classified" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABDOMEN", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: abdomen", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abdomen", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABDOMINAL", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: abdominal", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abdominal", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-AHD-ABDOMEN", "title": "American Heritage Dictionary: abdomen", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=abdomen", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CAMBRIDGE-ABDOMEN", "title": "Cambridge Dictionary: abdomen pronunciation and definition", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/abdomen", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMEN", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de abdomen", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/abdomen", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-ABDOMINAL", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: abdominal", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/abdominal", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-LAROUSSE-ABDOMEN", "title": "Larousse: abdomen", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/abdomen/81", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MOE-DUZI", "title": "《國語辭典簡編本》: 肚子", "type": "official dictionary", "url": "https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=9339", "path": null, "provenance": "official language reference; accessed 2026-08-30 Responsible institution: Ministry of Education, R.O.C.; institution metadata is not the source title." }, { "reference_id": "REF-UT-PINYIN-D", "title": "University of Texas at Austin: Pitch Perfect Pinyin, d/t", "type": "university phonetics resource", "url": "https://laits.utexas.edu/ppp/learning.php?unit=2", "path": null, "provenance": "university teaching resource; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-DOME", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de dôme", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/d%C3%B4me//1", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-DOMAIN", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: domain", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/domain", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-DOMESTIC", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: domestic", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/domestic", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-DOMINANT", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: dominant", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dominant", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-DOMINATE", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: dominate", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dominate", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABDOMEN", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: abdomen", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abdomen/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; source merged without overwriting the independently reviewed record" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Abdomen editorial page v1.0 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": "2026-08-30", "modified": "2026-09-04", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Standard translation and the experimental cross-language mapping are explicitly distinct: 腹部/腹 is formal, 肚子 is everyday, and isolated 肚 dù is the phonetic-semantic candidate.", "zh-Hans": "标准翻译与实验性跨语言 mapping 明确分开：“腹部／腹”为正式译法，“肚子”为日常对应，单字“肚”dù 才是语音—语义候选。" }, { "en": "The apparent dom spelling is not used to collapse abdomen, dome and the domus/dominus family into one root.", "zh-Hans": "不因表面共有 dom 拼写，就把 abdomen、dome 与 domus／dominus 词族合并为一个词根。" } ], "search_terms": [ "abdomen", "abdomens", "abdominal", "abdominale", "abdɔmɛn", "belly", "ventre", "腹", "腹部", "肚", "肚子", "du", "dù", "dùzi", "dome", "domain", "domestic", "dominant", "dominate", "domus", "dominus", "round", "convex", "body container", "control", "hand", "手", "手下", "翻手为云覆手为雨", "肚兜", "BODY", "ABDOMEN", "BELLY", "ROUND", "CONVEX", "CONTAINER", "DOMAIN", "CONTROL" ], "page": "words/abdomen.html", "legacy": null, "source": { "type": "author-provided raw research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Pronunciations and parts of speech normalized; standard Chinese translations distinguished from the experimental 肚 mapping; raw English retained verbatim.", "raw_note": "英语：abdomen ['æbdəmən] n. 腹 [<拉丁语]；ab.dom.en；abdominal [æb'dɔminəl] a. 腹；ab.dom.inal；domain n. 领地；dome n. 圆顶，肚子就是圆形的；domestic a. 领域内的；dominant a. 主导的；dominate v. 支配。法语：ab.dom.en [abdomen] n. 腹 [<拉丁语]；ab.domin.al,e [abdominal] n. 腹 [<拉丁语]；abdominal (masculine)，abdominale (feminine)。汉语：肚【du】n. 肚子。备注：以上这些词汇大概都是由 dome 圆顶的根词演化而来的。也可以与肚 du 子的意思对应得上。主导等等词汇我们一般用手的词汇构成，例如手下，翻手为云覆手为雨。也许英语法语词汇用与肚子有关的词汇表达统治主导的意思。中文原文：肚子是我们的领地吗？当我们都是孩提时代，那在腹部上面的肚兜是啥模样？似乎都忘记想了。孩提时代的脸庞是水灵灵的。那女孩子们，大自然在给你们柔媚如月般的皎洁的时候。不忘记让你随着那月行走。那男孩子们，大自然在给你们阳光的面庞的时候，也没有忘记给你们随那太阳起落。用户英文原稿：Is the belly our domain? When we were children, what did the bellyband look like? I seem to have forgotten it. The face of a child is watery. Girls, when nature gave you the softness of the moon, it did not forget to let you walk with the moon. Boys, when nature gave you the sunny face, it also did not forget to let you rise and fall with the sun." }, "legacy_import": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abdomen/", "action": "merged-source-deduplicated", "raw_note": "abdomen，腹部。肚 du。domen 与肚发音同辅音。" } }, { "id": "LB-en-aberrant-011", "slug": "aberrant", "title": { "en": "Aberrant · Err · Error", "zh-Hans": "Aberrant · 错讹 · 反常" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "aberrant", "pronunciation": "/əˈberənt/; also /ˈæbərənt/" }, { "role": "historically-related-root-family", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "err", "pronunciation": "/er/ or /ɜːr/" }, { "role": "historically-related-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "aberrant / aberrante", "pronunciation": "/a.bɛ.ʁɑ̃/ · /a.bɛ.ʁɑ̃t/" }, { "role": "historically-related-root-family", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "erreur", "pronunciation": "/ɛ.ʁœʁ/" }, { "role": "target", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "反常的／偏离常规的", "pronunciation": "fǎncháng de / piānlí chángguī de" }, { "role": "phonetic-semantic-candidate", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "讹", "pronunciation": "é /ɤ˧˥/" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-aberrant-primary-fanchang", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "aberrant", "pronunciation": "/əˈberənt/; also /ˈæbərənt/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "反常的／偏离常规的", "pronunciation": "fǎncháng de / piānlí chángguī de" }, "gloss": { "en": "Departing from an accepted standard, normal course or natural type; atypical", "zh-Hans": "偏离公认标准、正常路径或通常类型的；反常的、异常的" }, "meaning": { "en": "Aberrant is primarily an adjective, not the ordinary noun for an error. Chinese 讹 is a semantic neighbour and sound candidate, not the primary translation.", "zh-Hans": "aberrant 主要是形容词，并非普通名词“错误”。汉语“讹”是语义邻近项和声音候选，不是主要翻译。" }, "mapping_type": "Reviewed lexical equivalent", "rationale": { "en": "Dictionary meaning and part of speech support 反常的／偏离常规的. The separate err ↔ 讹 comparison remains a candidate hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "词典义与词性支持“反常的／偏离常规的”；err ↔ 讹的比较另列为候选假说。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "English aberrant comes from Latin aberrant-, aberrans, the present participle of aberrare: ab- ‘away, from’ + errare ‘wander, stray, be mistaken’. French aberrant/aberrante is the adjectivized present participle of French aberrer, itself borrowed from Latin aberrare; it is not evidenced here as an English loan. French erreur continues Latin error, erroris.", "zh-Hans": "英语 aberrant 来自拉丁语 aberrant-、aberrans，即 aberrare 的现在分词：ab-“离开、从” + errare“游荡、偏离、犯错”。法语 aberrant／aberrante 是法语 aberrer 的形容词化现在分词，而 aberrer 借自拉丁语 aberrare；没有证据支持它从英语借入。法语 erreur 承自拉丁语 error、erroris。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABERRANT-EN-001", "claim": { "en": "English aberrant is chiefly an adjective borrowed from Latin aberrant-, aberrans, present participle of aberrare.", "zh-Hans": "英语 aberrant 主要是形容词，借自拉丁语 aberrant-、aberrans，即 aberrare 的现在分词。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABERRANT", "REF-OALD-ABERRANT" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABERRANT-MORPH-002", "claim": { "en": "Latin aberrare is morphologically ab- ‘away/from’ + errare ‘wander, stray, err’; the b belongs to the inherited prefix ab-.", "zh-Hans": "拉丁语 aberrare 的形态是 ab-“离开／从” + errare“游荡、偏离、犯错”；b 属于继承的前缀 ab-。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABERRANT", "REF-OALD-ABERRANT" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABERRANT-FR-003", "claim": { "en": "French aberrant/aberrante is an adjectivized present participle of aberrer; French aberrer was borrowed from Latin aberrare.", "zh-Hans": "法语 aberrant／aberrante 是 aberrer 的形容词化现在分词；法语 aberrer 借自拉丁语 aberrare。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-AF-ABERRANT", "REF-CNRTL-ABERRANT", "REF-CNRTL-ABERRER" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-ERR-FAMILY-004", "claim": { "en": "English err is a verb from Middle English erren, borrowed from Anglo-French and Latin errare; French erreur is a feminine noun from Latin error, erroris.", "zh-Hans": "英语 err 是动词，来自中古英语 erren，经盎格鲁-法语和拉丁语 errare；法语 erreur 是阴性名词，来自拉丁语 error、erroris。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ERR", "REF-CNRTL-ERREUR" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABERRANT", "REF-OALD-ABERRANT", "REF-AF-ABERRANT", "REF-CNRTL-ABERRANT", "REF-CNRTL-ABERRER", "REF-MW-ERR", "REF-CNRTL-ERREUR" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "English err and Mandarin 讹 é occupy a related error/deviation semantic field and may sound loosely similar. Their actual pronunciations are not identical: English has an r-coloured or vowel-plus-/r/ form depending on accent, while Mandarin é /ɤ˧˥/ is non-rhotic and bears lexical tone. No regular correspondence or common origin is claimed.", "zh-Hans": "英语 err 与普通话“讹”é 同处错误／偏离语义场，也可能产生宽泛音近感。但实际发音并不相同：英语依口音具有卷舌色彩或元音加 /r/，普通话 é /ɤ˧˥/ 不卷舌且带词汇声调。这里不主张规律音变或共同来源。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ERR-E-001", "claim": { "en": "err ↔ 讹 é is a modern-form phonetic-semantic candidate: both can concern mistake/error, but sound overlap is partial and accent-dependent.", "zh-Hans": "err ↔ 讹 é 是现代词形的语音—语义候选：两者都可涉及错误，但声音重合仅属部分且受英语口音影响。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ERR", "REF-MOE-E", "REF-JL-ABERRANT-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ERR", "REF-MOE-E", "REF-JL-ABERRANT-RAW" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "The historically attested motion image ‘wander away’ supports a cognitive path DEPARTURE → DEVIATION → ERROR/ABNORMALITY. This explains a shared semantic neighbourhood, not a Chinese–European etymological relation.", "zh-Hans": "历史可证的运动意象“游荡离开”支持 DEPARTURE → DEVIATION → ERROR／ABNORMALITY 的认知路径。这解释共享语义邻域，不证明汉语与欧洲语言的词源关系。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABERRANT", "REF-MW-ERR", "REF-MOE-E" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Rejected", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "The proposed idea that b was inserted merely to connect initial a to err is rejected as a historical explanation: b is part of Latin ab-. The observation is preserved as an author sound-structure hypothesis, not deleted.", "zh-Hans": "“b 只是为连接开头 a 与 err 而加入”的想法，作为历史解释被否定：b 属于拉丁前缀 ab-。这一观察仍作为作者的声音结构假说保留，而非删除。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABERRANT-B-001", "claim": { "en": "Author hypothesis: b may have been inserted between a and err as a consonantal bridge.", "zh-Hans": "作者假说：b 可能作为辅音桥梁插入 a 与 err 之间。" }, "status": "Rejected", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABERRANT-RAW", "REF-MW-ABERRANT", "REF-OALD-ABERRANT" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABERRANT-RAW", "REF-MW-ABERRANT", "REF-OALD-ABERRANT" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ERR-E-001", "claim": { "en": "English err /er, ɜːr/ and Mandarin 讹 é /ɤ˧˥/ share an onsetless vowel-centred impression for some listeners and overlap semantically around error.", "zh-Hans": "英语 err /er, ɜːr/ 与普通话“讹”é /ɤ˧˥/ 对部分听者有以元音为中心的近似听感，语义又都涉及错误。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "English rhoticity, vowel quality and Mandarin lexical tone differ; ‘same sound’ overstates the comparison.", "zh-Hans": "英语卷舌性、元音音质与普通话词汇声调均不同；称为“同音”会夸大比较。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "DEPARTURE", "WANDERING", "DEVIATION", "ERROR", "ABNORMALITY" ], "relation": "DEPARTURE → WANDERING → DEVIATION → ERROR / ABNORMALITY", "status": "Supported" }, "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-ERR-E-001", "type": "Cross-language phonetic-semantic candidate", "claim": { "en": "English err and Mandarin 讹 é may form a memorable modern sound-meaning association in the ERROR/DEVIATION field, without common-origin claim.", "zh-Hans": "英语 err 与普通话“讹”é 可能在 ERROR／DEVIATION 语义场形成可记忆的现代声音—意义联想，但不主张共同来源。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "err /er, ɜːr/: make a mistake; stray", "讹 é /ɤ˧˥/: erroneous, incorrect", "shared ERROR/DEVIATION field" ], "counterexamples": [ "non-identical vowel quality", "English rhoticity absent in Mandarin", "Mandarin lexical tone unmatched", "no demonstrated historical chain" ], "testability": { "en": "Test blinded sound-similarity and semantic-relatedness separately, with unrelated onsetless-vowel controls and multiple English accents.", "zh-Hans": "分别盲测声音相似度与语义相关度，加入无关零声母元音负对照，并覆盖多种英语口音。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ERR", "REF-MOE-E", "REF-JL-ABERRANT-RAW" ] }, { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-ABERRANT-BRIDGE-B-002", "type": "Author sound-structure hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "The b in aberrant was added as a consonantal bridge between a and err.", "zh-Hans": "aberrant 中的 b 是在 a 与 err 之间加入的辅音桥。" }, "status": "Rejected", "confidence": "High", "supporting_cases": [ "surface segmentation a.b.err.ant in the author note" ], "counterexamples": [ "documented Latin aberrant-, aberrans", "documented morpheme ab- + errare", "French aberrer independently continues Latin aberrare" ], "testability": { "en": "Historical morphology is already testable against attested Latin forms and dictionary etymologies; those sources contradict the insertion account.", "zh-Hans": "历史形态可直接用有文献的拉丁语形式与词源词典检验；这些来源与插入说相矛盾。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-ABERRANT-RAW", "REF-MW-ABERRANT", "REF-OALD-ABERRANT", "REF-CNRTL-ABERRER" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Reviewed", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "When it is aberrant, is it beautiful like a swan, or a mis-sounded cry of a domestic goose? No—that love is full of beauty and art.", "zh-Hans": "错讹的时候，是一种如天鹅般的美，还是家鹅的一声讹音？不——那爱里，仍充满美与艺。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [ { "language": "English", "status": "Reviewed", "text": "When it is aberrant, is it beautiful like a swan, or a mis-sounded cry of a domestic goose? No—that love is full of beauty and art." } ], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The swan/domestic-goose, mis-sound, love, beauty and art wordplay is literature. It does not support the historical morphology or the err ↔ 讹 hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "天鹅／家鹅、讹音、爱、美与艺的文字游戏属于文学，不为历史形态或 err ↔ 讹假说提供证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-ABERRANT-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: aberrant / err / 讹 source research note", "type": "author research note", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; original ideas and literary text preserved" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABERRANT", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: aberrant", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aberrant", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-OALD-ABERRANT", "title": "Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary: aberrant", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/aberrant", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ERR", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: err", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/err", "path": null, "provenance": "external dictionary; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-AF-ABERRANT", "title": "Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 9e édition: aberrant, aberrante", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.dictionnaire-academie.fr/article/A9A0057", "path": null, "provenance": "Académie française; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-ABERRANT", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de aberrant", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/aberrant", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-ABERRER", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de aberrer", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/aberrer", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-ERREUR", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: erreur", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/erreur", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MOE-E", "title": "《國語辭典簡編本》: 訛", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=39395&la=0&powerMode=0", "path": null, "provenance": "《國語辭典簡編本》; responsible institution: Ministry of Education, R.O.C.; accessed 2026-08-30" }, { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABERRANT", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: aberrant", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/aberration-aberasj%c9%99n-n-%e8%8d%92%e8%b0%ac/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; source merged without overwriting the independently reviewed record" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Dataset Expansion v1 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": "2026-08-30", "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Aberrant and err remain distinct: aberrant is chiefly an adjective; err is a verb. They are connected through the Latin errare family.", "zh-Hans": "aberrant 与 err 保持区分：aberrant 主要是形容词，err 是动词；两者通过拉丁语 errare 词族相连。" }, { "en": "The ordinary lexical mapping is reviewed; the err ↔ 讹 sound-meaning observation remains Candidate. Publication or literary review does not prove that candidate.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义对应已核验；err ↔ 讹的声音—意义观察仍为 Candidate。词条发表或文学审核都不证明该候选成立。" } ], "search_terms": [ "aberrant", "aberrants", "aberrance", "aberration", "err", "errs", "erred", "erring", "error", "erreur", "erreurs", "aberrer", "aberrante", "aberrantes", "讹", "訛", "é", "e", "讹误", "訛誤", "错讹", "錯訛", "错误", "錯誤", "谬误", "謬誤", "偏离", "偏離", "偏差", "反常", "异常", "異常", "荒谬", "荒謬", "absurd", "atypical", "deviant", "deviation", "DEPARTURE", "WANDERING", "DEVIATION", "ERROR", "ABNORMALITY", "天鹅", "天鵝", "家鹅", "家鵝", "讹音", "訛音", "美艺", "美藝" ], "page": null, "legacy": null, "source": { "type": "author-provided raw research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Parts of speech, French accents and punctuation normalized in the reviewed fields; the original research claims and literary text remain quoted here.", "raw_note": "英语：aberrant n. 错误；a.b.err.ant；这里也许是 err 前面与元音 a 相连需要加一个辅音。err n. 错误。法语：aberrant a. 荒谬；a.b.err.ant；这个词从英语而来；aberrant (masculine)，aberrante (feminine)；erreur n. 错误。汉语：讹【e】n. 谣言，错误。备注：这里 aberrant，是 err 前面与元音 a 相连需要加一个辅音。诗文：错讹的时候，是一种如天鹅般美丽还是家鹅的讹音？不，那爱充满美艺。When it is aberrant, is it a kind of beautiful like a swan or a mispronunciation of a goose? No, that love is full of beauty and art." }, "legacy_import": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/aberration-aberasj%c9%99n-n-%e8%8d%92%e8%b0%ac/", "action": "merged-source-deduplicated", "raw_note": "aberrant，错讹。讹 e。err 与讹同音。" } }, { "id": "LB-en-abeyance-024", "slug": "abeyance", "title": { "en": "abeyance · Legacy Website Import", "zh-Hans": "abeyance · 旧站导入" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "abeyance", "pronunciation": "not recorded", "part_of_speech": "noun · 名词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "暂缓／中止状态", "pronunciation": "zànhuǎn / zhōngzhǐ" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-abeyance-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "abeyance", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "暂缓／中止状态", "pronunciation": "zànhuǎn / zhōngzhǐ" }, "gloss": { "en": "temporary inactivity, suspension or non-use", "zh-Hans": "暂时停止、搁置或不使用的状态" }, "meaning": { "en": "temporary inactivity, suspension or non-use. The standard mapping is independent from the legacy sound hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "暂时停止、搁置或不使用的状态。标准词义 Mapping 与旧站声音假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Abeyance entered through Anglo-French abeyaunce, from a verb meaning ‘gape, wait expectantly’; it is not formed from a negative a- plus bey.", "zh-Hans": "abeyance 经盎格鲁法语 abeyaunce 进入英语，源自动词“张口、期待等候”；并非否定前缀 a- 加 bey。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABEYANCE-001", "claim": { "en": "Abeyance entered through Anglo-French abeyaunce, from a verb meaning ‘gape, wait expectantly’; it is not formed from a negative a- plus bey.", "zh-Hans": "abeyance 经盎格鲁法语 abeyaunce 进入英语，源自动词“张口、期待等候”；并非否定前缀 a- 加 bey。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABEYANCE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABEYANCE" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The author compares the written segment bey with 闭 bì. This is a modern surface resemblance, not a regular correspondence.", "zh-Hans": "作者把书写片段 bey 与“闭”bì 比较；这是现代词形音近，不是规律对应。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABEYANCE-001", "claim": { "en": "The author compares the written segment bey with 闭 bì. This is a modern surface resemblance, not a regular correspondence.", "zh-Hans": "作者把书写片段 bey 与“闭”bì 比较；这是现代词形音近，不是规律对应。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABEYANCE", "REF-MW-ABEYANCE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABEYANCE", "REF-MW-ABEYANCE" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "SUSPENSION can be remembered as an activity being ‘closed’ for a time.", "zh-Hans": "可把 SUSPENSION 记作一项活动暂时“关闭”。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ABEYANCE-001", "claim": { "en": "SUSPENSION can be remembered as an activity being ‘closed’ for a time.", "zh-Hans": "可把 SUSPENSION 记作一项活动暂时“关闭”。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABEYANCE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABEYANCE" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "闭 is a mnemonic translation association, not the source of abeyance.", "zh-Hans": "“闭”是记忆性语义联想，不是 abeyance 的来源。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABEYANCE-001", "claim": { "en": "闭 is a mnemonic translation association, not the source of abeyance.", "zh-Hans": "“闭”是记忆性语义联想，不是 abeyance 的来源。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABEYANCE", "REF-MW-ABEYANCE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABEYANCE", "REF-MW-ABEYANCE" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ABEYANCE-001", "claim": { "en": "The author compares the written segment bey with 闭 bì. This is a modern surface resemblance, not a regular correspondence.", "zh-Hans": "作者把书写片段 bey 与“闭”bì 比较；这是现代词形音近，不是规律对应。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "ABEYANCE", "ABEYANT", "暂缓", "中止" ], "relation": "abeyance → abeyant → 暂缓 → 中止", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "abeyant", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "derivative", "family": "abeyance family", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABEYANCE" ] }, { "word": "闭 bì", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "phonetic-semantic candidate", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABEYANCE", "REF-MW-ABEYANCE" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ABEYANCE-001", "relation": "SUSPENSION can be remembered as an activity being ‘closed’ for a time.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ABEYANCE-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “abeyance，暂缓。闭 bi。bey 与閉 bi 同音。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“abeyance，暂缓。闭 bi。bey 与閉 bi 同音。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "abeyance", "暂缓／中止状态" ], "counterexamples": [ "闭 is a mnemonic translation association, not the source of abeyance.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABEYANCE", "REF-MW-ABEYANCE" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-ABEYANCE-001", "statement": { "en": "闭 is a mnemonic translation association, not the source of abeyance.", "zh-Hans": "“闭”是记忆性语义联想，不是 abeyance 的来源。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABEYANCE", "REF-MW-ABEYANCE" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Preserved from legacy note", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "SUSPENSION can be remembered as an activity being ‘closed’ for a time.", "zh-Hans": "可把 SUSPENSION 记作一项活动暂时“关闭”。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The legacy image may be developed as literature or mnemonic, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "旧站意象可作为文学或记忆法展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABEYANCE", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: abeyance，暂缓。闭 bi。