Language Book · Focused Lexical Review
商人／商贩
Featured Mapping: Pending
Historical Relation: Not claimed
marchand商人，march行走。
Retained as research provenance. No literary work is added here.
Standard Translation: 商人／商贩
merchant, trader; commercial
Lexical identity: French marchand.
marchand → 商人／商贩. Context determines the translation; this is not a historical cognacy claim.
marchand 属商业来源；*mercatare / *mercatantem 是重建形式，星号必须保留。marcher 的行走来源独立；旅行商人的场景不是派生证明。贸对应 TRADE，商／贩对应 MERCHANT，不能混同动作与人物。
Featured Mapping: Pending
This is a valid research state. The following semantic comparisons are not selected Featured mappings.
French · Late 10th-century marchedant; modern spelling documented later → present
Stage candidate: 商 · shāng
Semantic: direct · Phonetic: partial · Historical Relation: Not claimed
Semantic shortlist only; Featured remains Pending.
Research / Evidence · 研究与证据Latin · Classical Latin
Stage candidate: 贸 · mào
Semantic: partial · Phonetic: not_evaluated · Historical Relation: Not claimed
Semantic shortlist only; Featured remains Pending.
Research / Evidence · 研究与证据Meaning first. Consonant-group hit ≠ evidence score. Historical Relation: Not claimed.
Modern Chinese senses: mediated online evidence. Mainland print editions/pages and earliest attestations: Pending. Historical pronunciation: Pending where no source transcription is recorded.
| Chinese reading | Stage / sense | Role / decision | Semantic fit | Phonetic fit | Limits |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 贸 mào | MA1 · 交换财物的商业活动 | candidate / shortlisted | partial — 交换财物的商业活动；TRADE 动作，不是 MERCHANT 人物；不取贸然义 | not_evaluated — Latin pronunciation not frozen; modern marchand starts /m/ but /au/ does not match the whole French form. | TRADE 动作，不是 MERCHANT 人物；不取贸然义 |
| 商 shāng | MA3 · 商人；做买卖的人 | candidate / shortlisted | direct — 商人；做买卖的人；排除商朝、商数、商量；现代 noun 义不证明 marcher 来源 | partial — French noninitial /ʃɑ̃/ partially resembles /ʂɑŋ/; /ʃ/ is not /ʂ/, nasal vowel is not /ŋ/ coda, and /maʁ/ is unmatched. | 排除商朝、商数、商量；现代 noun 义不证明 marcher 来源 |
| 贩 fàn | MA3 · 买进货物再卖出的商人 | candidate / shortlisted | partial — 买进货物再卖出的商人；常偏小商贩；并非所有 marchand 都是摊贩 | weak — Initial /m/ versus /f/ is a generation group only; /an/ differs from French nasal /ɑ̃/ and /maʁʃ/ remains unmatched. | 常偏小商贩；并非所有 marchand 都是摊贩 |
| 马 mǎ | MA3 · 马这种动物 | sound_control / rejected | mismatch — 马这种动物；商人骑马不是 MERCHANT 的字义 | partial — Initial /m/ and low vowel are local resemblance; French /ʁʃɑ̃/ absent; tone not French prosody. | 商人骑马不是 MERCHANT 的字义 |
| 商人 shāng rén | MA3 · 从事商业买卖的人 | meaning_control / reserved | direct — 从事商业买卖的人；标准语义对照，不据翻译相合自动 Featured | weak — Only the noninitial French /ʃɑ̃/ has limited overlap with shang; ren has no counterpart. | 标准语义对照，不据翻译相合自动 Featured |
marchand 属商业来源；*mercatare / *mercatantem 是重建形式，星号必须保留。marcher 的行走来源独立；旅行商人的场景不是派生证明。贸对应 TRADE，商／贩对应 MERCHANT，不能混同动作与人物。
大陆大型纸本辞书的具体版本、页码、原始书证及历史音值未取得，保持 Pending。汉典基本/详细解释只作为在线转引，不冒充纸本核验；不采用其台湾国语辞典栏目。 Historical IPA and Chinese diachronic attestation not invented.
Full record and original research archive · Focused Discovery / Freeze
Mapping Framework · Sound Protocol. Candidate generation is not historical proof.
Translate the actual modern sense first: 商人／商贩. Historical-stage comparisons and rejected observations must not replace the normal translation.
Un marchand de fruits.
一位水果商贩。
Editorial illustration, not a historical attestation.
Future contributions may supply a precise printed dictionary entry or independently supported sound comparison. Pending is not permission to invent evidence.