bey 与閉 bi 同音", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a-bey-ance%ef%bc%8c%e5%ba%9f%ef%bc%9b%e4%b8%ad%e6%ad%a2/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABEYANCE", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: abeyance", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abeyance", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Legacy Website Import Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Candidate; priority 86.3/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Candidate；优先分 86.3/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "闭 is a mnemonic translation association, not the source of abeyance.", "zh-Hans": "“闭”是记忆性语义联想，不是 abeyance 的来源。" } ], "search_terms": [ "abeyance", "abeyant", "暂缓", "中止", "搁置", "闭", "閉", "bey", "suspension" ], "page": null, "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a-bey-ance%ef%bc%8c%e5%ba%9f%ef%bc%9b%e4%b8%ad%e6%ad%a2/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Legacy title/body excerpt retained; punctuation normalized only where needed for readability.", "raw_note": "abeyance，暂缓。闭 bi。bey 与閉 bi 同音。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 1, "disposition": "Candidate", "priority_score": 86.3 } }, { "id": "LB-en-abhor-037", "slug": "abhor", "title": { "en": "abhor · Legacy Website Import", "zh-Hans": "abhor · 旧站导入" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "abhor", "pronunciation": "not recorded", "part_of_speech": "verb · 动词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "憎恶／厌恶", "pronunciation": "zēngwù / yànwù" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-abhor-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "abhor", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "憎恶／厌恶", "pronunciation": "zēngwù / yànwù" }, "gloss": { "en": "to regard with extreme repugnance; to loathe", "zh-Hans": "极度反感、憎恶或厌恶" }, "meaning": { "en": "to regard with extreme repugnance; to loathe. The standard mapping is independent from the legacy sound hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "极度反感、憎恶或厌恶。标准词义 Mapping 与旧站声音假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Abhor comes from Latin abhorrere, from ab- ‘away’ plus horrere ‘bristle, shiver, shudder’. It belongs with horror/horrible, not fire or horse.", "zh-Hans": "abhor 来自拉丁语 abhorrere，由 ab-“离开”加 horrere“毛发竖起、战栗”构成；它与 horror／horrible 同族，不源于火或 horse。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABHOR-001", "claim": { "en": "Abhor comes from Latin abhorrere, from ab- ‘away’ plus horrere ‘bristle, shiver, shudder’. It belongs with horror/horrible, not fire or horse.", "zh-Hans": "abhor 来自拉丁语 abhorrere，由 ab-“离开”加 horrere“毛发竖起、战栗”构成；它与 horror／horrible 同族，不源于火或 horse。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABHOR" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABHOR" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The hor segment and 火 huǒ are a loose modern resemblance; vowel, consonant and tone do not form a regular correspondence.", "zh-Hans": "hor 片段与“火”huǒ 是松散现代音近；元音、辅音与声调不构成规律对应。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABHOR-001", "claim": { "en": "The hor segment and 火 huǒ are a loose modern resemblance; vowel, consonant and tone do not form a regular correspondence.", "zh-Hans": "hor 片段与“火”huǒ 是松散现代音近；元音、辅音与声调不构成规律对应。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABHOR", "REF-MW-ABHOR" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABHOR", "REF-MW-ABHOR" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "AVERSION → SHUDDER is historically grounded; ‘having fire toward something’ is an authored emotional metaphor.", "zh-Hans": "厌恶 → 战栗有历史依据；“对某物有火”是作者的情绪隐喻。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ABHOR-001", "claim": { "en": "AVERSION → SHUDDER is historically grounded; ‘having fire toward something’ is an authored emotional metaphor.", "zh-Hans": "厌恶 → 战栗有历史依据；“对某物有火”是作者的情绪隐喻。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABHOR" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABHOR" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Horizontal, horse and 火 must not be merged into the Latin horrere family on spelling or sound alone.", "zh-Hans": "不能只凭拼写或声音把 horizontal、horse 与“火”并入拉丁语 horrere 词族。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABHOR-001", "claim": { "en": "Horizontal, horse and 火 must not be merged into the Latin horrere family on spelling or sound alone.", "zh-Hans": "不能只凭拼写或声音把 horizontal、horse 与“火”并入拉丁语 horrere 词族。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABHOR", "REF-MW-ABHOR" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABHOR", "REF-MW-ABHOR" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ABHOR-001", "claim": { "en": "The hor segment and 火 huǒ are a loose modern resemblance; vowel, consonant and tone do not form a regular correspondence.", "zh-Hans": "hor 片段与“火”huǒ 是松散现代音近；元音、辅音与声调不构成规律对应。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "ABHOR", "ABHORRENCE", "HORROR", "HORRIBLE" ], "relation": "abhor → abhorrence → horror → horrible", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "horror/horrible", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical relatives", "family": "Latin horrere", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABHOR" ] }, { "word": "horse", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "surface similarity", "family": "separate Germanic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABHOR", "REF-MW-ABHOR" ] }, { "word": "火 huǒ", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "literary phonetic-semantic candidate", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABHOR", "REF-MW-ABHOR" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ABHOR-001", "relation": "AVERSION → SHUDDER is historically grounded; ‘having fire toward something’ is an authored emotional metaphor.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ABHOR-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “abhor，憎恶。火 huo。憎恶即对某有火。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“abhor，憎恶。火 huo。憎恶即对某有火。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "abhor", "憎恶／厌恶" ], "counterexamples": [ "Horizontal, horse and 火 must not be merged into the Latin horrere family on spelling or sound alone.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABHOR", "REF-MW-ABHOR" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-ABHOR-001", "statement": { "en": "Horizontal, horse and 火 must not be merged into the Latin horrere family on spelling or sound alone.", "zh-Hans": "不能只凭拼写或声音把 horizontal、horse 与“火”并入拉丁语 horrere 词族。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABHOR", "REF-MW-ABHOR" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Preserved from legacy note", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "AVERSION → SHUDDER is historically grounded; ‘having fire toward something’ is an authored emotional metaphor.", "zh-Hans": "厌恶 → 战栗有历史依据；“对某物有火”是作者的情绪隐喻。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The legacy image may be developed as literature or mnemonic, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "旧站意象可作为文学或记忆法展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABHOR", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: abhor，憎恶。火 huo。憎恶即对某有火", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abhor%ef%bc%8c%e6%86%8e%e6%81%b6/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABHOR", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: abhor", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abhor", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Legacy Website Import Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Candidate; priority 91.8/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Candidate；优先分 91.8/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "Horizontal, horse and 火 must not be merged into the Latin horrere family on spelling or sound alone.", "zh-Hans": "不能只凭拼写或声音把 horizontal、horse 与“火”并入拉丁语 horrere 词族。" } ], "search_terms": [ "abhor", "abhorrence", "horror", "horrible", "憎恶", "厌恶", "火", "huo", "loathe", "repugnance" ], "page": null, "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/abhor%ef%bc%8c%e6%86%8e%e6%81%b6/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Legacy title/body excerpt retained; punctuation normalized only where needed for readability.", "raw_note": "abhor，憎恶。火 huo。憎恶即对某有火。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 14, "disposition": "Candidate", "priority_score": 91.8 } }, { "id": "LB-en-abound-025", "slug": "abound", "title": { "en": "abound · Legacy Website Import", "zh-Hans": "abound · 旧站导入" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "abound", "pronunciation": "not recorded", "part_of_speech": "verb · 动词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "大量存在／繁盛", "pronunciation": "dàliàng cúnzài / fánshèng" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-abound-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "abound", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "大量存在／繁盛", "pronunciation": "dàliàng cúnzài / fánshèng" }, "gloss": { "en": "to be present in large numbers or amounts; to be rich or well supplied", "zh-Hans": "大量存在、充满或富有" }, "meaning": { "en": "to be present in large numbers or amounts; to be rich or well supplied. The standard mapping is independent from the legacy sound hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "大量存在、充满或富有。标准词义 Mapping 与旧站声音假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Abound comes through Anglo-French from Latin abundare ‘overflow’, built from ab- and undare ‘surge’ from unda ‘wave’; it is not derived from English bound.", "zh-Hans": "abound 经盎格鲁法语来自拉丁语 abundare“溢出”，由 ab- 与 undare“涌动”（unda“波浪”）构成；不是由英语 bound 派生。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABOUND-001", "claim": { "en": "Abound comes through Anglo-French from Latin abundare ‘overflow’, built from ab- and undare ‘surge’ from unda ‘wave’; it is not derived from English bound.", "zh-Hans": "abound 经盎格鲁法语来自拉丁语 abundare“溢出”，由 ab- 与 undare“涌动”（unda“波浪”）构成；不是由英语 bound 派生。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABOUND" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABOUND" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The resemblance of bound/bound-like spelling to 蹦 bèng is approximate and historically unsupported.", "zh-Hans": "bound 一段与“蹦”bèng 的近似有限，且无历史支持。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABOUND-001", "claim": { "en": "The resemblance of bound/bound-like spelling to 蹦 bèng is approximate and historically unsupported.", "zh-Hans": "bound 一段与“蹦”bèng 的近似有限，且无历史支持。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOUND", "REF-MW-ABOUND" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOUND", "REF-MW-ABOUND" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "SURGE/OVERFLOW → ABUNDANCE → PROSPERITY supports the author’s image of an economy springing upward.", "zh-Hans": "涌动／溢出 → 丰富 → 繁荣，可承载作者“经济蹦起”的意象。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ABOUND-001", "claim": { "en": "SURGE/OVERFLOW → ABUNDANCE → PROSPERITY supports the author’s image of an economy springing upward.", "zh-Hans": "涌动／溢出 → 丰富 → 繁荣，可承载作者“经济蹦起”的意象。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOUND" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOUND" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "The standard meaning is abundance, not specifically economic prosperity; 蹦 is literary/cognitive.", "zh-Hans": "标准义是大量存在，并不限于经济繁荣；“蹦”属于文学／认知联想。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABOUND-001", "claim": { "en": "The standard meaning is abundance, not specifically economic prosperity; 蹦 is literary/cognitive.", "zh-Hans": "标准义是大量存在，并不限于经济繁荣；“蹦”属于文学／认知联想。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOUND", "REF-MW-ABOUND" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOUND", "REF-MW-ABOUND" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ABOUND-001", "claim": { "en": "The resemblance of bound/bound-like spelling to 蹦 bèng is approximate and historically unsupported.", "zh-Hans": "bound 一段与“蹦”bèng 的近似有限，且无历史支持。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "ABOUND", "ABUNDANCE", "ABUNDANT", "繁荣" ], "relation": "abound → abundance → abundant → 繁荣", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "abundance", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical derivative", "family": "Latin abundare/abundantia", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABOUND" ] }, { "word": "bound", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "surface similarity", "family": "separate Germanic/French histories", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOUND", "REF-MW-ABOUND" ] }, { "word": "蹦 bèng", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "literary mnemonic", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOUND", "REF-MW-ABOUND" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ABOUND-001", "relation": "SURGE/OVERFLOW → ABUNDANCE → PROSPERITY supports the author’s image of an economy springing upward.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ABOUND-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “abound，繁荣。蹦 beng。经济蹦起即繁荣。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“abound，繁荣。蹦 beng。经济蹦起即繁荣。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "abound", "大量存在／繁盛" ], "counterexamples": [ "The standard meaning is abundance, not specifically economic prosperity; 蹦 is literary/cognitive.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOUND", "REF-MW-ABOUND" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-ABOUND-001", "statement": { "en": "The standard meaning is abundance, not specifically economic prosperity; 蹦 is literary/cognitive.", "zh-Hans": "标准义是大量存在，并不限于经济繁荣；“蹦”属于文学／认知联想。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOUND", "REF-MW-ABOUND" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Preserved from legacy note", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "SURGE/OVERFLOW → ABUNDANCE → PROSPERITY supports the author’s image of an economy springing upward.", "zh-Hans": "涌动／溢出 → 丰富 → 繁荣，可承载作者“经济蹦起”的意象。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The legacy image may be developed as literature or mnemonic, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "旧站意象可作为文学或记忆法展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOUND", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: abound，繁荣。蹦 beng。经济蹦起即繁荣", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a-bound%ef%bc%8c%e6%a3%92%ef%bc%9b%e7%b9%81%e8%8d%a3%e3%80%82/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABOUND", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: abound", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abound", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Legacy Website Import Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Reviewed; priority 88.8/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Reviewed；优先分 88.8/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "The standard meaning is abundance, not specifically economic prosperity; 蹦 is literary/cognitive.", "zh-Hans": "标准义是大量存在，并不限于经济繁荣；“蹦”属于文学／认知联想。" } ], "search_terms": [ "abound", "abundance", "abundant", "繁荣", "繁盛", "大量", "充满", "蹦", "beng", "overflow" ], "page": null, "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a-bound%ef%bc%8c%e6%a3%92%ef%bc%9b%e7%b9%81%e8%8d%a3%e3%80%82/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Legacy title/body excerpt retained; punctuation normalized only where needed for readability.", "raw_note": "abound，繁荣。蹦 beng。经济蹦起即繁荣。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 2, "disposition": "Reviewed", "priority_score": 88.8 } }, { "id": "LB-en-above-030", "slug": "above", "title": { "en": "above · Legacy Website Import", "zh-Hans": "above · 旧站导入" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "above", "pronunciation": "not recorded", "part_of_speech": "preposition/adverb/adjective · 介词／副词／形容词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "在……上方／高于", "pronunciation": "zài…shàngfāng / gāoyú" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-above-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "above", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "在……上方／高于", "pronunciation": "zài…shàngfāng / gāoyú" }, "gloss": { "en": "in or to a higher place or position than", "zh-Hans": "位于或移向比参照物更高的位置" }, "meaning": { "en": "in or to a higher place or position than. The standard mapping is independent from the legacy sound hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "位于或移向比参照物更高的位置。标准词义 Mapping 与旧站声音假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Above is inherited from Old English abufan/onbufan, a Germanic formation. Over is a semantic and historically related Germanic comparison, but Chinese 上 is not a historical cognate.", "zh-Hans": "above 继承自古英语 abufan／onbufan，属日耳曼构词；over 是语义上相关且有日耳曼词史联系的比较词，但汉语“上”并非历史同源。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABOVE-001", "claim": { "en": "Above is inherited from Old English abufan/onbufan, a Germanic formation. Over is a semantic and historically related Germanic comparison, but Chinese 上 is not a historical cognate.", "zh-Hans": "above 继承自古英语 abufan／onbufan，属日耳曼构词；over 是语义上相关且有日耳曼词史联系的比较词，但汉语“上”并非历史同源。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABOVE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABOVE" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "No English–Chinese phonetic claim is needed for the standard spatial mapping above ↔ 上方.", "zh-Hans": "标准空间映射 above ↔ 上方不需要英汉语音主张。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABOVE-001", "claim": { "en": "No English–Chinese phonetic claim is needed for the standard spatial mapping above ↔ 上方.", "zh-Hans": "标准空间映射 above ↔ 上方不需要英汉语音主张。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE", "REF-MW-ABOVE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE", "REF-MW-ABOVE" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "UP/HIGHER THAN is a stable spatial schema shared by above, over and 上方.", "zh-Hans": "UP／HIGHER THAN 是 above、over 与“上方”共享的稳定空间图式。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ABOVE-001", "claim": { "en": "UP/HIGHER THAN is a stable spatial schema shared by above, over and 上方.", "zh-Hans": "UP／HIGHER THAN 是 above、over 与“上方”共享的稳定空间图式。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Shared spatial meaning is not proof of shared historical origin.", "zh-Hans": "共享空间意义不能证明共享历史来源。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABOVE-001", "claim": { "en": "Shared spatial meaning is not proof of shared historical origin.", "zh-Hans": "共享空间意义不能证明共享历史来源。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE", "REF-MW-ABOVE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE", "REF-MW-ABOVE" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ABOVE-001", "claim": { "en": "No English–Chinese phonetic claim is needed for the standard spatial mapping above ↔ 上方.", "zh-Hans": "标准空间映射 above ↔ 上方不需要英汉语音主张。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "ABOVE", "OVER", "上", "上面" ], "relation": "above → over → 上 → 上面", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "over", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "semantic/deeper Germanic relative", "family": "Germanic spatial family", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABOVE" ] }, { "word": "上方", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "standard semantic mapping", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE", "REF-MW-ABOVE" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ABOVE-001", "relation": "UP/HIGHER THAN is a stable spatial schema shared by above, over and 上方.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ABOVE-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “above，上面。上 over。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“above，上面。上 over。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "above", "在……上方／高于" ], "counterexamples": [ "Shared spatial meaning is not proof of shared historical origin.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE", "REF-MW-ABOVE" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-ABOVE-001", "statement": { "en": "Shared spatial meaning is not proof of shared historical origin.", "zh-Hans": "共享空间意义不能证明共享历史来源。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE", "REF-MW-ABOVE" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Preserved from legacy note", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "UP/HIGHER THAN is a stable spatial schema shared by above, over and 上方.", "zh-Hans": "UP／HIGHER THAN 是 above、over 与“上方”共享的稳定空间图式。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The legacy image may be developed as literature or mnemonic, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "旧站意象可作为文学或记忆法展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: above，上面。上 over", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/ab-ove%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%8a%e9%9d%a2/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABOVE", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: above", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/above", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Legacy Website Import Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Reviewed; priority 88.7/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Reviewed；优先分 88.7/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "Shared spatial meaning is not proof of shared historical origin.", "zh-Hans": "共享空间意义不能证明共享历史来源。" } ], "search_terms": [ "above", "over", "上", "上面", "上方", "高于", "higher", "up" ], "page": null, "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/ab-ove%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%8a%e9%9d%a2/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Legacy title/body excerpt retained; punctuation normalized only where needed for readability.", "raw_note": "above，上面。上 over。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 7, "disposition": "Reviewed", "priority_score": 88.7 } }, { "id": "LB-en-abridge-026", "slug": "abridge", "title": { "en": "abridge · Legacy Website Import", "zh-Hans": "abridge · 旧站导入" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "abridge", "pronunciation": "not recorded", "part_of_speech": "verb · 动词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "缩短／删节", "pronunciation": "suōduǎn / shānjié" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-abridge-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "abridge", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "缩短／删节", "pronunciation": "suōduǎn / shānjié" }, "gloss": { "en": "to shorten by omission while retaining the sense", "zh-Hans": "通过删减而缩短，同时保留原意" }, "meaning": { "en": "to shorten by omission while retaining the sense. The standard mapping is independent from the legacy sound hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "通过删减而缩短，同时保留原意。标准词义 Mapping 与旧站声音假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Abridge comes through Anglo-French abreger from Late Latin abbreviare, ultimately from Latin brevis ‘short’. It is historically related to abbreviate, not built from a + bridge.", "zh-Hans": "abridge 经盎格鲁法语 abreger 来自晚期拉丁语 abbreviare，最终基于 brevis“短”；它与 abbreviate 有历史关系，而非 a + bridge。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABRIDGE-001", "claim": { "en": "Abridge comes through Anglo-French abreger from Late Latin abbreviare, ultimately from Latin brevis ‘short’. It is historically related to abbreviate, not built from a + bridge.", "zh-Hans": "abridge 经盎格鲁法语 abreger 来自晚期拉丁语 abbreviare，最终基于 brevis“短”；它与 abbreviate 有历史关系，而非 a + bridge。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABRIDGE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABRIDGE" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Segmenting abridge as a + bridge and comparing bridge with 臂 bì is a modern reanalysis.", "zh-Hans": "把 abridge 切成 a + bridge 并把 bridge 与“臂”bì 比较，是现代再分析。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABRIDGE-001", "claim": { "en": "Segmenting abridge as a + bridge and comparing bridge with 臂 bì is a modern reanalysis.", "zh-Hans": "把 abridge 切成 a + bridge 并把 bridge 与“臂”bì 比较，是现代再分析。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABRIDGE", "REF-MW-ABRIDGE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABRIDGE", "REF-MW-ABRIDGE" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "A bridge can serve as a mnemonic for crossing a long text by a shorter route, but not as etymology.", "zh-Hans": "“桥”可作为以较短路线跨越长文本的记忆意象，但不是词源。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ABRIDGE-001", "claim": { "en": "A bridge can serve as a mnemonic for crossing a long text by a shorter route, but not as etymology.", "zh-Hans": "“桥”可作为以较短路线跨越长文本的记忆意象，但不是词源。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABRIDGE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABRIDGE" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "The historical SHORT family brevis/abbreviare outweighs the surface bridge/臂 segmentation.", "zh-Hans": "历史上的 SHORT 词族 brevis／abbreviare 否定了表面的 bridge／臂切分。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABRIDGE-001", "claim": { "en": "The historical SHORT family brevis/abbreviare outweighs the surface bridge/臂 segmentation.", "zh-Hans": "历史上的 SHORT 词族 brevis／abbreviare 否定了表面的 bridge／臂切分。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABRIDGE", "REF-MW-ABRIDGE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABRIDGE", "REF-MW-ABRIDGE" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ABRIDGE-001", "claim": { "en": "Segmenting abridge as a + bridge and comparing bridge with 臂 bì is a modern reanalysis.", "zh-Hans": "把 abridge 切成 a + bridge 并把 bridge 与“臂”bì 比较，是现代再分析。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "ABRIDGE", "ABRIDGED", "ABRIDGMENT", "ABBREVIATE" ], "relation": "abridge → abridged → abridgment → abbreviate", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "abbreviate", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical relative", "family": "Latin abbreviare/brevis", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABRIDGE" ] }, { "word": "bridge", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "false segmentation", "family": "Germanic bridge family", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABRIDGE", "REF-MW-ABRIDGE" ] }, { "word": "臂 bì", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "surface phonetic candidate", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABRIDGE", "REF-MW-ABRIDGE" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ABRIDGE-001", "relation": "A bridge can serve as a mnemonic for crossing a long text by a shorter route, but not as etymology.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ABRIDGE-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “abridge，缩短。臂 bi。bridge 与臂同音。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“abridge，缩短。臂 bi。bridge 与臂同音。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "abridge", "缩短／删节" ], "counterexamples": [ "The historical SHORT family brevis/abbreviare outweighs the surface bridge/臂 segmentation.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABRIDGE", "REF-MW-ABRIDGE" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-ABRIDGE-001", "statement": { "en": "The historical SHORT family brevis/abbreviare outweighs the surface bridge/臂 segmentation.", "zh-Hans": "历史上的 SHORT 词族 brevis／abbreviare 否定了表面的 bridge／臂切分。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABRIDGE", "REF-MW-ABRIDGE" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Preserved from legacy note", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "A bridge can serve as a mnemonic for crossing a long text by a shorter route, but not as etymology.", "zh-Hans": "“桥”可作为以较短路线跨越长文本的记忆意象，但不是词源。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The legacy image may be developed as literature or mnemonic, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "旧站意象可作为文学或记忆法展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABRIDGE", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: abridge，缩短。臂 bi。bridge 与臂同音", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a-bridge-%c9%99bri%ca%a4-v-%e5%9b%bdzhuei-zhui%e8%bf%bd%ef%bc%9b%e7%bc%a9%e7%9f%ad%e3%80%82/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABRIDGE", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: abridge", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abridge", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Legacy Website Import Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Candidate; priority 87.9/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Candidate；优先分 87.9/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "The historical SHORT family brevis/abbreviare outweighs the surface bridge/臂 segmentation.", "zh-Hans": "历史上的 SHORT 词族 brevis／abbreviare 否定了表面的 bridge／臂切分。" } ], "search_terms": [ "abridge", "abridged", "abridgment", "abbreviate", "缩短", "删节", "臂", "bridge", "shorten" ], "page": null, "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a-bridge-%c9%99bri%ca%a4-v-%e5%9b%bdzhuei-zhui%e8%bf%bd%ef%bc%9b%e7%bc%a9%e7%9f%ad%e3%80%82/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Legacy title/body excerpt retained; punctuation normalized only where needed for readability.", "raw_note": "abridge，缩短。臂 bi。bridge 与臂同音。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 3, "disposition": "Candidate", "priority_score": 87.9 } }, { "id": "LB-en-absolute-031", "slug": "absolute", "title": { "en": "absolute · Legacy Website Import", "zh-Hans": "absolute · 旧站导入" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "absolute", "pronunciation": "not recorded", "part_of_speech": "adjective/noun · 形容词／名词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "绝对的／完全的", "pronunciation": "juéduì de / wánquán de" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-absolute-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "absolute", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "绝对的／完全的", "pronunciation": "juéduì de / wánquán de" }, "gloss": { "en": "free from qualification, restriction or relation; complete", "zh-Hans": "不受条件、限制或关系约束的；完全的" }, "meaning": { "en": "free from qualification, restriction or relation; complete. The standard mapping is independent from the legacy sound hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "不受条件、限制或关系约束的；完全的。标准词义 Mapping 与旧站声音假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Absolute comes from Latin absolutus, the past participle of absolvere ‘set free, complete’. Its sol-/solve relationship is historical; 炒 chǎo is not.", "zh-Hans": "absolute 来自拉丁语 absolutus，是 absolvere“释放、完成”的过去分词；其与 sol-／solve 的关系有历史依据，与“炒”chǎo 则没有。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ABSOLUTE-001", "claim": { "en": "Absolute comes from Latin absolutus, the past participle of absolvere ‘set free, complete’. Its sol-/solve relationship is historical; 炒 chǎo is not.", "zh-Hans": "absolute 来自拉丁语 absolutus，是 absolvere“释放、完成”的过去分词；其与 sol-／solve 的关系有历史依据，与“炒”chǎo 则没有。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABSOLUTE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABSOLUTE" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Solve and 炒 chǎo are not close phonetic equivalents under a regular sound correspondence.", "zh-Hans": "solve 与“炒”chǎo 不构成规律音变下的近似。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABSOLUTE-001", "claim": { "en": "Solve and 炒 chǎo are not close phonetic equivalents under a regular sound correspondence.", "zh-Hans": "solve 与“炒”chǎo 不构成规律音变下的近似。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABSOLUTE", "REF-MW-ABSOLUTE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABSOLUTE", "REF-MW-ABSOLUTE" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "UNBIND/SET FREE → UNRESTRICTED → ABSOLUTE is the useful historical-semantic chain.", "zh-Hans": "解开／释放 → 不受限制 → 绝对，是有用的历史—语义链。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ABSOLUTE-001", "claim": { "en": "UNBIND/SET FREE → UNRESTRICTED → ABSOLUTE is the useful historical-semantic chain.", "zh-Hans": "解开／释放 → 不受限制 → 绝对，是有用的历史—语义链。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABSOLUTE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABSOLUTE" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Keep the genuine absolve/solve family separate from the author’s cooking metaphor.", "zh-Hans": "需把真实的 absolve／solve 词族与作者的烹饪隐喻分开。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABSOLUTE-001", "claim": { "en": "Keep the genuine absolve/solve family separate from the author’s cooking metaphor.", "zh-Hans": "需把真实的 absolve／solve 词族与作者的烹饪隐喻分开。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABSOLUTE", "REF-MW-ABSOLUTE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABSOLUTE", "REF-MW-ABSOLUTE" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ABSOLUTE-001", "claim": { "en": "Solve and 炒 chǎo are not close phonetic equivalents under a regular sound correspondence.", "zh-Hans": "solve 与“炒”chǎo 不构成规律音变下的近似。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "ABSOLUTE", "ABSOLVE", "SOLVE", "绝对" ], "relation": "absolute → absolve → solve → 绝对", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "absolve", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical relative", "family": "Latin absolvere", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABSOLUTE" ] }, { "word": "solve", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical relative", "family": "Latin solvere", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ABSOLUTE" ] }, { "word": "炒 chǎo", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "literary mnemonic", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABSOLUTE", "REF-MW-ABSOLUTE" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ABSOLUTE-001", "relation": "UNBIND/SET FREE → UNRESTRICTED → ABSOLUTE is the useful historical-semantic chain.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ABSOLUTE-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “absolute，绝对。炒 chao。solve 解决即炒炒。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“absolute，绝对。炒 chao。solve 解决即炒炒。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "absolute", "绝对的／完全的" ], "counterexamples": [ "Keep the genuine absolve/solve family separate from the author’s cooking metaphor.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABSOLUTE", "REF-MW-ABSOLUTE" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-ABSOLUTE-001", "statement": { "en": "Keep the genuine absolve/solve family separate from the author’s cooking metaphor.", "zh-Hans": "需把真实的 absolve／solve 词族与作者的烹饪隐喻分开。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABSOLUTE", "REF-MW-ABSOLUTE" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Preserved from legacy note", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "UNBIND/SET FREE → UNRESTRICTED → ABSOLUTE is the useful historical-semantic chain.", "zh-Hans": "解开／释放 → 不受限制 → 绝对，是有用的历史—语义链。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The legacy image may be developed as literature or mnemonic, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "旧站意象可作为文学或记忆法展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABSOLUTE", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: absolute，绝对。炒 chao。solve 解决即炒炒", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/ab-sol-ute%ef%bc%8c%e7%bb%9d%e5%af%b9/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABSOLUTE", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: absolute", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/absolute", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Legacy Website Import Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Reviewed; priority 90.8/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Reviewed；优先分 90.8/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "Keep the genuine absolve/solve family separate from the author’s cooking metaphor.", "zh-Hans": "需把真实的 absolve／solve 词族与作者的烹饪隐喻分开。" } ], "search_terms": [ "absolute", "absolve", "solve", "绝对", "完全", "无条件", "炒", "chao", "unrestricted" ], "page": null, "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/ab-sol-ute%ef%bc%8c%e7%bb%9d%e5%af%b9/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Legacy title/body excerpt retained; punctuation normalized only where needed for readability.", "raw_note": "absolute，绝对。炒 chao。solve 解决即炒炒。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 8, "disposition": "Reviewed", "priority_score": 90.8 } }, { "id": "LB-en-acumen-027", "slug": "acumen", "title": { "en": "acumen · Legacy Website Import", "zh-Hans": "acumen · 旧站导入" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "acumen", "pronunciation": "not recorded", "part_of_speech": "noun · 名词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "敏锐／洞察力", "pronunciation": "mǐnruì / dòngchálì" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-acumen-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "acumen", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "敏锐／洞察力", "pronunciation": "mǐnruì / dòngchálì" }, "gloss": { "en": "keenness and depth of perception, discernment or judgment", "zh-Hans": "敏锐而深入的洞察、辨别或判断能力" }, "meaning": { "en": "keenness and depth of perception, discernment or judgment. The standard mapping is independent from the legacy sound hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "敏锐而深入的洞察、辨别或判断能力。标准词义 Mapping 与旧站声音假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Acumen is Latin for ‘point, sharpness’, from acuere ‘to sharpen’. The letters cum do not form a morpheme meaning gather in this word.", "zh-Hans": "acumen 来自拉丁语“尖端、敏锐”，源于 acuere“使锋利”；其中字母 cum 并不是表示“聚集”的语素。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ACUMEN-001", "claim": { "en": "Acumen is Latin for ‘point, sharpness’, from acuere ‘to sharpen’. The letters cum do not form a morpheme meaning gather in this word.", "zh-Hans": "acumen 来自拉丁语“尖端、敏锐”，源于 acuere“使锋利”；其中字母 cum 并不是表示“聚集”的语素。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ACUMEN" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ACUMEN" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "cum and 聚 jù do not closely match in ordinary pronunciation and no historical relation is established.", "zh-Hans": "cum 与“聚”jù 的通常读音并不紧密对应，也无已证历史关系。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ACUMEN-001", "claim": { "en": "cum and 聚 jù do not closely match in ordinary pronunciation and no historical relation is established.", "zh-Hans": "cum 与“聚”jù 的通常读音并不紧密对应，也无已证历史关系。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ACUMEN", "REF-MW-ACUMEN" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ACUMEN", "REF-MW-ACUMEN" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "SHARP POINT → KEEN PERCEPTION is the documented semantic development; gathering clues is a separate mnemonic.", "zh-Hans": "尖端／锋利 → 敏锐洞察是有文献的语义发展；“聚集线索”只是另一个记忆联想。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ACUMEN-001", "claim": { "en": "SHARP POINT → KEEN PERCEPTION is the documented semantic development; gathering clues is a separate mnemonic.", "zh-Hans": "尖端／锋利 → 敏锐洞察是有文献的语义发展；“聚集线索”只是另一个记忆联想。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ACUMEN" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ACUMEN" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "The proposed a/cum/en segmentation is not the word’s historical morphology.", "zh-Hans": "所提 a／cum／en 切分不是该词的历史形态结构。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ACUMEN-001", "claim": { "en": "The proposed a/cum/en segmentation is not the word’s historical morphology.", "zh-Hans": "所提 a／cum／en 切分不是该词的历史形态结构。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ACUMEN", "REF-MW-ACUMEN" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ACUMEN", "REF-MW-ACUMEN" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ACUMEN-001", "claim": { "en": "cum and 聚 jù do not closely match in ordinary pronunciation and no historical relation is established.", "zh-Hans": "cum 与“聚”jù 的通常读音并不紧密对应，也无已证历史关系。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "ACUMEN", "ACUTE", "ACUITY", "敏锐" ], "relation": "acumen → acute → acuity → 敏锐", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "acute", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical relative", "family": "Latin acuere/acutus", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ACUMEN" ] }, { "word": "acuity", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "historical relative", "family": "Latin acuere/acuitas", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ACUMEN" ] }, { "word": "聚 jù", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "speculative comparison", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ACUMEN", "REF-MW-ACUMEN" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ACUMEN-001", "relation": "SHARP POINT → KEEN PERCEPTION is the documented semantic development; gathering clues is a separate mnemonic.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ACUMEN-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “acumen，敏锐。聚 ju。cum- 与聚 ju 同音。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“acumen，敏锐。聚 ju。cum- 与聚 ju 同音。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "acumen", "敏锐／洞察力" ], "counterexamples": [ "The proposed a/cum/en segmentation is not the word’s historical morphology.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ACUMEN", "REF-MW-ACUMEN" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-ACUMEN-001", "statement": { "en": "The proposed a/cum/en segmentation is not the word’s historical morphology.", "zh-Hans": "所提 a／cum／en 切分不是该词的历史形态结构。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ACUMEN", "REF-MW-ACUMEN" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Preserved from legacy note", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "SHARP POINT → KEEN PERCEPTION is the documented semantic development; gathering clues is a separate mnemonic.", "zh-Hans": "尖端／锋利 → 敏锐洞察是有文献的语义发展；“聚集线索”只是另一个记忆联想。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The legacy image may be developed as literature or mnemonic, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "旧站意象可作为文学或记忆法展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ACUMEN", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: acumen，敏锐。聚 ju。cum- 与聚 ju 同音", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a-cum-en%ef%bc%8c%e6%95%8f%e9%94%90/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ACUMEN", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: acumen", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acumen", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Legacy Website Import Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Reviewed; priority 87.6/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Reviewed；优先分 87.6/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "The proposed a/cum/en segmentation is not the word’s historical morphology.", "zh-Hans": "所提 a／cum／en 切分不是该词的历史形态结构。" } ], "search_terms": [ "acumen", "acute", "acuity", "敏锐", "洞察力", "判断力", "聚", "cum", "sharpness" ], "page": null, "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a-cum-en%ef%bc%8c%e6%95%8f%e9%94%90/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Legacy title/body excerpt retained; punctuation normalized only where needed for readability.", "raw_note": "acumen，敏锐。聚 ju。cum- 与聚 ju 同音。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 4, "disposition": "Reviewed", "priority_score": 87.6 } }, { "id": "LB-en-aliment-028", "slug": "aliment", "title": { "en": "aliment · Legacy Website Import", "zh-Hans": "aliment · 旧站导入" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "aliment", "pronunciation": "not recorded", "part_of_speech": "noun · 名词" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "食物／营养", "pronunciation": "shíwù / yíngyǎng" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-aliment-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "aliment", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "食物／营养", "pronunciation": "shíwù / yíngyǎng" }, "gloss": { "en": "food or nourishment; something that sustains", "zh-Hans": "食物、营养或维持生命之物" }, "meaning": { "en": "food or nourishment; something that sustains. The standard mapping is independent from the legacy sound hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "食物、营养或维持生命之物。标准词义 Mapping 与旧站声音假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Aliment comes through French from Latin alimentum, from alere ‘to nourish’ plus -mentum. Its historical structure is not a + liment.", "zh-Hans": "aliment 经法语来自拉丁语 alimentum，由 alere“滋养”加 -mentum 构成；其历史结构不是 a + liment。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-ALIMENT-001", "claim": { "en": "Aliment comes through French from Latin alimentum, from alere ‘to nourish’ plus -mentum. Its historical structure is not a + liment.", "zh-Hans": "aliment 经法语来自拉丁语 alimentum，由 alere“滋养”加 -mentum 构成；其历史结构不是 a + liment。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ALIMENT" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ALIMENT" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The middle of aliment and 粮 liáng share only a loose modern sound resemblance.", "zh-Hans": "aliment 中部与“粮”liáng 只有松散的现代音近。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ALIMENT-001", "claim": { "en": "The middle of aliment and 粮 liáng share only a loose modern sound resemblance.", "zh-Hans": "aliment 中部与“粮”liáng 只有松散的现代音近。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ALIMENT", "REF-MW-ALIMENT" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ALIMENT", "REF-MW-ALIMENT" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "FOOD → NOURISHMENT → SUSTENANCE gives a clear semantic mapping to 食物/粮食.", "zh-Hans": "食物 → 营养 → 维持生命，为“食物／粮食”提供清楚语义映射。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-ALIMENT-001", "claim": { "en": "FOOD → NOURISHMENT → SUSTENANCE gives a clear semantic mapping to 食物/粮食.", "zh-Hans": "食物 → 营养 → 维持生命，为“食物／粮食”提供清楚语义映射。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ALIMENT" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ALIMENT" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "粮 is a strong semantic equivalent but not an established source or cognate of aliment.", "zh-Hans": "“粮”是强语义对应，但不是 aliment 的已证来源或同源词。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-ALIMENT-001", "claim": { "en": "粮 is a strong semantic equivalent but not an established source or cognate of aliment.", "zh-Hans": "“粮”是强语义对应，但不是 aliment 的已证来源或同源词。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ALIMENT", "REF-MW-ALIMENT" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ALIMENT", "REF-MW-ALIMENT" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-ALIMENT-001", "claim": { "en": "The middle of aliment and 粮 liáng share only a loose modern sound resemblance.", "zh-Hans": "aliment 中部与“粮”liáng 只有松散的现代音近。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "ALIMENT", "ALIMENTARY", "ALIMENTER", "食物" ], "relation": "aliment → alimentary → alimenter → 食物", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "alimentary", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "derivative", "family": "Latin alimentum", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ALIMENT" ] }, { "word": "alimenter", "language": "French", "relationship_type": "historical family", "family": "French/Latin aliment", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-ALIMENT" ] }, { "word": "粮 liáng", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "semantic mapping with weak sound candidate", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ALIMENT", "REF-MW-ALIMENT" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-ALIMENT-001", "relation": "FOOD → NOURISHMENT → SUSTENANCE gives a clear semantic mapping to 食物/粮食.", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ALIMENT-001", "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation", "claim": { "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “aliment，粮；食物。粮 liang。liment 与粮 liang 音同。”", "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“aliment，粮；食物。粮 liang。liment 与粮 liang 音同。”" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "aliment", "食物／营养" ], "counterexamples": [ "粮 is a strong semantic equivalent but not an established source or cognate of aliment.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.", "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ALIMENT", "REF-MW-ALIMENT" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-ALIMENT-001", "statement": { "en": "粮 is a strong semantic equivalent but not an established source or cognate of aliment.", "zh-Hans": "“粮”是强语义对应，但不是 aliment 的已证来源或同源词。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ALIMENT", "REF-MW-ALIMENT" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Preserved from legacy note", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "FOOD → NOURISHMENT → SUSTENANCE gives a clear semantic mapping to 食物/粮食.", "zh-Hans": "食物 → 营养 → 维持生命，为“食物／粮食”提供清楚语义映射。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The legacy image may be developed as literature or mnemonic, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "旧站意象可作为文学或记忆法展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ALIMENT", "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: aliment，粮。粮 liang。liment 与粮 liang 音同", "type": "legacy author publication", "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a-lim-ent%ef%bc%8c%e7%b2%ae%ef%bc%9b%e9%a3%9f%e7%89%a9/", "path": null, "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-ALIMENT", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: aliment", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aliment", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Legacy Website Import Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": null, "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Reviewed; priority 87.7/100 is editorial triage only.", "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Reviewed；优先分 87.7/100 仅用于编辑分流。" }, { "en": "粮 is a strong semantic equivalent but not an established source or cognate of aliment.", "zh-Hans": "“粮”是强语义对应，但不是 aliment 的已证来源或同源词。" } ], "search_terms": [ "aliment", "alimentary", "alimenter", "食物", "营养", "粮", "粮食", "liang", "nourishment" ], "page": null, "legacy": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "source_url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/a-lim-ent%ef%bc%8c%e7%b2%ae%ef%bc%9b%e9%a3%9f%e7%89%a9/", "additional_source_urls": [], "source_page": 1, "source_site": "languagesbook.com" }, "source": { "type": "author-published legacy website note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Legacy title/body excerpt retained; punctuation normalized only where needed for readability.", "raw_note": "aliment，粮；食物。粮 liang。liment 与粮 liang 音同。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "LEGACY-WEBSITE-IMPORT-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 5, "disposition": "Reviewed", "priority_score": 87.7 } }, { "id": "LB-en-convent-convention-023", "slug": "convent", "title": { "en": "convent · Batch 001", "zh-Hans": "convent · 数据扩展 Batch 001" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "convent", "pronunciation": "/ˈkɒnvent/", "part_of_speech": "noun · 名词" }, { "role": "historically-related-or-compared-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "couvent", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "修道院／女修道院", "pronunciation": "xiūdàoyuàn / nǚxiūdàoyuàn" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-convent-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "convent", "pronunciation": "/ˈkɒnvent/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "修道院／女修道院", "pronunciation": "xiūdàoyuàn / nǚxiūdàoyuàn" }, "gloss": { "en": "a religious community, especially of women, or its residence", "zh-Hans": "宗教团体（尤指女修会）或其居所" }, "meaning": { "en": "a religious community, especially of women, or its residence. This ordinary mapping is independent from the author's cross-language sound/root hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "宗教团体（尤指女修会）或其居所。普通词义 Mapping 与作者跨语言声音／词根假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded research hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "The primary mapping follows ordinary meaning; historical and phonetic claims are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "主要 Mapping 依据普通词义；历史关系与语音主张在独立轨道评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Convent is from Latin conventus ‘assembly, meeting’, the participial noun of convenire ‘come together’. Convention is from Latin conventio ‘meeting, agreement’, also from convenire. They are genuine relatives, but convention is not derived from the religious-institution sense of convent.", "zh-Hans": "convent 来自拉丁语 conventus“集会、会合”，是 convenire“共同来到／会合”的名词形式；convention 来自拉丁语 conventio“集会、协议”，同样基于 convenire。二者确有历史关系，但 convention 并非由 convent 的宗教机构义派生。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-CONVENT-001", "claim": { "en": "Convent is from Latin conventus ‘assembly, meeting’, the participial noun of convenire ‘come together’. Convention is from Latin conventio ‘meeting, agreement’, also from convenire. They are genuine relatives, but convention is not derived from the religious-institution sense of convent.", "zh-Hans": "convent 来自拉丁语 conventus“集会、会合”，是 convenire“共同来到／会合”的名词形式；convention 来自拉丁语 conventio“集会、协议”，同样基于 convenire。二者确有历史关系，但 convention 并非由 convent 的宗教机构义派生。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-CONVENT", "REF-MW-CONVENTION", "REF-CNRTL-COUVENT", "REF-CNRTL-CONVENTION" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-CONVENT-CORRECTION-002", "claim": { "en": "The ‘custom from monastery’ chain is historically inaccurate; both branches independently extend the shared ‘come together’ base.", "zh-Hans": "“习俗来自修道院”的链条在历史上不准确；两支分别从共享的“共同来到／会合”基础扩展。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-CONVENT-RAW", "REF-MW-CONVENT", "REF-MW-CONVENTION", "REF-CNRTL-COUVENT", "REF-CNRTL-CONVENTION" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-CONVENT", "REF-MW-CONVENTION", "REF-CNRTL-COUVENT", "REF-CNRTL-CONVENTION" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The shared convent-/conven- material reflects a real Latin family; suffixes and borrowing histories account for the distinct words.", "zh-Hans": "共享的 convent-／conven- 成分反映真实拉丁词族；不同后缀与借入史形成两个词。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-CONVENT-001", "claim": { "en": "The shared convent-/conven- material reflects a real Latin family; suffixes and borrowing histories account for the distinct words.", "zh-Hans": "共享的 convent-／conven- 成分反映真实拉丁词族；不同后缀与借入史形成两个词。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-CONVENT-RAW", "REF-MW-CONVENT", "REF-MW-CONVENTION", "REF-CNRTL-COUVENT", "REF-CNRTL-CONVENTION" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-CONVENT-RAW", "REF-MW-CONVENT", "REF-MW-CONVENTION", "REF-CNRTL-COUVENT", "REF-CNRTL-CONVENTION" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "COME TOGETHER → ASSEMBLY → AGREEMENT → ACCEPTED PRACTICE explains convention; COME TOGETHER → RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY explains convent.", "zh-Hans": "COME TOGETHER → ASSEMBLY → AGREEMENT → ACCEPTED PRACTICE 解释 convention；COME TOGETHER → RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY 解释 convent。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-CONVENT-001", "claim": { "en": "COME TOGETHER → ASSEMBLY → AGREEMENT → ACCEPTED PRACTICE explains convention; COME TOGETHER → RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY explains convent.", "zh-Hans": "COME TOGETHER → ASSEMBLY → AGREEMENT → ACCEPTED PRACTICE 解释 convention；COME TOGETHER → RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY 解释 convent。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-CONVENT-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-CONVENT-RAW" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The ‘custom from monastery’ chain is historically inaccurate; both branches independently extend the shared ‘come together’ base.", "zh-Hans": "“习俗来自修道院”的链条在历史上不准确；两支分别从共享的“共同来到／会合”基础扩展。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-CONVENT-001", "claim": { "en": "The ‘custom from monastery’ chain is historically inaccurate; both branches independently extend the shared ‘come together’ base.", "zh-Hans": "“习俗来自修道院”的链条在历史上不准确；两支分别从共享的“共同来到／会合”基础扩展。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-CONVENT-RAW", "REF-MW-CONVENT", "REF-MW-CONVENTION", "REF-CNRTL-COUVENT", "REF-CNRTL-CONVENTION" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-CONVENT-RAW", "REF-MW-CONVENT", "REF-MW-CONVENTION", "REF-CNRTL-COUVENT", "REF-CNRTL-CONVENTION" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-CONVENT-001", "claim": { "en": "The shared convent-/conven- material reflects a real Latin family; suffixes and borrowing histories account for the distinct words.", "zh-Hans": "共享的 convent-／conven- 成分反映真实拉丁词族；不同后缀与借入史形成两个词。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Modern spelling or sound resemblance is not a regular sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "现代拼写或声音近似不是规律音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "COME TOGETHER", "ASSEMBLY", "RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY", "AGREEMENT", "CUSTOM" ], "relation": "COME TOGETHER → ASSEMBLY → RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY → AGREEMENT → CUSTOM", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "convention", "language": "English/French", "relationship_type": "Historical relative", "family": "Latin conventio ← convenire", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-CONVENT", "REF-MW-CONVENTION", "REF-CNRTL-COUVENT", "REF-CNRTL-CONVENTION" ] }, { "word": "convene / convenir", "language": "English/French", "relationship_type": "Shared base family", "family": "Latin convenire", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-CONVENT", "REF-MW-CONVENTION", "REF-CNRTL-COUVENT", "REF-CNRTL-CONVENTION" ] }, { "word": "couvent", "language": "French", "relationship_type": "Historical cognate/borrowing family", "family": "Latin conventus", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-CONVENT", "REF-MW-CONVENTION", "REF-CNRTL-COUVENT", "REF-CNRTL-CONVENTION" ] }, { "word": "custom / 习俗", "language": "English/Chinese", "relationship_type": "Semantic extension of convention only", "family": "not derived from convent", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Comparison or association only; not a historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅作比较或联想；不是历史派生关系。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-CONVENT-RAW", "REF-MW-CONVENT", "REF-MW-CONVENTION", "REF-CNRTL-COUVENT", "REF-CNRTL-CONVENTION" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-CONVENT-001", "relation": "COME TOGETHER → ASSEMBLY → RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY → AGREEMENT → CUSTOM", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-CONVENT-001", "type": "Original author phonetic-semantic / consonantal-skeleton hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "The author's comparison around convent，convention; 习俗从修道院而来？ may support a mnemonic or semantic association without establishing common origin.", "zh-Hans": "作者观察“convent，convention。习俗从修道院而来？”可作为记忆或语义联想，但不建立共同来源。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "convent", "convention", "convene", "convenir", "couvent" ], "counterexamples": [ "The ‘custom from monastery’ chain is historically inaccurate; both branches independently extend the shared ‘come together’ base.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test sound similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded ratings, explicit negative controls and historical-source review.", "zh-Hans": "用盲法评分、明确负对照与独立词源核验分别检验声音相似度和语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-CONVENT-RAW", "REF-MW-CONVENT", "REF-MW-CONVENTION", "REF-CNRTL-COUVENT", "REF-CNRTL-CONVENTION" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-CONVENT-001", "statement": { "en": "The ‘custom from monastery’ chain is historically inaccurate; both branches independently extend the shared ‘come together’ base.", "zh-Hans": "“习俗来自修道院”的链条在历史上不准确；两支分别从共享的“共同来到／会合”基础扩展。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-CONVENT-RAW", "REF-MW-CONVENT", "REF-MW-CONVENTION", "REF-CNRTL-COUVENT", "REF-CNRTL-CONVENTION" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Not present", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "COME TOGETHER → ASSEMBLY → AGREEMENT → ACCEPTED PRACTICE explains convention; COME TOGETHER → RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY explains convent.", "zh-Hans": "COME TOGETHER → ASSEMBLY → AGREEMENT → ACCEPTED PRACTICE 解释 convention；COME TOGETHER → RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY 解释 convent。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "This cognitive proposition may be developed literarily, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "该认知命题可作文学展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-CONVENT-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: convent source/raw research note", "type": "author research note", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-CONVENT", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: convent", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/convent", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-CONVENTION", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: convention", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/convention", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-COUVENT", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de couvent/convent", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/couvent", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-CONVENTION", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de convention", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/convention", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Dataset Expansion Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": "2026-09-01", "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Batch disposition: Reviewed. Priority score 90/100 is editorial triage, not a scientific measurement.", "zh-Hans": "批次归类：Reviewed。优先分 90/100 仅用于编辑分流，不是科学测量。" }, { "en": "The ‘custom from monastery’ chain is historically inaccurate; both branches independently extend the shared ‘come together’ base.", "zh-Hans": "“习俗来自修道院”的链条在历史上不准确；两支分别从共享的“共同来到／会合”基础扩展。" } ], "search_terms": [ "convent", "convention", "convene", "convenir", "couvent", "修道院", "女修道院", "习俗", "惯例", "协议", "agreement", "assembly", "come together" ], "page": null, "legacy": null, "source": { "type": "author-provided raw research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Spelling and punctuation normalized only in evaluated fields; raw note retained verbatim here.", "raw_note": "convent，convention。习俗从修道院而来？" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "DATASET-EXPANSION-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 10, "disposition": "Reviewed", "priority_score": 90 } }, { "id": "LB-en-figure-finger-020", "slug": "figure", "title": { "en": "figure · Batch 001", "zh-Hans": "figure · 数据扩展 Batch 001" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "figure", "pronunciation": "/ˈfɪɡjər/", "part_of_speech": "noun/verb · 名词／动词" }, { "role": "historically-related-or-compared-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "figure", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "图形／形状", "pronunciation": "túxíng / xíngzhuàng" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-figure-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "figure", "pronunciation": "/ˈfɪɡjər/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "图形／形状", "pronunciation": "túxíng / xíngzhuàng" }, "gloss": { "en": "shape, representation, diagram, numeral or notable person, depending on sense", "zh-Hans": "依语境指形状、形象、图表、数字或重要人物" }, "meaning": { "en": "shape, representation, diagram, numeral or notable person, depending on sense. This ordinary mapping is independent from the author's cross-language sound/root hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "依语境指形状、形象、图表、数字或重要人物。普通词义 Mapping 与作者跨语言声音／词根假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded research hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "The primary mapping follows ordinary meaning; historical and phonetic claims are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "主要 Mapping 依据普通词义；历史关系与语音主张在独立轨道评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Figure comes through French/Latin figura ‘form, shape, representation’, related to Latin fingere ‘shape’. Finger is inherited Germanic (Old English finger and cognates). No figure–finger historical family is established.", "zh-Hans": "figure 经法语／拉丁语 figura“形式、形状、表象”而来，与拉丁语 fingere“塑造”相关；finger 是继承的日耳曼词（古英语 finger 及其同源词）。没有建立 figure–finger 历史词族。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-FIGURE-001", "claim": { "en": "Figure comes through French/Latin figura ‘form, shape, representation’, related to Latin fingere ‘shape’. Finger is inherited Germanic (Old English finger and cognates). No figure–finger historical family is established.", "zh-Hans": "figure 经法语／拉丁语 figura“形式、形状、表象”而来，与拉丁语 fingere“塑造”相关；finger 是继承的日耳曼词（古英语 finger 及其同源词）。没有建立 figure–finger 历史词族。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-FIGURE", "REF-MW-FINGER" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-FIGURE-CORRECTION-002", "claim": { "en": "The user observation is preserved as a modern-form/cognitive candidate, not cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "用户观察保留为现代词形／认知候选，不标为同源。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIGURE-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIGURE", "REF-MW-FINGER" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-FIGURE", "REF-MW-FINGER" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "figure and finger share the visible fig-/fi-g sequence but differ in consonant order, pronunciation and history.", "zh-Hans": "figure 与 finger 共享可见的 fig-／fi-g 字母序列，但辅音顺序、读音与词史不同。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-FIGURE-001", "claim": { "en": "figure and finger share the visible fig-/fi-g sequence but differ in consonant order, pronunciation and history.", "zh-Hans": "figure 与 finger 共享可见的 fig-／fi-g 字母序列，但辅音顺序、读音与词史不同。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIGURE-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIGURE", "REF-MW-FINGER" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIGURE-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIGURE", "REF-MW-FINGER" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "A finger can point to or trace a figure, creating a useful action-object mnemonic; NUMBER is one sense of figure, not its sole meaning.", "zh-Hans": "手指可指向或描画图形，形成动作—对象记忆联想；NUMBER 只是 figure 的一个义项。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-FIGURE-001", "claim": { "en": "A finger can point to or trace a figure, creating a useful action-object mnemonic; NUMBER is one sense of figure, not its sole meaning.", "zh-Hans": "手指可指向或描画图形，形成动作—对象记忆联想；NUMBER 只是 figure 的一个义项。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIGURE-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIGURE-RAW" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The user observation is preserved as a modern-form/cognitive candidate, not cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "用户观察保留为现代词形／认知候选，不标为同源。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-FIGURE-001", "claim": { "en": "The user observation is preserved as a modern-form/cognitive candidate, not cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "用户观察保留为现代词形／认知候选，不标为同源。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIGURE-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIGURE", "REF-MW-FINGER" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIGURE-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIGURE", "REF-MW-FINGER" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-FIGURE-001", "claim": { "en": "figure and finger share the visible fig-/fi-g sequence but differ in consonant order, pronunciation and history.", "zh-Hans": "figure 与 finger 共享可见的 fig-／fi-g 字母序列，但辅音顺序、读音与词史不同。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Modern spelling or sound resemblance is not a regular sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "现代拼写或声音近似不是规律音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "SHAPE", "REPRESENTATION", "NUMBER", "BODY PART", "POINTING" ], "relation": "SHAPE → REPRESENTATION → NUMBER → BODY PART → POINTING", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "figura / fingere", "language": "Latin", "relationship_type": "Historical source family", "family": "figura ← fingere", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-FIGURE", "REF-MW-FINGER" ] }, { "word": "figurative / figurer", "language": "English/French", "relationship_type": "Etymological derivative", "family": "Latin figura / figurare", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-FIGURE", "REF-MW-FINGER" ] }, { "word": "finger", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "Surface similarity / cognitive association", "family": "Germanic inherited word", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Comparison or association only; not a historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅作比较或联想；不是历史派生关系。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIGURE-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIGURE", "REF-MW-FINGER" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-FIGURE-001", "relation": "SHAPE → REPRESENTATION → NUMBER → BODY PART → POINTING", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-FIGURE-001", "type": "Original author phonetic-semantic / consonantal-skeleton hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "The author's comparison around figure数字，finger; may support a mnemonic or semantic association without establishing common origin.", "zh-Hans": "作者观察“figure数字，finger。”可作为记忆或语义联想，但不建立共同来源。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "figure", "figurer", "figurative", "finger", "数字" ], "counterexamples": [ "The user observation is preserved as a modern-form/cognitive candidate, not cognacy.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test sound similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded ratings, explicit negative controls and historical-source review.", "zh-Hans": "用盲法评分、明确负对照与独立词源核验分别检验声音相似度和语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIGURE-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIGURE", "REF-MW-FINGER" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-FIGURE-001", "statement": { "en": "The user observation is preserved as a modern-form/cognitive candidate, not cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "用户观察保留为现代词形／认知候选，不标为同源。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIGURE-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIGURE", "REF-MW-FINGER" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Not present", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "A finger can point to or trace a figure, creating a useful action-object mnemonic; NUMBER is one sense of figure, not its sole meaning.", "zh-Hans": "手指可指向或描画图形，形成动作—对象记忆联想；NUMBER 只是 figure 的一个义项。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "This cognitive proposition may be developed literarily, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "该认知命题可作文学展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-FIGURE-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: figure source/raw research note", "type": "author research note", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-FIGURE", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de figure", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/figure", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-FINGER", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: finger", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/finger", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Dataset Expansion Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": "2026-09-01", "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Batch disposition: Candidate. Priority score 86.8/100 is editorial triage, not a scientific measurement.", "zh-Hans": "批次归类：Candidate。优先分 86.8/100 仅用于编辑分流，不是科学测量。" }, { "en": "The user observation is preserved as a modern-form/cognitive candidate, not cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "用户观察保留为现代词形／认知候选，不标为同源。" } ], "search_terms": [ "figure", "figurer", "figurative", "finger", "数字", "图形", "形状", "手指", "number", "shape", "representation", "point" ], "page": null, "legacy": null, "source": { "type": "author-provided raw research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Spelling and punctuation normalized only in evaluated fields; raw note retained verbatim here.", "raw_note": "figure数字，finger。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "DATASET-EXPANSION-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 7, "disposition": "Candidate", "priority_score": 86.8 } }, { "id": "LB-fr-fil-filiere-fille-019", "slug": "fil", "title": { "en": "fil · Batch 001", "zh-Hans": "fil · 数据扩展 Batch 001" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "fil", "pronunciation": "/fil/", "part_of_speech": "noun · 名词" }, { "role": "historically-related-or-compared-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "fil", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "线／丝", "pronunciation": "xiàn / sī" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-fil-primary", "source": { "language": "French", "word": "fil", "pronunciation": "/fil/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "线／丝", "pronunciation": "xiàn / sī" }, "gloss": { "en": "thread, wire or a long thin strand", "zh-Hans": "线、丝或细长条状物" }, "meaning": { "en": "thread, wire or a long thin strand. This ordinary mapping is independent from the author's cross-language sound/root hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "线、丝或细长条状物。普通词义 Mapping 与作者跨语言声音／词根假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded research hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "The primary mapping follows ordinary meaning; historical and phonetic claims are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "主要 Mapping 依据普通词义；历史关系与语音主张在独立轨道评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "French fil continues Latin filum ‘thread’. Filière is genuinely derived from fil with -ière and developed senses of a sequence/channel/sector. Fille comes from Latin filia ‘daughter’ and is not derived from fil.", "zh-Hans": "法语 fil 延续拉丁语 filum“线”；filière 确由 fil 加 -ière 派生，并发展出流程／渠道／行业义。fille 来自拉丁语 filia“女儿”，不是 fil 的派生词。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-FIL-001", "claim": { "en": "French fil continues Latin filum ‘thread’. Filière is genuinely derived from fil with -ière and developed senses of a sequence/channel/sector. Fille comes from Latin filia ‘daughter’ and is not derived from fil.", "zh-Hans": "法语 fil 延续拉丁语 filum“线”；filière 确由 fil 加 -ière 派生，并发展出流程／渠道／行业义。fille 来自拉丁语 filia“女儿”，不是 fil 的派生词。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-FIL", "REF-CNRTL-FILIERE", "REF-CNRTL-FILLE" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-FIL-CORRECTION-002", "claim": { "en": "Fille is a negative calibration: similar spelling does not make it part of the fil ‘thread’ family.", "zh-Hans": "fille 是负校准案例：拼写相似不使它成为 fil“线”词族成员。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIL-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIL", "REF-CNRTL-FILIERE", "REF-CNRTL-FILLE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-FIL", "REF-CNRTL-FILIERE", "REF-CNRTL-FILLE" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "fil, filière and fille are close in spelling and sound, but only fil ↔ filière is the relevant derivational relation in this set.", "zh-Hans": "fil、filière、fille 拼写和读音接近，但本组只有 fil ↔ filière 属相关派生关系。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-FIL-001", "claim": { "en": "fil, filière and fille are close in spelling and sound, but only fil ↔ filière is the relevant derivational relation in this set.", "zh-Hans": "fil、filière、fille 拼写和读音接近，但本组只有 fil ↔ filière 属相关派生关系。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIL-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIL", "REF-CNRTL-FILIERE", "REF-CNRTL-FILLE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIL-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIL", "REF-CNRTL-FILIERE", "REF-CNRTL-FILLE" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "THREAD → LINE/SEQUENCE → CHANNEL → INDUSTRY/SECTOR explains the semantic development of filière.", "zh-Hans": "THREAD → LINE／SEQUENCE → CHANNEL → INDUSTRY／SECTOR 可解释 filière 的语义发展。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-FIL-001", "claim": { "en": "THREAD → LINE/SEQUENCE → CHANNEL → INDUSTRY/SECTOR explains the semantic development of filière.", "zh-Hans": "THREAD → LINE／SEQUENCE → CHANNEL → INDUSTRY／SECTOR 可解释 filière 的语义发展。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIL-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIL-RAW" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Fille is a negative calibration: similar spelling does not make it part of the fil ‘thread’ family.", "zh-Hans": "fille 是负校准案例：拼写相似不使它成为 fil“线”词族成员。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-FIL-001", "claim": { "en": "Fille is a negative calibration: similar spelling does not make it part of the fil ‘thread’ family.", "zh-Hans": "fille 是负校准案例：拼写相似不使它成为 fil“线”词族成员。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIL-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIL", "REF-CNRTL-FILIERE", "REF-CNRTL-FILLE" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIL-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIL", "REF-CNRTL-FILIERE", "REF-CNRTL-FILLE" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-FIL-001", "claim": { "en": "fil, filière and fille are close in spelling and sound, but only fil ↔ filière is the relevant derivational relation in this set.", "zh-Hans": "fil、filière、fille 拼写和读音接近，但本组只有 fil ↔ filière 属相关派生关系。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Modern spelling or sound resemblance is not a regular sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "现代拼写或声音近似不是规律音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "THREAD", "LINE", "SEQUENCE", "CHANNEL", "DAUGHTER/GIRL" ], "relation": "THREAD → LINE → SEQUENCE → CHANNEL → DAUGHTER/GIRL", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "filière", "language": "French", "relationship_type": "Etymological derivative", "family": "fil + suffix -ière", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-FIL", "REF-CNRTL-FILIERE", "REF-CNRTL-FILLE" ] }, { "word": "filament", "language": "French/English", "relationship_type": "Historical thread family", "family": "Latin filum / filamentum", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-FIL", "REF-CNRTL-FILIERE", "REF-CNRTL-FILLE" ] }, { "word": "fille", "language": "French", "relationship_type": "Surface similarity / negative calibration", "family": "Latin filia", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Comparison or association only; not a historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅作比较或联想；不是历史派生关系。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIL-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIL", "REF-CNRTL-FILIERE", "REF-CNRTL-FILLE" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-FIL-001", "relation": "THREAD → LINE → SEQUENCE → CHANNEL → DAUGHTER/GIRL", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-FIL-001", "type": "Original author phonetic-semantic / consonantal-skeleton hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "The author's comparison around fil线，filiere行业，fille女孩; may support a mnemonic or semantic association without establishing common origin.", "zh-Hans": "作者观察“fil线，filiere行业，fille女孩。”可作为记忆或语义联想，但不建立共同来源。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "fil", "filière", "filiere", "fille", "filament" ], "counterexamples": [ "Fille is a negative calibration: similar spelling does not make it part of the fil ‘thread’ family.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test sound similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded ratings, explicit negative controls and historical-source review.", "zh-Hans": "用盲法评分、明确负对照与独立词源核验分别检验声音相似度和语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIL-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIL", "REF-CNRTL-FILIERE", "REF-CNRTL-FILLE" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-FIL-001", "statement": { "en": "Fille is a negative calibration: similar spelling does not make it part of the fil ‘thread’ family.", "zh-Hans": "fille 是负校准案例：拼写相似不使它成为 fil“线”词族成员。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FIL-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-FIL", "REF-CNRTL-FILIERE", "REF-CNRTL-FILLE" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Not present", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "THREAD → LINE/SEQUENCE → CHANNEL → INDUSTRY/SECTOR explains the semantic development of filière.", "zh-Hans": "THREAD → LINE／SEQUENCE → CHANNEL → INDUSTRY／SECTOR 可解释 filière 的语义发展。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "This cognitive proposition may be developed literarily, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "该认知命题可作文学展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-FIL-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: fil source/raw research note", "type": "author research note", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-FIL", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de fil", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/fil", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-FILIERE", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de filière", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/fili%C3%A8re", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-FILLE", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de fille", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/fille", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Dataset Expansion Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": "2026-09-01", "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Batch disposition: Reviewed. Priority score 90/100 is editorial triage, not a scientific measurement.", "zh-Hans": "批次归类：Reviewed。优先分 90/100 仅用于编辑分流，不是科学测量。" }, { "en": "Fille is a negative calibration: similar spelling does not make it part of the fil ‘thread’ family.", "zh-Hans": "fille 是负校准案例：拼写相似不使它成为 fil“线”词族成员。" } ], "search_terms": [ "fil", "filière", "filiere", "fille", "filament", "线", "丝", "行业", "女孩", "thread", "line", "sector", "daughter" ], "page": null, "legacy": null, "source": { "type": "author-provided raw research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Spelling and punctuation normalized only in evaluated fields; raw note retained verbatim here.", "raw_note": "fil线，filiere行业，fille女孩。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "DATASET-EXPANSION-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 6, "disposition": "Reviewed", "priority_score": 90 } }, { "id": "LB-en-form-015", "slug": "form", "title": { "en": "form · Batch 001", "zh-Hans": "form · 数据扩展 Batch 001" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "form", "pronunciation": "/fɔːrm/", "part_of_speech": "noun/verb · 名词／动词" }, { "role": "historically-related-or-compared-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "forme", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "形式／形状", "pronunciation": "xíngshì / xíngzhuàng" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-form-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "form", "pronunciation": "/fɔːrm/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "形式／形状", "pronunciation": "xíngshì / xíngzhuàng" }, "gloss": { "en": "shape, structure, arrangement; to give shape", "zh-Hans": "形状、结构、构成方式；使成形" }, "meaning": { "en": "shape, structure, arrangement; to give shape. This ordinary mapping is independent from the author's cross-language sound/root hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "形状、结构、构成方式；使成形。普通词义 Mapping 与作者跨语言声音／词根假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded research hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "The primary mapping follows ordinary meaning; historical and phonetic claims are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "主要 Mapping 依据普通词义；历史关系与语音主张在独立轨道评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Form comes through Anglo-French from Latin forma ‘form, shape, beauty’. Farm comes through Anglo-French ferme/fermer from Latin firmare/firmus ‘make firm, fixed’; they are not the same immediate word family.", "zh-Hans": "form 经盎格鲁法语来自拉丁语 forma“形式、形状、美”；farm 经盎格鲁法语 ferme／fermer 上溯拉丁语 firmare／firmus“使固定、牢固”。二者不属于同一直接词族。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-FORM-001", "claim": { "en": "Form comes through Anglo-French from Latin forma ‘form, shape, beauty’. Farm comes through Anglo-French ferme/fermer from Latin firmare/firmus ‘make firm, fixed’; they are not the same immediate word family.", "zh-Hans": "form 经盎格鲁法语来自拉丁语 forma“形式、形状、美”；farm 经盎格鲁法语 ferme／fermer 上溯拉丁语 firmare／firmus“使固定、牢固”。二者不属于同一直接词族。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-FORM", "REF-MW-FARM" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-FORM-CORRECTION-002", "claim": { "en": "Farm’s modern agricultural sense developed from fixed rent/lease and leased land, not from Latin forma.", "zh-Hans": "farm 的现代农业义由固定租金／租赁及所租土地发展而来，不源自拉丁语 forma。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FORM-RAW", "REF-MW-FORM", "REF-MW-FARM" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-FORM", "REF-MW-FARM" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "form and farm are close in modern spelling and may merge in some accents, but similarity is not evidence of a shared form/shape root.", "zh-Hans": "form 与 farm 现代拼写接近，在部分口音中可能更近，但不能据此建立共享“形／形式”词根。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-FORM-001", "claim": { "en": "form and farm are close in modern spelling and may merge in some accents, but similarity is not evidence of a shared form/shape root.", "zh-Hans": "form 与 farm 现代拼写接近，在部分口音中可能更近，但不能据此建立共享“形／形式”词根。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FORM-RAW", "REF-MW-FORM", "REF-MW-FARM" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FORM-RAW", "REF-MW-FORM", "REF-MW-FARM" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "FORM/SHAPE → STRUCTURE → WORD FORMATION preserves the author's ‘构词形式’ insight as a semantic note.", "zh-Hans": "FORM／SHAPE → STRUCTURE → WORD FORMATION 保留作者“构词形式”的语义观察。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-FORM-001", "claim": { "en": "FORM/SHAPE → STRUCTURE → WORD FORMATION preserves the author's ‘构词形式’ insight as a semantic note.", "zh-Hans": "FORM／SHAPE → STRUCTURE → WORD FORMATION 保留作者“构词形式”的语义观察。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FORM-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FORM-RAW" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Farm’s modern agricultural sense developed from fixed rent/lease and leased land, not from Latin forma.", "zh-Hans": "farm 的现代农业义由固定租金／租赁及所租土地发展而来，不源自拉丁语 forma。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-FORM-001", "claim": { "en": "Farm’s modern agricultural sense developed from fixed rent/lease and leased land, not from Latin forma.", "zh-Hans": "farm 的现代农业义由固定租金／租赁及所租土地发展而来，不源自拉丁语 forma。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FORM-RAW", "REF-MW-FORM", "REF-MW-FARM" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FORM-RAW", "REF-MW-FORM", "REF-MW-FARM" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-FORM-001", "claim": { "en": "form and farm are close in modern spelling and may merge in some accents, but similarity is not evidence of a shared form/shape root.", "zh-Hans": "form 与 farm 现代拼写接近，在部分口音中可能更近，但不能据此建立共享“形／形式”词根。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Modern spelling or sound resemblance is not a regular sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "现代拼写或声音近似不是规律音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "FORM", "SHAPE", "STRUCTURE", "WORD FORMATION" ], "relation": "FORM → SHAPE → STRUCTURE → WORD FORMATION", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "forme", "language": "French", "relationship_type": "Historical cognate/borrowing family", "family": "Latin forma", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-FORM", "REF-MW-FARM" ] }, { "word": "formation", "language": "English/French", "relationship_type": "Etymological derivative", "family": "Latin forma / formare", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-FORM", "REF-MW-FARM" ] }, { "word": "farm", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "Surface similarity / negative calibration", "family": "Latin firmus / firmare path", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Comparison or association only; not a historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅作比较或联想；不是历史派生关系。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FORM-RAW", "REF-MW-FORM", "REF-MW-FARM" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-FORM-001", "relation": "FORM → SHAPE → STRUCTURE → WORD FORMATION", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-FORM-001", "type": "Original author phonetic-semantic / consonantal-skeleton hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "The author's comparison around farm，form，构词形式; may support a mnemonic or semantic association without establishing common origin.", "zh-Hans": "作者观察“farm，form，构词形式。”可作为记忆或语义联想，但不建立共同来源。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "form", "forme", "formation", "formal", "farm" ], "counterexamples": [ "Farm’s modern agricultural sense developed from fixed rent/lease and leased land, not from Latin forma.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test sound similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded ratings, explicit negative controls and historical-source review.", "zh-Hans": "用盲法评分、明确负对照与独立词源核验分别检验声音相似度和语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FORM-RAW", "REF-MW-FORM", "REF-MW-FARM" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-FORM-001", "statement": { "en": "Farm’s modern agricultural sense developed from fixed rent/lease and leased land, not from Latin forma.", "zh-Hans": "farm 的现代农业义由固定租金／租赁及所租土地发展而来，不源自拉丁语 forma。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-FORM-RAW", "REF-MW-FORM", "REF-MW-FARM" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Not present", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "FORM/SHAPE → STRUCTURE → WORD FORMATION preserves the author's ‘构词形式’ insight as a semantic note.", "zh-Hans": "FORM／SHAPE → STRUCTURE → WORD FORMATION 保留作者“构词形式”的语义观察。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "This cognitive proposition may be developed literarily, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "该认知命题可作文学展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-FORM-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: form source/raw research note", "type": "author research note", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-FORM", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: form", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/form", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-FARM", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: farm", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/farm", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Dataset Expansion Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": "2026-09-01", "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Batch disposition: Candidate. Priority score 89/100 is editorial triage, not a scientific measurement.", "zh-Hans": "批次归类：Candidate。优先分 89/100 仅用于编辑分流，不是科学测量。" }, { "en": "Farm’s modern agricultural sense developed from fixed rent/lease and leased land, not from Latin forma.", "zh-Hans": "farm 的现代农业义由固定租金／租赁及所租土地发展而来，不源自拉丁语 forma。" } ], "search_terms": [ "form", "forme", "formation", "formal", "farm", "形式", "形状", "构词", "构词形式", "structure", "shape" ], "page": null, "legacy": null, "source": { "type": "author-provided raw research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Spelling and punctuation normalized only in evaluated fields; raw note retained verbatim here.", "raw_note": "farm，form，构词形式。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "DATASET-EXPANSION-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 2, "disposition": "Candidate", "priority_score": 89 } }, { "id": "LB-en-generate-014", "slug": "generate", "title": { "en": "generate · Batch 001", "zh-Hans": "generate · 数据扩展 Batch 001" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "generate", "pronunciation": "/ˈdʒenəreɪt/", "part_of_speech": "verb · 动词" }, { "role": "historically-related-or-compared-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "générer", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "产生／生成", "pronunciation": "chǎnshēng / shēngchéng" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-generate-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "generate", "pronunciation": "/ˈdʒenəreɪt/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "产生／生成", "pronunciation": "chǎnshēng / shēngchéng" }, "gloss": { "en": "to bring into existence or produce", "zh-Hans": "使某物产生、生成或出现" }, "meaning": { "en": "to bring into existence or produce. This ordinary mapping is independent from the author's cross-language sound/root hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "使某物产生、生成或出现。普通词义 Mapping 与作者跨语言声音／词根假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded research hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "The primary mapping follows ordinary meaning; historical and phonetic claims are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "主要 Mapping 依据普通词义；历史关系与语音主张在独立轨道评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Generate is from Latin generare, based on gener-/genus ‘descent, birth’; generation is a genuine derivative. This is a documented Indo-European word family, but no historical link to Chinese 干 or 根 is claimed.", "zh-Hans": "generate 源自拉丁语 generare，基于 gener-／genus“世系、出生”；generation 是真实派生词。该印欧词族有文献依据，但不主张它与汉语“干”或“根”历史同源。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-GENERATE-001", "claim": { "en": "Generate is from Latin generare, based on gener-/genus ‘descent, birth’; generation is a genuine derivative. This is a documented Indo-European word family, but no historical link to Chinese 干 or 根 is claimed.", "zh-Hans": "generate 源自拉丁语 generare，基于 gener-／genus“世系、出生”；generation 是真实派生词。该印欧词族有文献依据，但不主张它与汉语“干”或“根”历史同源。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-GENERATE", "REF-MW-GENERATION" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-GENERATE-CORRECTION-002", "claim": { "en": "Modern resemblance does not establish generate ← 根/干 or a shared historical root.", "zh-Hans": "现代音义近似不能证明 generate 源自“根／干”或共享历史词根。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-GENERATE-RAW", "REF-MW-GENERATE", "REF-MW-GENERATION" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-GENERATE", "REF-MW-GENERATION" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "gen- and 根 gēn share a rough modern syllabic resemblance and ORIGIN/ROOT semantic overlap; 干 gàn/gān has broader, sense-dependent meanings and weaker overlap.", "zh-Hans": "gen- 与“根”gēn 有有限现代音近，并在 ORIGIN／ROOT 上有语义交集；“干”gàn／gān 义项繁多，重合较弱。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-GENERATE-001", "claim": { "en": "gen- and 根 gēn share a rough modern syllabic resemblance and ORIGIN/ROOT semantic overlap; 干 gàn/gān has broader, sense-dependent meanings and weaker overlap.", "zh-Hans": "gen- 与“根”gēn 有有限现代音近，并在 ORIGIN／ROOT 上有语义交集；“干”gàn／gān 义项繁多，重合较弱。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-GENERATE-RAW", "REF-MW-GENERATE", "REF-MW-GENERATION" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-GENERATE-RAW", "REF-MW-GENERATE", "REF-MW-GENERATION" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "PRODUCE/BIRTH → ORIGIN → ROOT is a useful mnemonic-semantic chain.", "zh-Hans": "PRODUCE／BIRTH → ORIGIN → ROOT 可作为记忆与语义链。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-GENERATE-001", "claim": { "en": "PRODUCE/BIRTH → ORIGIN → ROOT is a useful mnemonic-semantic chain.", "zh-Hans": "PRODUCE／BIRTH → ORIGIN → ROOT 可作为记忆与语义链。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-GENERATE-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-GENERATE-RAW" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Modern resemblance does not establish generate ← 根/干 or a shared historical root.", "zh-Hans": "现代音义近似不能证明 generate 源自“根／干”或共享历史词根。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-GENERATE-001", "claim": { "en": "Modern resemblance does not establish generate ← 根/干 or a shared historical root.", "zh-Hans": "现代音义近似不能证明 generate 源自“根／干”或共享历史词根。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-GENERATE-RAW", "REF-MW-GENERATE", "REF-MW-GENERATION" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-GENERATE-RAW", "REF-MW-GENERATE", "REF-MW-GENERATION" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-GENERATE-001", "claim": { "en": "gen- and 根 gēn share a rough modern syllabic resemblance and ORIGIN/ROOT semantic overlap; 干 gàn/gān has broader, sense-dependent meanings and weaker overlap.", "zh-Hans": "gen- 与“根”gēn 有有限现代音近，并在 ORIGIN／ROOT 上有语义交集；“干”gàn／gān 义项繁多，重合较弱。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Modern spelling or sound resemblance is not a regular sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "现代拼写或声音近似不是规律音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "CREATE", "PRODUCE", "BIRTH", "ORIGIN", "ROOT" ], "relation": "CREATE → PRODUCE → BIRTH → ORIGIN → ROOT", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "generation", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "Etymological derivative", "family": "Latin generare / generatio", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-GENERATE", "REF-MW-GENERATION" ] }, { "word": "genus", "language": "Latin/English", "relationship_type": "Historical family", "family": "Latin genus / gener-", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-GENERATE", "REF-MW-GENERATION" ] }, { "word": "根 gēn", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "Phonetic-semantic candidate", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Comparison or association only; not a historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅作比较或联想；不是历史派生关系。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-GENERATE-RAW", "REF-MW-GENERATE", "REF-MW-GENERATION" ] }, { "word": "干 gān/gàn", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "Surface phonetic candidate", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Comparison or association only; not a historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅作比较或联想；不是历史派生关系。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-GENERATE-RAW", "REF-MW-GENERATE", "REF-MW-GENERATION" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-GENERATE-001", "relation": "CREATE → PRODUCE → BIRTH → ORIGIN → ROOT", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-GENERATE-001", "type": "Original author phonetic-semantic / consonantal-skeleton hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "The author's comparison around 干 gan，gun、gin，gen，generate; generate ↔ 干 gan / 根 gen; 辅音不变规则同样适用于词根的意义; may support a mnemonic or semantic association without establishing common origin.", "zh-Hans": "作者观察“干 gan，gun、gin，gen，generate。generate ↔ 干 gan / 根 gen。辅音不变规则同样适用于词根的意义。”可作为记忆或语义联想，但不建立共同来源。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "generate", "generation", "gen", "genus", "产生" ], "counterexamples": [ "Modern resemblance does not establish generate ← 根/干 or a shared historical root.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test sound similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded ratings, explicit negative controls and historical-source review.", "zh-Hans": "用盲法评分、明确负对照与独立词源核验分别检验声音相似度和语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-GENERATE-RAW", "REF-MW-GENERATE", "REF-MW-GENERATION" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-GENERATE-001", "statement": { "en": "Modern resemblance does not establish generate ← 根/干 or a shared historical root.", "zh-Hans": "现代音义近似不能证明 generate 源自“根／干”或共享历史词根。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-GENERATE-RAW", "REF-MW-GENERATE", "REF-MW-GENERATION" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Not present", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "PRODUCE/BIRTH → ORIGIN → ROOT is a useful mnemonic-semantic chain.", "zh-Hans": "PRODUCE／BIRTH → ORIGIN → ROOT 可作为记忆与语义链。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "This cognitive proposition may be developed literarily, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "该认知命题可作文学展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-GENERATE-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: generate source/raw research note", "type": "author research note", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-GENERATE", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: generate", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/generate", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-GENERATION", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: generation", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/generation", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Dataset Expansion Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": "2026-09-01", "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Batch disposition: Reviewed. Priority score 90/100 is editorial triage, not a scientific measurement.", "zh-Hans": "批次归类：Reviewed。优先分 90/100 仅用于编辑分流，不是科学测量。" }, { "en": "Modern resemblance does not establish generate ← 根/干 or a shared historical root.", "zh-Hans": "现代音义近似不能证明 generate 源自“根／干”或共享历史词根。" } ], "search_terms": [ "generate", "generation", "gen", "genus", "产生", "生成", "根", "根源", "干", "gan", "root", "générer", "create", "produce" ], "page": null, "legacy": null, "source": { "type": "author-provided raw research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Spelling and punctuation normalized only in evaluated fields; raw note retained verbatim here.", "raw_note": "干 gan，gun、gin，gen，generate。generate ↔ 干 gan / 根 gen。辅音不变规则同样适用于词根的意义。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "DATASET-EXPANSION-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 1, "disposition": "Reviewed", "priority_score": 90 } }, { "id": "LB-fr-marchand-march-021", "slug": "marchand", "title": { "en": "marchand · Batch 001", "zh-Hans": "marchand · 数据扩展 Batch 001" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "marchand", "pronunciation": "/maʁ.ʃɑ̃/", "part_of_speech": "noun/adjective · 名词／形容词" }, { "role": "historically-related-or-compared-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "marchand", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "商人／商贩", "pronunciation": "shāngrén / shāngfàn" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-marchand-primary", "source": { "language": "French", "word": "marchand", "pronunciation": "/maʁ.ʃɑ̃/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "商人／商贩", "pronunciation": "shāngrén / shāngfàn" }, "gloss": { "en": "merchant, trader; commercial", "zh-Hans": "商人、商贩；商业的" }, "meaning": { "en": "merchant, trader; commercial. This ordinary mapping is independent from the author's cross-language sound/root hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "商人、商贩；商业的。普通词义 Mapping 与作者跨语言声音／词根假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded research hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "The primary mapping follows ordinary meaning; historical and phonetic claims are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "主要 Mapping 依据普通词义；历史关系与语音主张在独立轨道评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Marchand belongs to the commerce family, from a reconstructed popular Latin mercatantem/mercatare based on mercatus ‘market’. French marcher and English march follow a Germanic mark-/markon path involving marking/trampling/stepping. They are not one historical word family.", "zh-Hans": "marchand 属商业词族，来自据 mercatus“市场”重构的俗拉丁语 mercatantem／mercatare；法语 marcher 与英语 march 走日耳曼 mark-／markon 的标记、踩踏、迈步路径。二者不是同一历史词族。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-MARCHAND-001", "claim": { "en": "Marchand belongs to the commerce family, from a reconstructed popular Latin mercatantem/mercatare based on mercatus ‘market’. French marcher and English march follow a Germanic mark-/markon path involving marking/trampling/stepping. They are not one historical word family.", "zh-Hans": "marchand 属商业词族，来自据 mercatus“市场”重构的俗拉丁语 mercatantem／mercatare；法语 marcher 与英语 march 走日耳曼 mark-／markon 的标记、踩踏、迈步路径。二者不是同一历史词族。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-MARCHAND", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHER", "REF-MW-MARCH" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-MARCHAND-CORRECTION-002", "claim": { "en": "Merchant/trade meaning comes from the market/merx family, not from walking.", "zh-Hans": "商人／贸易义来自 market／merx 商业词族，不来自“行走”。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MARCHAND-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHAND", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHER", "REF-MW-MARCH" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-MARCHAND", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHER", "REF-MW-MARCH" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The shared march- spelling in modern French is a strong visual resemblance but not a shared morpheme in marchand and marcher.", "zh-Hans": "现代法语中共享 march- 是很强的视觉相似，但在 marchand 与 marcher 中不是同一语素。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-MARCHAND-001", "claim": { "en": "The shared march- spelling in modern French is a strong visual resemblance but not a shared morpheme in marchand and marcher.", "zh-Hans": "现代法语中共享 march- 是很强的视觉相似，但在 marchand 与 marcher 中不是同一语素。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MARCHAND-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHAND", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHER", "REF-MW-MARCH" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MARCHAND-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHAND", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHER", "REF-MW-MARCH" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "TRAVELLING MERCHANT → WALK/MARCH is a plausible cultural scene and mnemonic, not lexical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "TRAVELLING MERCHANT → WALK／MARCH 是合理文化场景与记忆联想，不是词汇派生。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-MARCHAND-001", "claim": { "en": "TRAVELLING MERCHANT → WALK/MARCH is a plausible cultural scene and mnemonic, not lexical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "TRAVELLING MERCHANT → WALK／MARCH 是合理文化场景与记忆联想，不是词汇派生。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MARCHAND-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MARCHAND-RAW" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Merchant/trade meaning comes from the market/merx family, not from walking.", "zh-Hans": "商人／贸易义来自 market／merx 商业词族，不来自“行走”。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-MARCHAND-001", "claim": { "en": "Merchant/trade meaning comes from the market/merx family, not from walking.", "zh-Hans": "商人／贸易义来自 market／merx 商业词族，不来自“行走”。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MARCHAND-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHAND", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHER", "REF-MW-MARCH" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MARCHAND-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHAND", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHER", "REF-MW-MARCH" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-MARCHAND-001", "claim": { "en": "The shared march- spelling in modern French is a strong visual resemblance but not a shared morpheme in marchand and marcher.", "zh-Hans": "现代法语中共享 march- 是很强的视觉相似，但在 marchand 与 marcher 中不是同一语素。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Modern spelling or sound resemblance is not a regular sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "现代拼写或声音近似不是规律音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "COMMERCE", "MERCHANT", "MARKET", "WALK", "TRAVEL" ], "relation": "COMMERCE → MERCHANT → MARKET → WALK → TRAVEL", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "marché / merchant", "language": "French/English", "relationship_type": "Commerce family", "family": "Latin mercatus / merx path", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-MARCHAND", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHER", "REF-MW-MARCH" ] }, { "word": "marcher / march", "language": "French/English", "relationship_type": "Separate walking family", "family": "Germanic markon / mark path", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Comparison or association only; not a historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅作比较或联想；不是历史派生关系。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MARCHAND-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHAND", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHER", "REF-MW-MARCH" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-MARCHAND-001", "relation": "COMMERCE → MERCHANT → MARKET → WALK → TRAVEL", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-MARCHAND-001", "type": "Original author phonetic-semantic / consonantal-skeleton hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "The author's comparison around marchand商人，march行走; may support a mnemonic or semantic association without establishing common origin.", "zh-Hans": "作者观察“marchand商人，march行走。”可作为记忆或语义联想，但不建立共同来源。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "marchand", "marchande", "merchant", "marché", "market" ], "counterexamples": [ "Merchant/trade meaning comes from the market/merx family, not from walking.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test sound similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded ratings, explicit negative controls and historical-source review.", "zh-Hans": "用盲法评分、明确负对照与独立词源核验分别检验声音相似度和语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MARCHAND-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHAND", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHER", "REF-MW-MARCH" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-MARCHAND-001", "statement": { "en": "Merchant/trade meaning comes from the market/merx family, not from walking.", "zh-Hans": "商人／贸易义来自 market／merx 商业词族，不来自“行走”。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MARCHAND-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHAND", "REF-CNRTL-MARCHER", "REF-MW-MARCH" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Not present", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "TRAVELLING MERCHANT → WALK/MARCH is a plausible cultural scene and mnemonic, not lexical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "TRAVELLING MERCHANT → WALK／MARCH 是合理文化场景与记忆联想，不是词汇派生。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "This cognitive proposition may be developed literarily, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "该认知命题可作文学展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-MARCHAND-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: marchand source/raw research note", "type": "author research note", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-MARCHAND", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de marchand", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/marchande", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-MARCHER", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de marcher", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/marcher", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-MARCH", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: march", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/march", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Dataset Expansion Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": "2026-09-01", "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Batch disposition: Candidate. Priority score 89.5/100 is editorial triage, not a scientific measurement.", "zh-Hans": "批次归类：Candidate。优先分 89.5/100 仅用于编辑分流，不是科学测量。" }, { "en": "Merchant/trade meaning comes from the market/merx family, not from walking.", "zh-Hans": "商人／贸易义来自 market／merx 商业词族，不来自“行走”。" } ], "search_terms": [ "marchand", "marchande", "merchant", "marché", "market", "march", "marcher", "商人", "商贩", "行走", "贸易", "commerce", "travelling merchant" ], "page": null, "legacy": null, "source": { "type": "author-provided raw research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Spelling and punctuation normalized only in evaluated fields; raw note retained verbatim here.", "raw_note": "marchand商人，march行走。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "DATASET-EXPANSION-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 8, "disposition": "Candidate", "priority_score": 89.5 } }, { "id": "LB-en-media-016", "slug": "media", "title": { "en": "media · Batch 001", "zh-Hans": "media · 数据扩展 Batch 001" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "media", "pronunciation": "/ˈmiːdiə/", "part_of_speech": "plural noun / mass noun · 复数名词／集合名词" }, { "role": "historically-related-or-compared-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "média", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "媒介／媒体", "pronunciation": "méijiè / méitǐ" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-media-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "media", "pronunciation": "/ˈmiːdiə/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "媒介／媒体", "pronunciation": "méijiè / méitǐ" }, "gloss": { "en": "means or channels of communication; plural of medium in many uses", "zh-Hans": "传播信息的手段或渠道；在许多用法中为 medium 的复数" }, "meaning": { "en": "means or channels of communication; plural of medium in many uses. This ordinary mapping is independent from the author's cross-language sound/root hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "传播信息的手段或渠道；在许多用法中为 medium 的复数。普通词义 Mapping 与作者跨语言声音／词根假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded research hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "The primary mapping follows ordinary meaning; historical and phonetic claims are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "主要 Mapping 依据普通词义；历史关系与语音主张在独立轨道评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Media is historically the Latin plural of medium, from medius ‘middle’. English middle is Germanic. Latin medius and Germanic mid-/middle are accepted deeper Indo-European relatives, not a direct borrowing from one another.", "zh-Hans": "media 历史上是拉丁语 medium 的复数，来自 medius“中间”。英语 middle 属日耳曼语族；拉丁 medius 与日耳曼 mid-／middle 可追溯为较深层印欧同源，但不是彼此直接借入。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-MEDIA-001", "claim": { "en": "Media is historically the Latin plural of medium, from medius ‘middle’. English middle is Germanic. Latin medius and Germanic mid-/middle are accepted deeper Indo-European relatives, not a direct borrowing from one another.", "zh-Hans": "media 历史上是拉丁语 medium 的复数，来自 medius“中间”。英语 middle 属日耳曼语族；拉丁 medius 与日耳曼 mid-／middle 可追溯为较深层印欧同源，但不是彼此直接借入。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-MEDIA-CORRECTION-002", "claim": { "en": "mad is not included in the media/medium/middle historical family merely because of m-d spelling.", "zh-Hans": "mad 不因 m-d 字母骨架就并入 media／medium／middle 的历史词族。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MEDIA-RAW", "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "媒 méi resembles the initial sound of media only loosely. The strong mapping is semantic: a medium/media stands between source and audience.", "zh-Hans": "“媒”méi 与 media 起首音仅有松散近似；强项是语义：媒介位于信息来源与受众之间。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-MEDIA-001", "claim": { "en": "媒 méi resembles the initial sound of media only loosely. The strong mapping is semantic: a medium/media stands between source and audience.", "zh-Hans": "“媒”méi 与 media 起首音仅有松散近似；强项是语义：媒介位于信息来源与受众之间。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MEDIA-RAW", "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MEDIA-RAW", "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "MIDDLE → INTERMEDIARY → CHANNEL → COMMUNICATION gives a strong cross-language conceptual mapping for 媒.", "zh-Hans": "MIDDLE → INTERMEDIARY → CHANNEL → COMMUNICATION 为“媒”提供很强的跨语言概念映射。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-MEDIA-001", "claim": { "en": "MIDDLE → INTERMEDIARY → CHANNEL → COMMUNICATION gives a strong cross-language conceptual mapping for 媒.", "zh-Hans": "MIDDLE → INTERMEDIARY → CHANNEL → COMMUNICATION 为“媒”提供很强的跨语言概念映射。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MEDIA-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MEDIA-RAW" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "mad is not included in the media/medium/middle historical family merely because of m-d spelling.", "zh-Hans": "mad 不因 m-d 字母骨架就并入 media／medium／middle 的历史词族。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-MEDIA-001", "claim": { "en": "mad is not included in the media/medium/middle historical family merely because of m-d spelling.", "zh-Hans": "mad 不因 m-d 字母骨架就并入 media／medium／middle 的历史词族。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MEDIA-RAW", "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MEDIA-RAW", "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-MEDIA-001", "claim": { "en": "媒 méi resembles the initial sound of media only loosely. The strong mapping is semantic: a medium/media stands between source and audience.", "zh-Hans": "“媒”méi 与 media 起首音仅有松散近似；强项是语义：媒介位于信息来源与受众之间。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Modern spelling or sound resemblance is not a regular sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "现代拼写或声音近似不是规律音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "MIDDLE", "MEDIUM", "INTERMEDIARY", "COMMUNICATION" ], "relation": "MIDDLE → MEDIUM → INTERMEDIARY → COMMUNICATION", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "medium", "language": "English/Latin", "relationship_type": "Direct inflectional family", "family": "Latin medius / medium / media", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA" ] }, { "word": "middle", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "Deep historical cognate", "family": "Germanic mid-; deeper Indo-European relation to Latin medius", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA" ] }, { "word": "média", "language": "French", "relationship_type": "Borrowing/abbreviation family", "family": "mass-média; Latin media", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA" ] }, { "word": "媒 méi", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "Strong semantic/cognitive mapping", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Comparison or association only; not a historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅作比较或联想；不是历史派生关系。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MEDIA-RAW", "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA" ] }, { "word": "mad", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "Negative calibration", "family": "separate Germanic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Comparison or association only; not a historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅作比较或联想；不是历史派生关系。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MEDIA-RAW", "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-MEDIA-001", "relation": "MIDDLE → MEDIUM → INTERMEDIARY → COMMUNICATION", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-MEDIA-001", "type": "Original author phonetic-semantic / consonantal-skeleton hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "The author's comparison around media，middle，mad; media / middle / 媒 / 中间; may support a mnemonic or semantic association without establishing common origin.", "zh-Hans": "作者观察“media，middle，mad。media / middle / 媒 / 中间。”可作为记忆或语义联想，但不建立共同来源。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "media", "medium", "middle", "mid", "média" ], "counterexamples": [ "mad is not included in the media/medium/middle historical family merely because of m-d spelling.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test sound similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded ratings, explicit negative controls and historical-source review.", "zh-Hans": "用盲法评分、明确负对照与独立词源核验分别检验声音相似度和语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MEDIA-RAW", "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-MEDIA-001", "statement": { "en": "mad is not included in the media/medium/middle historical family merely because of m-d spelling.", "zh-Hans": "mad 不因 m-d 字母骨架就并入 media／medium／middle 的历史词族。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MEDIA-RAW", "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Not present", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "MIDDLE → INTERMEDIARY → CHANNEL → COMMUNICATION gives a strong cross-language conceptual mapping for 媒.", "zh-Hans": "MIDDLE → INTERMEDIARY → CHANNEL → COMMUNICATION 为“媒”提供很强的跨语言概念映射。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "This cognitive proposition may be developed literarily, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "该认知命题可作文学展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-MEDIA-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: media source/raw research note", "type": "author research note", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-MEDIUM", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: medium/media", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/medium", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-MIDDLE", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: middle", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/middle", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-MEDIA", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de média", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/m%C3%A9dia", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Dataset Expansion Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": "2026-09-01", "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Batch disposition: Reviewed. Priority score 90.8/100 is editorial triage, not a scientific measurement.", "zh-Hans": "批次归类：Reviewed。优先分 90.8/100 仅用于编辑分流，不是科学测量。" }, { "en": "mad is not included in the media/medium/middle historical family merely because of m-d spelling.", "zh-Hans": "mad 不因 m-d 字母骨架就并入 media／medium／middle 的历史词族。" } ], "search_terms": [ "media", "medium", "middle", "mid", "média", "媒", "媒介", "媒体", "中间", "intermediary", "communication", "mad" ], "page": null, "legacy": null, "source": { "type": "author-provided raw research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Spelling and punctuation normalized only in evaluated fields; raw note retained verbatim here.", "raw_note": "media，middle，mad。media / middle / 媒 / 中间。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "DATASET-EXPANSION-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 3, "disposition": "Reviewed", "priority_score": 90.8 } }, { "id": "LB-fr-montrer-monitor-018", "slug": "montrer", "title": { "en": "montrer · Batch 001", "zh-Hans": "montrer · 数据扩展 Batch 001" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "montrer", "pronunciation": "/mɔ̃.tʁe/", "part_of_speech": "verb · 动词" }, { "role": "historically-related-or-compared-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "montrer", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "显示／展示", "pronunciation": "xiǎnshì / zhǎnshì" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-montrer-primary", "source": { "language": "French", "word": "montrer", "pronunciation": "/mɔ̃.tʁe/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "显示／展示", "pronunciation": "xiǎnshì / zhǎnshì" }, "gloss": { "en": "to show, display or make known", "zh-Hans": "显示、展示或使人知道" }, "meaning": { "en": "to show, display or make known. This ordinary mapping is independent from the author's cross-language sound/root hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "显示、展示或使人知道。普通词义 Mapping 与作者跨语言声音／词根假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded research hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "The primary mapping follows ordinary meaning; historical and phonetic claims are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "主要 Mapping 依据普通词义；历史关系与语音主张在独立轨道评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "French montrer continues Latin monstrare, from monstrum; monstrum is historically connected with monere ‘warn’. Monitor comes directly from Latin monitor ‘one who warns/advises’, also from monere. They are related at a deeper Latin-family level, but monitor is not derived from montrer.", "zh-Hans": "法语 montrer 延续拉丁语 monstrare，来自 monstrum；monstrum 历史上与 monere“警示”相关。monitor 直接来自拉丁语 monitor“警示／劝告者”，同样基于 monere。二者在较深拉丁词族层相关，但 monitor 并非由 montrer 派生。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-MONTRER-001", "claim": { "en": "French montrer continues Latin monstrare, from monstrum; monstrum is historically connected with monere ‘warn’. Monitor comes directly from Latin monitor ‘one who warns/advises’, also from monere. They are related at a deeper Latin-family level, but monitor is not derived from montrer.", "zh-Hans": "法语 montrer 延续拉丁语 monstrare，来自 monstrum；monstrum 历史上与 monere“警示”相关。monitor 直接来自拉丁语 monitor“警示／劝告者”，同样基于 monere。二者在较深拉丁词族层相关，但 monitor 并非由 montrer 派生。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-MONTRER", "REF-CNRTL-MONITEUR" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-MONTRER-CORRECTION-002", "claim": { "en": "Similarity is not merely accidental, yet treating montrer and monitor as direct derivatives of each other is inaccurate.", "zh-Hans": "二者相似并非纯偶然，但把 montrer 与 monitor 当作彼此直接派生不准确。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MONTRER-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MONTRER", "REF-CNRTL-MONITEUR" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-MONTRER", "REF-CNRTL-MONITEUR" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The shared mon- spelling reflects a real deeper family connection here, but the distinct formation paths monstrare and monitor must remain visible.", "zh-Hans": "此处共享 mon- 确有较深词族依据，但 monstrare 与 monitor 的不同构词路径必须保留。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-MONTRER-001", "claim": { "en": "The shared mon- spelling reflects a real deeper family connection here, but the distinct formation paths monstrare and monitor must remain visible.", "zh-Hans": "此处共享 mon- 确有较深词族依据，但 monstrare 与 monitor 的不同构词路径必须保留。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MONTRER-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MONTRER", "REF-CNRTL-MONITEUR" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MONTRER-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MONTRER", "REF-CNRTL-MONITEUR" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "SHOW/MAKE KNOWN and WARN/WATCH converge through directing attention to something.", "zh-Hans": "SHOW／MAKE KNOWN 与 WARN／WATCH 通过“把注意力指向某物”相交。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-MONTRER-001", "claim": { "en": "SHOW/MAKE KNOWN and WARN/WATCH converge through directing attention to something.", "zh-Hans": "SHOW／MAKE KNOWN 与 WARN／WATCH 通过“把注意力指向某物”相交。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MONTRER-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MONTRER-RAW" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "Similarity is not merely accidental, yet treating montrer and monitor as direct derivatives of each other is inaccurate.", "zh-Hans": "二者相似并非纯偶然，但把 montrer 与 monitor 当作彼此直接派生不准确。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-MONTRER-001", "claim": { "en": "Similarity is not merely accidental, yet treating montrer and monitor as direct derivatives of each other is inaccurate.", "zh-Hans": "二者相似并非纯偶然，但把 montrer 与 monitor 当作彼此直接派生不准确。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MONTRER-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MONTRER", "REF-CNRTL-MONITEUR" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MONTRER-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MONTRER", "REF-CNRTL-MONITEUR" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-MONTRER-001", "claim": { "en": "The shared mon- spelling reflects a real deeper family connection here, but the distinct formation paths monstrare and monitor must remain visible.", "zh-Hans": "此处共享 mon- 确有较深词族依据，但 monstrare 与 monitor 的不同构词路径必须保留。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Modern spelling or sound resemblance is not a regular sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "现代拼写或声音近似不是规律音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "SHOW", "DISPLAY", "WARN", "WATCH", "MAKE KNOWN" ], "relation": "SHOW → DISPLAY → WARN → WATCH → MAKE KNOWN", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "monstrare / monstrum", "language": "Latin", "relationship_type": "Historical source path", "family": "monstrare ← monstrum", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-MONTRER", "REF-CNRTL-MONITEUR" ] }, { "word": "monitor / moniteur", "language": "English/French", "relationship_type": "Deeper historical relative", "family": "Latin monitor ← monere", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-MONTRER", "REF-CNRTL-MONITEUR" ] }, { "word": "monstre / monster", "language": "French/English", "relationship_type": "Historical family through monstrum", "family": "Latin monstrum", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-CNRTL-MONTRER", "REF-CNRTL-MONITEUR" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-MONTRER-001", "relation": "SHOW → DISPLAY → WARN → WATCH → MAKE KNOWN", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-MONTRER-001", "type": "Original author phonetic-semantic / consonantal-skeleton hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "The author's comparison around montrer显示，monitor监视器; may support a mnemonic or semantic association without establishing common origin.", "zh-Hans": "作者观察“montrer显示，monitor监视器。”可作为记忆或语义联想，但不建立共同来源。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "montrer", "montre", "monitor", "moniteur", "monstrare" ], "counterexamples": [ "Similarity is not merely accidental, yet treating montrer and monitor as direct derivatives of each other is inaccurate.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test sound similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded ratings, explicit negative controls and historical-source review.", "zh-Hans": "用盲法评分、明确负对照与独立词源核验分别检验声音相似度和语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MONTRER-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MONTRER", "REF-CNRTL-MONITEUR" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-MONTRER-001", "statement": { "en": "Similarity is not merely accidental, yet treating montrer and monitor as direct derivatives of each other is inaccurate.", "zh-Hans": "二者相似并非纯偶然，但把 montrer 与 monitor 当作彼此直接派生不准确。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-MONTRER-RAW", "REF-CNRTL-MONTRER", "REF-CNRTL-MONITEUR" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Not present", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "SHOW/MAKE KNOWN and WARN/WATCH converge through directing attention to something.", "zh-Hans": "SHOW／MAKE KNOWN 与 WARN／WATCH 通过“把注意力指向某物”相交。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "This cognitive proposition may be developed literarily, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "该认知命题可作文学展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-MONTRER-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: montrer source/raw research note", "type": "author research note", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-MONTRER", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de montrer", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/montrer", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-MONITEUR", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de moniteur/monitor", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/moniteur", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Dataset Expansion Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": "2026-09-01", "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Batch disposition: Reviewed. Priority score 86.3/100 is editorial triage, not a scientific measurement.", "zh-Hans": "批次归类：Reviewed。优先分 86.3/100 仅用于编辑分流，不是科学测量。" }, { "en": "Similarity is not merely accidental, yet treating montrer and monitor as direct derivatives of each other is inaccurate.", "zh-Hans": "二者相似并非纯偶然，但把 montrer 与 monitor 当作彼此直接派生不准确。" } ], "search_terms": [ "montrer", "montre", "monitor", "moniteur", "monstrare", "monstrum", "显示", "展示", "监视器", "show", "display", "warn", "watch" ], "page": null, "legacy": null, "source": { "type": "author-provided raw research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Spelling and punctuation normalized only in evaluated fields; raw note retained verbatim here.", "raw_note": "montrer显示，monitor监视器。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "DATASET-EXPANSION-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 5, "disposition": "Reviewed", "priority_score": 86.3 } }, { "id": "LB-place-namcha-barwa-013", "slug": "namcha-barwa", "record_kind": "named_entity", "entity_types": [ "proper_name", "place", "named_entity" ], "title": { "en": "Namcha Barwa · Named Entity / Literary Entry", "zh-Hans": "南迦巴瓦峰｜专名／文学词条" }, "languages": [ { "role": "tibetan-name", "code": "bo", "name": "Tibetan", "word": "གནམ་ལྕགས་འབར་བ།", "pronunciation": "Wylie: gnam lcags ’bar ba; Tibetan pinyin: Namjagbarwa" }, { "role": "romanized-name", "code": "en", "name": "English / Romanized form", "word": "Namcha Barwa", "pronunciation": "name form; pronunciation not independently normalized" }, { "role": "chinese-name", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "南迦巴瓦峰", "pronunciation": "Nánjiābāwǎ Fēng" }, { "role": "short-chinese-name", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "南迦巴瓦", "pronunciation": "Nánjiābāwǎ" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-namcha-barwa-name-forms", "source": { "language": "English / Romanized name", "word": "Namcha Barwa", "pronunciation": "not independently normalized" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese name", "word": "南迦巴瓦峰", "pronunciation": "Nánjiābāwǎ Fēng" }, "gloss": { "en": "A proper name for the 7,782-metre mountain in Nyingchi, Tibet Autonomous Region, at the eastern end of the Himalayas.", "zh-Hans": "西藏自治区林芝市境内、喜马拉雅山脉东端一座海拔 7782 米山峰的专名。" }, "meaning": { "en": "Named-entity correspondence, not an ordinary lexical translation. Tibetan གནམ་ལྕགས་འབར་བ། (gnam lcags ’bar ba) can be read lexically as ‘blazing sky-iron / meteorite’ or, with gnam lcags understood as lightning, ‘blazing lightning.’ The Chinese 南迦巴瓦 is a sound-based transcription, not a semantic translation.", "zh-Hans": "这是专名形式对应，不是普通词汇翻译。藏文 གནམ་ལྕགས་འབར་བ།（gnam lcags ’bar ba）按词面可理解为“燃烧／闪耀的天铁（陨铁）”，若把 gnam lcags 取“雷电／霹雳”义，则可理解为“燃烧／闪耀的雷电”。汉语“南迦巴瓦”属于音译，不是意译。" }, "mapping_type": "Named-entity name-form correspondence", "rationale": { "en": "The Romanized and Chinese forms identify the same place. Name-meaning reports are kept as separate, attributed evidence items and are not converted into a phonetic-semantic candidate.", "zh-Hans": "罗马字母形式与汉字形式指向同一地点。名称释义按来源拆分为独立证据项，不转化为语音—语义候选。" } }, "name_analysis": { "tibetan_form": "གནམ་ལྕགས་འབར་བ།", "wylie": "gnam lcags ’bar ba", "tibetan_pinyin": "Namjagbarwa", "orthography_note": { "en": "Tibet Daily's Tibetan-language site, the Rangjung Yeshe place entry and Kyoto University's academic Tibet map use gnam without a final s. Some secondary web sources print གནམས / gnams; this entry adopts the better-attested གནམ / gnam form and records the variant without treating it as primary.", "zh-Hans": "西藏日报藏文网站、Rangjung Yeshe 地名条目及京都大学学术地图均采用不带词尾 s 的 གནམ / gnam。部分二手网页写作 གནམས / gnams；本条采用证据更充分的 གནམ / gnam，同时记录该异写，不将其作为主写法。" }, "morphemes": [ { "form": "གནམ", "wylie": "gnam", "meaning": { "en": "sky, heaven, atmosphere", "zh-Hans": "天空、天、苍穹" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-RY-GNAM" ] }, { "form": "ལྕགས", "wylie": "lcags", "meaning": { "en": "iron, metal", "zh-Hans": "铁、金属" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-RY-GNAM-LCAGS" ] }, { "form": "གནམ་ལྕགས", "wylie": "gnam lcags", "meaning": { "en": "sky-iron / meteoric iron; also thunderbolt or lightning", "zh-Hans": "天铁／陨铁；亦可指霹雳、雷电" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-RY-GNAM-LCAGS" ] }, { "form": "འབར་བ", "wylie": "’bar ba", "meaning": { "en": "to blaze, burn, shine or glow", "zh-Hans": "燃烧、闪耀、发光" }, "source_refs": [ "REF-RY-BAR-BA" ] } ], "chinese_name_assessment": { "form": "南迦巴瓦峰", "type": "phonetic transcription plus geographic classifier", "assessment": { "en": "南迦巴瓦 approximately follows the sound sequence Nam-jag-bar-wa; 峰 adds the Chinese geographic classifier ‘peak.’ The individual Chinese character meanings are not a translation of the Tibetan morphemes.", "zh-Hans": "“南迦巴瓦”大体按 Nam-jag-bar-wa 的音节转写，“峰”补出汉语地理类别。南、迦、巴、瓦各字的汉语字义不用于翻译藏文词素。" } }, "translation_assessments": [ { "chinese": "雷电如火燃烧", "grade": "closest semantic paraphrase", "literal_match": "partial-to-strong", "analysis": { "en": "Closest among the published Chinese explanations when gnam lcags is read as lightning and ’bar ba as blazing/burning. ‘如火’ is explanatory rather than a separate Tibetan morpheme.", "zh-Hans": "在公开汉语解释中最接近藏文结构：gnam lcags 可取“雷电”，’bar ba 可取“燃烧／闪耀”。其中“如火”是汉语说明性补充，并非另有一个对应藏文词素。" } }, { "chinese": "燃烧／闪耀的天铁（陨铁）", "grade": "direct lexical rendering", "literal_match": "strong", "analysis": { "en": "A direct compositional rendering of gnam ‘sky’ + lcags ‘iron/metal’ + ’bar ba ‘blaze/burn/shine.’ Princeton's Dictionary of Buddhism similarly gives ‘Blazing Meteor.’", "zh-Hans": "按 gnam“天”＋lcags“铁／金属”＋’bar ba“燃烧／闪耀”组合出的较直接译法。《普林斯顿佛教辞典》亦将整词释作“Blazing Meteor（燃烧的流星／陨星）”。" } }, { "chinese": "直刺蓝天的战矛／直刺天空的长矛", "grade": "cultural-iconic interpretation", "literal_match": "weak", "analysis": { "en": "The Tibetan written form contains no separately identifiable morpheme for spear, battle or piercing. This is best labelled an image associated with the mountain's shape and the Gesar epic tradition, not a literal translation.", "zh-Hans": "藏文词面中没有可分别对应“长矛／战矛”“刺入”的词素。较合理的身份是结合山形与《格萨尔王传》传统形成的形象化文化解释，而非直译。" } }, { "chinese": "天上掉下来的石头", "grade": "meteorite-based paraphrase", "literal_match": "partial", "analysis": { "en": "It reflects the ‘sky-iron / meteorite’ sense of gnam lcags, but changes iron/metal to stone and omits ’bar ba ‘blazing.’", "zh-Hans": "它抓住了 gnam lcags“天铁／陨铁”的来源意象，但把“铁／金属”泛化为“石头”，并省略了 ’bar ba“燃烧／闪耀”。" } }, { "chinese": "众山之父", "grade": "epithet", "literal_match": "none", "analysis": { "en": "An attested honorific epithet. The written name contains no morpheme meaning mountain, many/all, or father, so it is not a translation of the name.", "zh-Hans": "这是有资料记录的尊称。藏文名称中没有“山”“众”“父”对应词素，因此不是山名字面翻译。" } } ] }, "entry_status": "Published", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Supported", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "Authoritative and institutional sources agree on the place identity and commonly report 7,782 metres, but published explanations of the Tibetan name vary and do not establish one exclusive etymology here.", "zh-Hans": "权威及机构来源对地点身份一致，并普遍采用海拔 7782 米；但公开资料对藏语名称的解释不一，本词条不据此确立唯一词源。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "NAME-NAMCHA-TIBETAN-000", "claim": { "en": "Tibetan-language and academic geographic sources record the name as གནམ་ལྕགས་འབར་བ།, Wylie gnam lcags ’bar ba.", "zh-Hans": "藏文媒体与学术地名资料将名称写作 གནམ་ལྕགས་འབར་བ།，威利转写为 gnam lcags ’bar ba。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-XZXW-TIBETAN-NAMCHA", "REF-KYOTO-TIBET-MAP", "REF-RY-NAMCHA-PLACE" ] }, { "evidence_id": "NAME-NAMCHA-LEXICAL-000A", "claim": { "en": "Dictionary evidence supports gnam ‘sky,’ gnam lcags ‘meteoric iron / thunderbolt / lightning,’ and ’bar ba ‘blaze, burn, shine,’ making ‘blazing sky-iron / meteor’ or ‘blazing lightning’ the closest lexical analyses.", "zh-Hans": "词典证据支持 gnam“天空”、gnam lcags“陨铁／霹雳／雷电”、’bar ba“燃烧／闪耀”，因此“燃烧的天铁／陨星”或“燃烧的雷电”是更贴近词面的分析。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-RY-GNAM", "REF-RY-GNAM-LCAGS", "REF-RY-BAR-BA", "REF-PRINCETON-BUDDHISM-NAMCHA" ] }, { "evidence_id": "NAME-NAMCHA-SPEAR-001", "claim": { "en": "A Tibet Autonomous Region government page reports the name as meaning ‘a battle spear piercing the blue sky.’", "zh-Hans": "西藏自治区人民政府页面将名称释为“直刺蓝天的战矛”。" }, "status": "Supported", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-XIZANG-WINTER-NAMCHA" ] }, { "evidence_id": "NAME-NAMCHA-FIRE-002", "claim": { "en": "China Tibet Online reports multiple explanations: ‘lightning burning like fire’ and ‘a long spear piercing the sky’; it connects the latter image with the ‘Battle of Menling’ in the Epic of King Gesar.", "zh-Hans": "中国西藏网明确称其藏语有多种解释：一为“雷电如火燃烧”，一为“直刺天空的长矛”；后者与《格萨尔王传》“门岭一战”的长矛意象相连。" }, "status": "Supported", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-TIBET-NAMCHA-NAME" ] }, { "evidence_id": "PLACE-NAMCHA-7782-003", "claim": { "en": "The Nyingchi municipal government identifies Namcha Barwa as a 7,782-metre mountain at the eastern end of the Himalayas and the highest mountain in Nyingchi.", "zh-Hans": "林芝市人民政府资料记载：南迦巴瓦峰海拔 7782 米，位于喜马拉雅山脉东端，是林芝市最高山峰。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-LINZHI-NAMCHA-GEOGRAPHY" ] }, { "evidence_id": "EPITHET-NAMCHA-FATHER-004", "claim": { "en": "A Chinese Academy of Sciences science-communication article records ‘father of mountains’ as a Tibetan epithet alongside the spear-like image; it is treated as an epithet, not a literal decomposition of the name.", "zh-Hans": "中国科学院科普文章在“刺向苍穹的利矛”意象之外，记录其藏语称谓“众山之父”；本词条将其视为称谓，不作为名称字面拆解。" }, "status": "Supported", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-CAS-NAMCHA-CANYON" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-XZXW-TIBETAN-NAMCHA", "REF-KYOTO-TIBET-MAP", "REF-RY-NAMCHA-PLACE", "REF-RY-GNAM", "REF-RY-GNAM-LCAGS", "REF-RY-BAR-BA", "REF-PRINCETON-BUDDHISM-NAMCHA", "REF-XIZANG-WINTER-NAMCHA", "REF-TIBET-NAMCHA-NAME", "REF-LINZHI-NAMCHA-GEOGRAPHY", "REF-CAS-NAMCHA-CANYON" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Not claimed", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "This entry records forms of one proper name; it makes no cross-language phonetic-semantic candidate claim.", "zh-Hans": "本词条记录同一专名的不同形式，不提出跨语言语音—语义候选。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "Cloud veil, youthful face, forest, lake and song are literary images created by the author around the named place.", "zh-Hans": "云的面纱、青春容颜、森林、湖与歌声是作者围绕该地点专名展开的文学意象。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-NAMCHA-RAW" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Not claimed", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "No new etymological, phonetic or historical-origin hypothesis is proposed.", "zh-Hans": "不提出新的词源、语音或历史起源假说。" }, "items": [], "source_refs": [] } }, "phonetic_observation": [], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "PLACE", "MOUNTAIN", "PROPER NAME", "CULTURAL INTERPRETATION", "LITERARY IMAGE" ], "relation": "NAMED PLACE → SOURCE-ATTRIBUTED NAME INTERPRETATIONS; NAMED PLACE → AUTHORIAL LITERARY IMAGERY", "status": "Reviewed" }, "related_words": [], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-NAMCHA-VEIL-001", "relation": "CLOUD → VEIL → DESIRE TO SEE THE TRUE FACE", "status": "Literary", "is_etymological": false }, { "association_id": "ASSOC-NAMCHA-YOUTH-002", "relation": "MOUNTAIN → YOUTHFUL FACE → TREES AND LAKE", "status": "Literary", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Published", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "Namcha Barwa, may your countenance endure.", "zh-Hans": "南迦巴瓦，愿你保留你的容颜。", "fr": "Namcha Barwa, que ton visage demeure.", "bo": "གནམ་ལྕགས་འབར་བ། ཁྱེད་ཀྱི་ཞལ་རས་རྟག་ཏུ་གནས་པར་སྨོན།" }, "essay_prose": [ { "work_id": "LB-NAMCHA-PRELUDE-001", "title": { "en": "Garden Prelude", "zh-Hans": "花园序言" }, "text": { "zh-Hans": "在花园里，水仙、迎春、春兰、杜鹃花、牡丹、月季，她们同时在春天盛开。和风吹在我的花园内，吹动着花的香气。" }, "status": "Published; punctuation and one traditional character normalized" } ], "poem_lyrics": [ { "work_id": "LB-NAMCHA-POEM-001", "title": { "en": "Namcha Barwa, May Your Countenance Endure", "zh-Hans": "南迦巴瓦，愿你保留你的容颜", "fr": "Namcha Barwa, que ton visage demeure", "bo": "གནམ་ལྕགས་འབར་བ། ཁྱེད་ཀྱི་ཞལ་རས་རྟག་ཏུ་གནས་པར་སྨོན།" }, "text": { "zh-Hans": "看过南迦巴瓦山的一些照片，很喜欢西藏这个藏在漫漫群山中的秀丽山峰。\n\n南迦巴瓦山啊，\n你是我的心里的少男少女，\n是我自己心里的透出熏香味的向往，\n还是我自己那少年时代的持续？\n那美丽是就像我看到那青春的照片，\n那是少年时代的情绪的青涩，\n那不正是你的青春似的树🌳与湖吗？\n有愿望的我想保持一颗爱你的心💕，\n因为我的爱你的光芒，\n将使你的青春的面容总是清秀。\n\n你轻柔的云的面纱，\n你貌似的对我发出尊重的话语，\n可是我却总是希望撕下，\n你的优雅的话语所包围的遮幕，\n总是想看到你的真容，\n在走进你心底的森林的深处，\n我却晓得了你的柔美的如丽水般，\n流淌的心如歌声的，\n在与你温煦话语的对话，\n与你激烈的对抗中，\n我却对你产生了从我的心底，\n流出的一种爱意。", "en": "After seeing photographs of Namcha Barwa, I came to love this beautiful Tibetan peak hidden among range upon range of mountains.\n\nO Namcha Barwa,\nyou are the young men and women within my heart,\nthe longing in me that breathes the fragrance of incense,\nor perhaps the continuation of my own youth.\nThat beauty is like a photograph of youth before my eyes,\nthe tender greenness of a young heart—\nare those not your youthful trees 🌳 and lake?\nI long to keep a heart that loves you 💕,\nfor the radiance of my love for you\nwill keep your youthful countenance forever clear.\n\nYour tender veil of cloud,\nthe reverent words you seem to speak to me—\nand yet I am always longing to tear away\nthe curtain woven around you by your graceful speech,\nalways longing to behold your true face.\nDeep in the forest where I enter your innermost heart,\nI come to know your gentleness, lovely as clear water,\nyour flowing heart, like a song.\nIn our dialogue of warm words,\nin our fierce confrontation,\nthere rises in me, from the bottom of my heart,\na current of love for you.", "fr": "Après avoir vu quelques photographies du Namcha Barwa, j’ai aimé ce beau sommet du Tibet, caché au milieu de chaînes de montagnes sans fin.\n\nÔ Namcha Barwa,\ntu es les jeunes hommes et les jeunes femmes au fond de mon cœur,\nle désir qui, en moi, exhale un parfum d’encens,\nou peut-être la continuité de ma propre jeunesse.\nTa beauté ressemble à une photographie de la jeunesse sous mes yeux,\nà la tendre verdeur des émotions adolescentes —\nne sont-ce pas là tes arbres 🌳 et ton lac, pareils à la jeunesse ?\nJe désire garder un cœur qui t’aime 💕,\ncar la lumière de mon amour pour toi\ngardera toujours limpide ton visage de jeunesse.\n\nTon léger voile de nuages,\nles paroles respectueuses que tu sembles m’adresser —\npourtant, je désire toujours déchirer\nle rideau dont m’entourent tes paroles pleines de grâce,\nje désire toujours contempler ton vrai visage.\nAu plus profond de la forêt où j’entre dans le secret de ton cœur,\nje découvre ta douceur, belle comme une eau claire,\nton cœur qui s’écoule comme un chant.\nDans le dialogue de tes paroles chaleureuses,\ndans l’affrontement ardent avec toi,\nnaît pourtant en moi, du plus profond de mon cœur,\nun courant d’amour pour toi.", "bo": "གནམ་ལྕགས་འབར་བའི་པར་འགའ་ཞིག་མཐོང་རྗེས། བོད་ཀྱི་རི་བོ་རིམ་པའི་ཁྲོད་དུ་སྦས་པའི་རི་བོ་མཛེས་པོ་འདི་ལ་ང་རང་ཧ་ཅང་དགའ།\n\nཀྱེ། གནམ་ལྕགས་འབར་བའི་རི་བོ།\nཁྱེད་ནི་ངའི་སེམས་ཁོང་གི་གཞོན་ནུ་ཕོ་མོ་ཡིན།\nངའི་སེམས་ཀྱི་སྤོས་དྲི་འཐུལ་བའི་རེ་སྨོན་ཡིན།\nཡང་ན་ངའི་ལང་ཚོའི་དུས་ཀྱི་རྒྱུན་མཐུད་ཡིན་ནམ།\nམཛེས་པ་དེ་ནི་ལང་ཚོའི་པར་ཞིག་མཐོང་བ་དང་འདྲ།\nདེ་ནི་གཞོན་དུས་ཀྱི་ཚོར་བ་རྗེན་པ་དེ་ཡིན།\nདེ་དག་ཁྱེད་ཀྱི་ལང་ཚོ་ལྟ་བུའི་ལྗོན་ཤིང 🌳 དང་མཚོ་མ་ཡིན་ནམ།\nརེ་སྨོན་བཅངས་པའི་ངས་ཁྱེད་ལ་བརྩེ་བའི་སེམས 💕 འདི་སྲུང་འདོད།\nཁྱེད་ལ་བཅངས་པའི་ངའི་བརྩེ་བའི་འོད་ཟེར་གྱིས།\nཁྱེད་ཀྱི་ལང་ཚོའི་ཞལ་རས་རྟག་ཏུ་དྭངས་མཛེས་སུ་བྱེད།\n\nཁྱེད་ཀྱི་འཇམ་མཉེན་གྱི་སྤྲིན་པའི་གདོང་ཁེབས།\nཁྱེད་ཀྱིས་ང་ལ་གུས་པའི་སྐད་ཆ་ཞིག་ཤོད་པ་འདྲ།\nའོན་ཀྱང་ངས་རྟག་ཏུ་བཤུ་འདོད་པ་ནི།\nཁྱེད་ཀྱི་མཛེས་ཉམས་ལྡན་པའི་གསུང་གིས་བསྐོར་བའི་ཡོལ་བ་དེ།\nཁྱེད་ཀྱི་ཞལ་རས་ངོ་མ་མཐོང་འདོད།\nཁྱེད་ཀྱི་སེམས་གཏིང་གི་ནགས་ཚལ་ཟབ་སར་བསྐྱོད་སྐབས།\nཆུ་དྭངས་མོ་ལྟ་བུའི་ཁྱེད་ཀྱི་འཇམ་མཛེས་ངས་ཤེས་བྱུང་།\nགླུ་དབྱངས་ལྟར་རྒྱུ་བའི་ཁྱེད་ཀྱི་སེམས།\nཁྱེད་ཀྱི་དྲོད་འཇམ་གྱི་གསུང་དང་གླེང་མོལ་བྱེད་སྐབས།\nཁྱེད་དང་ཛ་དྲག་པོར་འཐབ་རྩོད་བྱེད་སྐབས།\nངའི་སེམས་ཀྱི་གཏིང་ནས།\nཁྱེད་ལ་བཅངས་པའི་བརྩེ་བ་ཞིག་རྒྱུན་དུ་བཞུར།" }, "status": "Published Chinese original; English and French literary translations; Tibetan translation draft pending native-speaker review; stanza and line structure preserved" } ], "translations": [ { "work_id": "LB-NAMCHA-POEM-001", "language_code": "zh-Hans", "language": "中文", "status": "Original Text", "review_status": "Author original; web punctuation normalized" }, { "work_id": "LB-NAMCHA-POEM-001", "language_code": "en", "language": "English", "status": "Literary Translation", "review_status": "Published literary translation" }, { "work_id": "LB-NAMCHA-POEM-001", "language_code": "fr", "language": "Français", "status": "Literary Translation", "review_status": "Published literary translation" }, { "work_id": "LB-NAMCHA-POEM-001", "language_code": "bo", "language": "བོད་ཡིག", "status": "Translation Draft", "review_status": "Pending line-by-line review by a native Tibetan speaker; not represented as finalized Tibetan poetry" } ], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "The garden, youth, face, veil, forest, lake, fragrance and love are the author's literary layer. They do not establish the mountain name's etymology or geographic facts.", "zh-Hans": "花园、青春、容颜、面纱、森林、湖、香气与爱意均属作者文学层，不用于确立山名词源或地理事实。" } }, "media": [ { "media_id": "MEDIA-NAMCHA-PHOTO-001", "type": "archival image", "path": "images/namcha-barwa-west-cherry933.jpg", "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Namcha_Barwa_from_the_west.jpg", "title": { "en": "Namcha Barwa from the west", "zh-Hans": "南迦巴瓦峰西坡实拍" }, "alt": { "en": "The steep west face of Namcha Barwa with rock walls, snow gullies and subsidiary ridges under a deep blue sky.", "zh-Hans": "南迦巴瓦峰西坡的陡峭岩壁、冰雪沟槽与复合山脊。" }, "caption": { "en": "Verified terrain photograph from Zhibai observation platform; Cherry933, CC BY-SA 3.0.", "zh-Hans": "从直白观景台拍摄的可核验地貌实景；Cherry933，CC BY-SA 3.0。" }, "content_status": "verified photograph; geographic evidence", "source": "Cherry933 / Wikimedia Commons", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "provenance": "photographed from Zhibai observation platform, Tibet, China, 2008-12-30; downloaded from Wikimedia Commons on 2026-08-31" }, { "media_id": "MEDIA-NAMCHA-LITERARY-001", "type": "generated illustration", "path": "images/namcha-barwa-literary-landscape.png", "title": { "en": "Namcha Barwa literary landscape", "zh-Hans": "南迦巴瓦文学视觉图" }, "alt": { "en": "A literary visualization of a cloud-wrapped snowy mountain above forest and a lake.", "zh-Hans": "云雾环绕的雪山、森林与湖面的文学视觉创作。" }, "caption": { "en": "AI-generated literary visualization; not a terrain photograph or geographic evidence.", "zh-Hans": "AI 生成的文学视觉图；不是真实地貌照片或地理证据。" }, "content_status": "literary visualization; not geographic evidence", "source": "generated for Unilanguage", "provenance": "AI-generated during the Namcha Barwa entry workflow on 2026-08-31; explicitly excluded from factual terrain evidence" }, { "media_id": "MEDIA-NAMCHA-RUNWAY-001", "type": "external creative work", "url": "https://app.runwayml.com/creation/231fbe16-d3ae-45e5-92d5-36c416ec9ed4", "title": { "en": "Related creative work on Runway", "zh-Hans": "Runway 相关创作" }, "content_status": "not independently verified", "source": "Jinkai Liu", "provenance": "author-provided external link; content not described" } ], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-NAMCHA-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: Namcha Barwa prelude and poem raw note", "type": "author literary source", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; raw note preserved below" }, { "reference_id": "REF-LINZHI-NAMCHA-GEOGRAPHY", "title": "Nyingchi Municipal People's Government: Namcha Barwa", "type": "government place reference", "url": "https://www.linzhi.gov.cn/linzhi/zmlz/201812/28aa35ef0a164fb8a584b129ae6b0911.shtml", "path": null, "provenance": "official municipal government page; accessed 2026-08-31" }, { "reference_id": "REF-XIZANG-WINTER-NAMCHA", "title": "People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region: Winter tourism begins in Tibet", "type": "government name-meaning report", "url": "https://www.xizang.gov.cn/xwzx_406/bmkx/201812/t20181216_10418.html", "path": null, "provenance": "official regional government page; accessed 2026-08-31" }, { "reference_id": "REF-TIBET-NAMCHA-NAME", "title": "China Tibet Online: Namcha Barwa name interpretations", "type": "institutional cultural report", "url": "https://www.tibet.cn/cn/travel/201801/t20180108_5331116.html", "path": null, "provenance": "institutional cultural report; accessed 2026-08-31" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CAS-NAMCHA-CANYON", "title": "Chinese Academy of Sciences: Exploring the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon — glaciers", "type": "scientific institution article", "url": "https://idea.cas.cn/zhhh/dqkxyzyhj/dqkxyzyhj_dqkx/info/2026/554175.html", "path": null, "provenance": "Chinese Academy of Sciences science-communication page; accessed 2026-08-31" }, { "reference_id": "REF-XZXW-TIBETAN-NAMCHA", "title": "Tibet Daily Tibetan-language site: གནམ་ལྕགས་འབར་བའི་མཛེས་ལྗོངས།", "type": "Tibetan-language institutional source", "url": "https://m.xzxw.com/tb/html/content_6005062.html", "path": null, "provenance": "Tibet Daily Tibetan-language page; confirms primary Tibetan orthography; accessed 2026-08-31" }, { "reference_id": "REF-KYOTO-TIBET-MAP", "title": "Kyoto University: River, Lake and Mountain in Tibet", "type": "academic geographic reference", "url": "https://sinotibetan.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/maps/1_Map_of_Tibet_%28Japanese_Version%29/Map_Contents_%26_Information%28Japanese_Version%29/River_Lake_Mountain_in_Tibet.pdf", "path": null, "provenance": "academic Tibet map; gives Namcha Barwa / 南迦巴瓦峰 / gnam lcags ’bar ba; accessed 2026-08-31" }, { "reference_id": "REF-RY-NAMCHA-PLACE", "title": "Rangjung Yeshe Dictionary: gnam lcags ’bar ba", "type": "Tibetan dictionary place entry", "url": "https://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/gnam_lcags_%27bar_ba", "path": null, "provenance": "Tibetan lexicographic resource; accessed 2026-08-31" }, { "reference_id": "REF-RY-GNAM", "title": "Rangjung Yeshe Dictionary: gnam", "type": "Tibetan dictionary", "url": "https://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/gnam", "path": null, "provenance": "Tibetan lexicographic resource; accessed 2026-08-31" }, { "reference_id": "REF-RY-GNAM-LCAGS", "title": "Rangjung Yeshe Dictionary: gnam lcags", "type": "Tibetan dictionary", "url": "https://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/gnam_lcags", "path": null, "provenance": "Tibetan lexicographic resource; records meteoric iron, thunderbolt and lightning senses; accessed 2026-08-31" }, { "reference_id": "REF-RY-BAR-BA", "title": "Rangjung Yeshe Dictionary: ’bar ba", "type": "Tibetan dictionary", "url": "https://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/%27bar_ba", "path": null, "provenance": "Tibetan lexicographic resource; records blaze, burn, shine and glow senses; accessed 2026-08-31" }, { "reference_id": "REF-PRINCETON-BUDDHISM-NAMCHA", "title": "The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism: Gnam lcags bar ba", "type": "academic reference dictionary", "url": "https://journeytothewestresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/The-Princeton-Dictionary-of-Buddhism-2014-compressed.pdf", "path": null, "provenance": "academic reference dictionary; translates the Tibetan name as Blazing Meteor; accessed 2026-08-31" }, { "reference_id": "REF-COMMONS-NAMCHA-WEST", "title": "Wikimedia Commons: Namcha Barwa from the west", "type": "licensed terrain photograph", "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Namcha_Barwa_from_the_west.jpg", "path": "images/namcha-barwa-west-cherry933.jpg", "provenance": "Cherry933; photographed from Zhibai observation platform on 2008-12-30; CC BY-SA 3.0; accessed 2026-08-31" }, { "reference_id": "REF-RUNWAY-NAMCHA", "title": "Runway related creative work", "type": "external creative work", "url": "https://app.runwayml.com/creation/231fbe16-d3ae-45e5-92d5-36c416ec9ed4", "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided link; content not independently verified" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Named Entity / Cultural-Literary Entry v1.3 · four-language parallel poem with Tibetan draft boundary · Schema v1.0 compatible", "dates": { "created": "2026-08-31", "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": "2026-08-31" }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Name-meaning evidence and literary imagery remain strictly separate.", "zh-Hans": "名称释义证据与文学意象严格分层。" }, { "en": "‘Battle spear piercing the blue sky’ is retained as a cultural-iconic interpretation, not a literal morpheme-by-morpheme translation.", "zh-Hans": "“直刺蓝天的战矛”作为文化—形象解释保留，不标作逐词素直译。" }, { "en": "南迦巴瓦 is assessed as phonetic transcription; its Chinese character meanings are not used to infer Tibetan semantics.", "zh-Hans": "“南迦巴瓦”判定为音译，不以各汉字字义反推藏文语义。" }, { "en": "The licensed terrain photograph and the AI-generated literary visualization have separate provenance and evidence status.", "zh-Hans": "授权地貌实拍与 AI 文学视觉图分别记录来源和证据身份。" }, { "en": "The Tibetan poem is a translation draft pending native-speaker review; this status does not affect the independently verified Tibetan proper name.", "zh-Hans": "藏文诗歌为待母语者审校的翻译初稿；这一状态不影响已经独立核验的藏文专名。" } ], "search_terms": [ "Namcha Barwa", "namcha barwa", "Namchabarwa", "Namjagbarwa", "གནམ་ལྕགས་འབར་བ", "གནམས་ལྕགས་འབར་བ", "gnam lcags ’bar ba", "gnam lcags 'bar ba", "南迦巴瓦", "南迦巴瓦峰", "南迦巴瓦山", "直刺天空的长矛", "直刺蓝天的战矛", "雷电如火燃烧", "燃烧的天铁", "闪耀的天铁", "陨铁", "众山之父", "Nánjiābāwǎ", "proper name", "place", "named entity" ], "page": "words/namcha-barwa.html", "legacy": null, "source": { "type": "author-provided literary source and related-media link", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Published as literature; factual and name-meaning claims independently sourced", "normalization": "Web punctuation normalized; 吹動 normalized to 吹动; obvious typo 情青 normalized to 青春; other idiosyncratic wording and emoji preserved.", "raw_note": "在花园里，水仙，迎春，春兰，杜鹃花、牡丹，月季，她们同时在春天盛开。和风吹在我的花园内，吹動着花的香气。\nRelated media: https://app.runwayml.com/creation/231fbe16-d3ae-45e5-92d5-36c416ec9ed4\n詩歌\n南迦巴瓦，愿你保留你的容颜\n看过南迦巴瓦山的一些照片，很喜欢西藏这个藏在漫漫群山中的秀丽山峰。\n南迦巴瓦山啊，\n你是我的心里的少男少女，\n是我自己心里的透出熏香味的向往，\n还是我自己那少年时代的持续？\n那美丽是就像我看到那青春的照片，\n那是少年时代的情绪的青涩，\n那不正是你的青春似的树🌳与湖吗？\n有愿望的我想保持一颗爱你的心💕，\n因为我的爱你的光芒，\n将使你的情青的面容总是清秀。\n你轻柔的云的面纱，\n你貌似的对我发出尊重的话语，\n可是我却总是希望撕下，\n你的优雅的话语所包围的遮幕，\n总是想看到你的真容，\n在走进你心底的森林的深处，\n我却晓得了你的柔美的如丽水般，\n流淌的心如歌声的，\n在与你温煦话语的对话，\n与你激烈的对抗中，\n我却对你产生了从我的心底，\n流出的一种爱意。" } }, { "id": "LB-en-press-pression-022", "slug": "press", "title": { "en": "press · Batch 001", "zh-Hans": "press · 数据扩展 Batch 001" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "press", "pronunciation": "/pres/", "part_of_speech": "verb/noun · 动词／名词" }, { "role": "historically-related-or-compared-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "presser / pression", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "按压／压", "pronunciation": "ànyā / yā" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-press-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "press", "pronunciation": "/pres/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "按压／压", "pronunciation": "ànyā / yā" }, "gloss": { "en": "to exert steady force; pressure or a pressing device", "zh-Hans": "施加持续的力；压力或施压装置" }, "meaning": { "en": "to exert steady force; pressure or a pressing device. This ordinary mapping is independent from the author's cross-language sound/root hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "施加持续的力；压力或施压装置。普通词义 Mapping 与作者跨语言声音／词根假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded research hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "The primary mapping follows ordinary meaning; historical and phonetic claims are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "主要 Mapping 依据普通词义；历史关系与语音主张在独立轨道评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_level": "Unrated", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "English press comes through Anglo-French presser from Latin pressare, an intensive/frequentative of premere ‘press’. French presser follows the same Latin path; pression is from Latin pressio/pressum, likewise from premere. This is a genuine historical family.", "zh-Hans": "英语 press 经盎格鲁法语 presser 来自拉丁语 pressare（premere“压”的加强／反复形式）；法语 presser 同源，pression 来自拉丁语 pressio／pressum，也基于 premere。这是真实历史词族。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-PRESS-001", "claim": { "en": "English press comes through Anglo-French presser from Latin pressare, an intensive/frequentative of premere ‘press’. French presser follows the same Latin path; pression is from Latin pressio/pressum, likewise from premere. This is a genuine historical family.", "zh-Hans": "英语 press 经盎格鲁法语 presser 来自拉丁语 pressare（premere“压”的加强／反复形式）；法语 presser 同源，pression 来自拉丁语 pressio／pressum，也基于 premere。这是真实历史词族。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-PRESS", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-PRESS-CORRECTION-002", "claim": { "en": "The strong result is lexical-semantic and within the English/French Latin family; no English/French–Chinese cognacy is proposed.", "zh-Hans": "强结论是词义对应及英法内部的拉丁词族关系；不提出英法词与汉语同源。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-PRESS-RAW", "REF-MW-PRESS", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-PRESS", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The Chinese mapping 压 yā is semantically strong but not phonetically close to press/pression; 迫 pò has partial semantic overlap in compulsion, not a demonstrated sound relation.", "zh-Hans": "汉语“压”yā 与 press／pression 语义对应强，但声音并不近；“迫”pò 在强迫义上部分重合，也没有已证音系关系。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-PRESS-001", "claim": { "en": "The Chinese mapping 压 yā is semantically strong but not phonetically close to press/pression; 迫 pò has partial semantic overlap in compulsion, not a demonstrated sound relation.", "zh-Hans": "汉语“压”yā 与 press／pression 语义对应强，但声音并不近；“迫”pò 在强迫义上部分重合，也没有已证音系关系。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-PRESS-RAW", "REF-MW-PRESS", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-PRESS-RAW", "REF-MW-PRESS", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "FORCE → CONTACT → COMPRESSION → PRESSURE is a stable comparable semantic structure.", "zh-Hans": "FORCE → CONTACT → COMPRESSION → PRESSURE 是稳定的可比较语义结构。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-PRESS-001", "claim": { "en": "FORCE → CONTACT → COMPRESSION → PRESSURE is a stable comparable semantic structure.", "zh-Hans": "FORCE → CONTACT → COMPRESSION → PRESSURE 是稳定的可比较语义结构。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-PRESS-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-PRESS-RAW" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The strong result is lexical-semantic and within the English/French Latin family; no English/French–Chinese cognacy is proposed.", "zh-Hans": "强结论是词义对应及英法内部的拉丁词族关系；不提出英法词与汉语同源。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-PRESS-001", "claim": { "en": "The strong result is lexical-semantic and within the English/French Latin family; no English/French–Chinese cognacy is proposed.", "zh-Hans": "强结论是词义对应及英法内部的拉丁词族关系；不提出英法词与汉语同源。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-PRESS-RAW", "REF-MW-PRESS", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-PRESS-RAW", "REF-MW-PRESS", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-PRESS-001", "claim": { "en": "The Chinese mapping 压 yā is semantically strong but not phonetically close to press/pression; 迫 pò has partial semantic overlap in compulsion, not a demonstrated sound relation.", "zh-Hans": "汉语“压”yā 与 press／pression 语义对应强，但声音并不近；“迫”pò 在强迫义上部分重合，也没有已证音系关系。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Modern spelling or sound resemblance is not a regular sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "现代拼写或声音近似不是规律音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "PRESS", "PRESSURE", "FORCE", "COMPRESSION" ], "relation": "PRESS → PRESSURE → FORCE → COMPRESSION", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "pressure", "language": "English", "relationship_type": "Etymological derivative", "family": "Latin premere / pressus", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-PRESS", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER" ] }, { "word": "presser / pression", "language": "French", "relationship_type": "Historical cognate/borrowing family", "family": "Latin pressare / pressio / premere", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-PRESS", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER" ] }, { "word": "压 yā", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "Strong semantic mapping", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Comparison or association only; not a historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅作比较或联想；不是历史派生关系。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-PRESS-RAW", "REF-MW-PRESS", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER" ] }, { "word": "迫 pò", "language": "Chinese", "relationship_type": "Partial semantic association", "family": "independent Sinitic history", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Comparison or association only; not a historical derivation.", "zh-Hans": "仅作比较或联想；不是历史派生关系。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-PRESS-RAW", "REF-MW-PRESS", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-PRESS-001", "relation": "PRESS → PRESSURE → FORCE → COMPRESSION", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-PRESS-001", "type": "Original author phonetic-semantic / consonantal-skeleton hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "The author's comparison around press压力，pression; exercée施加; peur怕…… may support a mnemonic or semantic association without establishing common origin.", "zh-Hans": "作者观察“press压力，pression。exercée施加。peur怕……”可作为记忆或语义联想，但不建立共同来源。" }, "status": "Unestablished", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "press", "pressure", "pression", "presser", "按压" ], "counterexamples": [ "The strong result is lexical-semantic and within the English/French Latin family; no English/French–Chinese cognacy is proposed.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test sound similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded ratings, explicit negative controls and historical-source review.", "zh-Hans": "用盲法评分、明确负对照与独立词源核验分别检验声音相似度和语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-PRESS-RAW", "REF-MW-PRESS", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-PRESS-001", "statement": { "en": "The strong result is lexical-semantic and within the English/French Latin family; no English/French–Chinese cognacy is proposed.", "zh-Hans": "强结论是词义对应及英法内部的拉丁词族关系；不提出英法词与汉语同源。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-PRESS-RAW", "REF-MW-PRESS", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION", "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Not present", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "FORCE → CONTACT → COMPRESSION → PRESSURE is a stable comparable semantic structure.", "zh-Hans": "FORCE → CONTACT → COMPRESSION → PRESSURE 是稳定的可比较语义结构。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "This cognitive proposition may be developed literarily, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "该认知命题可作文学展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-PRESS-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: press source/raw research note", "type": "author research note", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-PRESS", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: press", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/press", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de pression", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/pression", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de presser", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/presser", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Dataset Expansion Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": "2026-09-01", "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Batch disposition: Reviewed. Priority score 86.4/100 is editorial triage, not a scientific measurement.", "zh-Hans": "批次归类：Reviewed。优先分 86.4/100 仅用于编辑分流，不是科学测量。" }, { "en": "The strong result is lexical-semantic and within the English/French Latin family; no English/French–Chinese cognacy is proposed.", "zh-Hans": "强结论是词义对应及英法内部的拉丁词族关系；不提出英法词与汉语同源。" } ], "search_terms": [ "press", "pressure", "pression", "presser", "按压", "压", "压力", "迫", "施加", "force", "compression" ], "page": null, "legacy": null, "source": { "type": "author-provided raw research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Spelling and punctuation normalized only in evaluated fields; raw note retained verbatim here.", "raw_note": "press压力，pression。exercée施加。peur怕……" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "DATASET-EXPANSION-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 9, "disposition": "Reviewed", "priority_score": 86.4 } }, { "id": "LB-en-sign-cognition-017", "slug": "sign", "title": { "en": "sign · Batch 001", "zh-Hans": "sign · 数据扩展 Batch 001" }, "languages": [ { "role": "source", "code": "en", "name": "English", "word": "sign", "pronunciation": "/saɪn/", "part_of_speech": "noun/verb · 名词／动词" }, { "role": "historically-related-or-compared-form", "code": "fr", "name": "French", "word": "signe", "pronunciation": "not recorded" }, { "role": "standard-translation", "code": "zh-Hans", "name": "Chinese", "word": "符号／标记", "pronunciation": "fúhào / biāojì" } ], "primary_mapping": { "mapping_id": "MAP-sign-primary", "source": { "language": "English", "word": "sign", "pronunciation": "/saɪn/" }, "target": { "language": "Chinese", "word": "符号／标记", "pronunciation": "fúhào / biāojì" }, "gloss": { "en": "a mark, token or gesture that conveys meaning", "zh-Hans": "传达意义的符号、标记或动作" }, "meaning": { "en": "a mark, token or gesture that conveys meaning. This ordinary mapping is independent from the author's cross-language sound/root hypothesis.", "zh-Hans": "传达意义的符号、标记或动作。普通词义 Mapping 与作者跨语言声音／词根假说独立。" }, "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded research hypothesis", "rationale": { "en": "The primary mapping follows ordinary meaning; historical and phonetic claims are evaluated on separate tracks.", "zh-Hans": "主要 Mapping 依据普通词义；历史关系与语音主张在独立轨道评价。" } }, "entry_status": "Reviewed", "mapping_status": "Candidate", "mapping_level": "C", "historical_relation_status": "Not claimed", "evidence": { "Historical": { "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "summary": { "en": "Sign belongs to the Latin signum/signare ‘mark, token’ family. Cognitive/cognition belongs to Latin cognoscere/cognitio ‘know, knowledge’, with the gnosc-/gno- KNOW family. These are separate historical clusters.", "zh-Hans": "sign 属拉丁语 signum／signare“标记、符号”词族；cognitive／cognition 属拉丁语 cognoscere／cognitio“认识、知识”及 gnosc-／gno- KNOW 词族。两者是不同的历史簇。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "HIST-SIGN-001", "claim": { "en": "Sign belongs to the Latin signum/signare ‘mark, token’ family. Cognitive/cognition belongs to Latin cognoscere/cognitio ‘know, knowledge’, with the gnosc-/gno- KNOW family. These are separate historical clusters.", "zh-Hans": "sign 属拉丁语 signum／signare“标记、符号”词族；cognitive／cognition 属拉丁语 cognoscere／cognitio“认识、知识”及 gnosc-／gno- KNOW 词族。两者是不同的历史簇。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-SIGN", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITION", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITIF" ] }, { "evidence_id": "HIST-SIGN-CORRECTION-002", "claim": { "en": "signum and cognoscere are not merged into one root; ign/ogn are treated as an authorial consonantal-skeleton hypothesis only.", "zh-Hans": "不把 signum 与 cognoscere 合并成一个词根；ign／ogn 只作为作者辅音骨架假说保留。" }, "status": "Established", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-SIGN-RAW", "REF-MW-SIGN", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITION", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITIF" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-SIGN", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITION", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITIF" ] }, "Phonetic-Semantic": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "The written sequences ign/ogn/gn are not interchangeable morphemes. In sign the g is silent in the modern base form, while cognitive has /gn/ distributed by its Latin morphology and modern pronunciation.", "zh-Hans": "书写序列 ign／ogn／gn 不是可互换语素；现代 sign 的 g 不发音，而 cognitive 中相关字母受拉丁形态和现代读音制约。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-SIGN-001", "claim": { "en": "The written sequences ign/ogn/gn are not interchangeable morphemes. In sign the g is silent in the modern base form, while cognitive has /gn/ distributed by its Latin morphology and modern pronunciation.", "zh-Hans": "书写序列 ign／ogn／gn 不是可互换语素；现代 sign 的 g 不发音，而 cognitive 中相关字母受拉丁形态和现代读音制约。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-SIGN-RAW", "REF-MW-SIGN", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITION", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITIF" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-SIGN-RAW", "REF-MW-SIGN", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITION", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITIF" ] }, "Cognitive": { "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "summary": { "en": "A sign can cue recognition and knowledge, so SIGN/MARK → RECOGNIZE → KNOW is a legitimate semantic bridge, not an etymology.", "zh-Hans": "符号可触发辨认与认知，因此 SIGN／MARK → RECOGNIZE → KNOW 是合理语义桥，而不是词源链。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "COG-SIGN-001", "claim": { "en": "A sign can cue recognition and knowledge, so SIGN/MARK → RECOGNIZE → KNOW is a legitimate semantic bridge, not an etymology.", "zh-Hans": "符号可触发辨认与认知，因此 SIGN／MARK → RECOGNIZE → KNOW 是合理语义桥，而不是词源链。" }, "status": "Interpretive", "confidence": "Medium", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-SIGN-RAW" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-SIGN-RAW" ] }, "Speculative": { "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "summary": { "en": "signum and cognoscere are not merged into one root; ign/ogn are treated as an authorial consonantal-skeleton hypothesis only.", "zh-Hans": "不把 signum 与 cognoscere 合并成一个词根；ign／ogn 只作为作者辅音骨架假说保留。" }, "items": [ { "evidence_id": "SPEC-SIGN-001", "claim": { "en": "signum and cognoscere are not merged into one root; ign/ogn are treated as an authorial consonantal-skeleton hypothesis only.", "zh-Hans": "不把 signum 与 cognoscere 合并成一个词根；ign／ogn 只作为作者辅音骨架假说保留。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-SIGN-RAW", "REF-MW-SIGN", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITION", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITIF" ] } ], "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-SIGN-RAW", "REF-MW-SIGN", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITION", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITIF" ] } }, "phonetic_observation": [ { "observation_id": "PHON-SIGN-001", "claim": { "en": "The written sequences ign/ogn/gn are not interchangeable morphemes. In sign the g is silent in the modern base form, while cognitive has /gn/ distributed by its Latin morphology and modern pronunciation.", "zh-Hans": "书写序列 ign／ogn／gn 不是可互换语素；现代 sign 的 g 不发音，而 cognitive 中相关字母受拉丁形态和现代读音制约。" }, "status": "Candidate", "limitations": { "en": "Modern spelling or sound resemblance is not a regular sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.", "zh-Hans": "现代拼写或声音近似不是规律音变，也不能证明同源。" } } ], "semantic_structure": { "concepts": [ "SIGN", "MARK", "KNOW", "COGNITION", "RECOGNITION" ], "relation": "SIGN → MARK → KNOW → COGNITION → RECOGNITION", "status": "Interpretive" }, "related_words": [ { "word": "signal / signature", "language": "English/French", "relationship_type": "Etymological derivatives", "family": "Latin signum / signare", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-SIGN", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITION", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITIF" ] }, { "word": "cognition / cognitive", "language": "English/French", "relationship_type": "Separate KNOW cluster", "family": "Latin cognitio / cognoscere", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-SIGN", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITION", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITIF" ] }, { "word": "recognize / reconnaître", "language": "English/French", "relationship_type": "KNOW cluster derivative", "family": "Latin recognoscere", "relation_to_entry": { "en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.", "zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。" }, "status": "Established", "source_refs": [ "REF-MW-SIGN", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITION", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITIF" ] } ], "semantic_associations": [ { "association_id": "ASSOC-SIGN-001", "relation": "SIGN → MARK → KNOW → COGNITION → RECOGNITION", "status": "Interpretive", "is_etymological": false } ], "hypotheses": [ { "hypothesis_id": "UNI-SIGN-001", "type": "Original author phonetic-semantic / consonantal-skeleton hypothesis", "claim": { "en": "The author's comparison around ign，ogn，cognitive认知，sign; 辅音不变规则同样适用于词根的意义; may support a mnemonic or semantic association without establishing common origin.", "zh-Hans": "作者观察“ign，ogn，cognitive认知，sign。辅音不变规则同样适用于词根的意义。”可作为记忆或语义联想，但不建立共同来源。" }, "status": "Candidate", "confidence": "Low", "supporting_cases": [ "sign", "signe", "signal", "signature", "cognitive" ], "counterexamples": [ "signum and cognoscere are not merged into one root; ign/ogn are treated as an authorial consonantal-skeleton hypothesis only.", "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated." ], "testability": { "en": "Test sound similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded ratings, explicit negative controls and historical-source review.", "zh-Hans": "用盲法评分、明确负对照与独立词源核验分别检验声音相似度和语义适配。" }, "experiment_link": null, "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-SIGN-RAW", "REF-MW-SIGN", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITION", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITIF" ] } ], "counterevidence": [ { "counterevidence_id": "COUNTER-SIGN-001", "statement": { "en": "signum and cognoscere are not merged into one root; ign/ogn are treated as an authorial consonantal-skeleton hypothesis only.", "zh-Hans": "不把 signum 与 cognoscere 合并成一个词根；ign／ogn 只作为作者辅音骨架假说保留。" }, "confidence": "High", "source_refs": [ "REF-JL-SIGN-RAW", "REF-MW-SIGN", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITION", "REF-CNRTL-COGNITIF" ] } ], "experiments": [], "literary_layer": { "status": "Not present", "is_historical_evidence": false, "proposition": { "en": "A sign can cue recognition and knowledge, so SIGN/MARK → RECOGNIZE → KNOW is a legitimate semantic bridge, not an etymology.", "zh-Hans": "符号可触发辨认与认知，因此 SIGN／MARK → RECOGNIZE → KNOW 是合理语义桥，而不是词源链。" }, "essay_prose": [], "poem_lyrics": [], "translations": [], "archival_manuscript_media": [], "evidence_boundary": { "en": "This cognitive proposition may be developed literarily, but it is not historical evidence.", "zh-Hans": "该认知命题可作文学展开，但不是历史证据。" } }, "media": [], "references": [ { "reference_id": "REF-JL-SIGN-RAW", "title": "Jinkai Liu: sign source/raw research note", "type": "author research note", "url": null, "path": null, "provenance": "author-provided in conversation; preserved independently from evaluation" }, { "reference_id": "REF-MW-SIGN", "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: sign", "type": "dictionary", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sign", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-COGNITION", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de cognition", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cognition", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" }, { "reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-COGNITIF", "title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de cognitif", "type": "historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cognitif", "path": null, "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01" } ], "author": "Jinkai Liu", "version": "Dataset Expansion Batch 001 / Schema v1.0", "dates": { "created": "2026-09-01", "modified": "2026-09-01", "published": null }, "editorial_notes": [ { "en": "Batch disposition: Candidate. Priority score 89.6/100 is editorial triage, not a scientific measurement.", "zh-Hans": "批次归类：Candidate。优先分 89.6/100 仅用于编辑分流，不是科学测量。" }, { "en": "signum and cognoscere are not merged into one root; ign/ogn are treated as an authorial consonantal-skeleton hypothesis only.", "zh-Hans": "不把 signum 与 cognoscere 合并成一个词根；ign／ogn 只作为作者辅音骨架假说保留。" } ], "search_terms": [ "sign", "signe", "signal", "signature", "cognitive", "cognition", "recognize", "recognition", "认知", "认识", "符号", "标记", "ign", "ogn", "gnoscere" ], "page": null, "legacy": null, "source": { "type": "author-provided raw research note", "author": "Jinkai Liu", "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above", "normalization": "Spelling and punctuation normalized only in evaluated fields; raw note retained verbatim here.", "raw_note": "ign，ogn，cognitive认知，sign。辅音不变规则同样适用于词根的意义。" }, "batch": { "batch_id": "DATASET-EXPANSION-BATCH-001", "ordinal": 4, "disposition": "Candidate", "priority_score": 89.6 } } ] }