A / INDEFINITE ARTICLE

C01 一 yī

Modern Mandarin; inherited numeral sense · 现代读音；古义引文不等于古音 · A1

Meaning: 数词ONE；排除统一、全部等其他义

Semantic: High at ONE; partial at modern article

Phonetic: Low modern; historical not_evaluated

Group: No applicable onset group · Shortlist #2 · Priority: High

Counterevidence: 无定/类别功能不能只由数词ONE推出

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码

C02 一＋量词＋名词（一个N等） yī＋CL词典式；“一个”语流可读yí ge

Modern Mandarin construction · 当代；完整语法化年代链Pending · A2/A3

Meaning: 适用构式中引入一个个体；数词/限定功能须逐例区分

Semantic: High in selected indefinite NPs; not universal

Phonetic: Low

Group: Not applicable · Shortlist #1; structural-semantic · Priority: High

Counterevidence: 并非所有“一量名”都无定；不主张已形成独立冠词词类或与英语相同年代史

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码

C03 一（粤语） jat1（粤拼；不标成gaa/gaap）

Dialect: contemporary Guangzhou/Hong Kong Cantonese reference · 现代粤语参照；地域细分原始方言条目Pending · A1; A3 only in a documented construction

Meaning: 数词一；量词构式功能不能凭读音继承

Semantic: High for ONE; article role Pending

Phonetic: Low

Group: No applicable onset group · Retain limited; no Featured · Priority: Medium

Counterevidence: 旧注未指定地点/录音；不能排除其他方言变体，也不能把旧记音认作标准粤语

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码

C04 个（個） gè；具体口语轻声ge须按构式

Modern Mandarin classifier · 现代；页面古例仅mediated，不证明冠词起点 · A3

Meaning: 量词；限“来了个人”等个体化构式

Semantic: Partial; construction-dependent

Phonetic: Low

Group: No g-k-h hit: source a has no /k/ · Retain limited Research · Priority: Medium

Counterevidence: 不能把一＋个整体功能全部归给个；排除gě自个儿义和古代这/那义

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码

C05 甲（旧候选） jiǎ；广东话gaap3，旧记录gaa3未获支持

Modern Mandarin / Cantonese; legacy claim audited · 现代参照；旧注采集年代/地域未明 · A1/A3 claimed by legacy

Meaning: 甲壳、天干首位等；本轮未发现ONE/indefinite article义

Semantic: Mismatch

Phonetic: Low

Group: No applicable source onset group · Reject current Mapping; retain provenance · Priority: None

Counterevidence: 首位/第一不等于数词一，更不等于不定冠词；不得替作者猜成个或其他字

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码

K01 啊 a（轻声语气助词）

Modern Mandarin control · 现代 · A3 a

Meaning: 句末语气，不是限定词

Semantic: Mismatch

Phonetic: Limited surface resemblance only

Group: Not applicable · Sound control; rejected Featured · Priority: None

Counterevidence: 同为弱读/虚词不证明同类语法功能

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码

K02 安 ān

Modern Mandarin control · 现代读音、安定义 · A3 an

Meaning: 安定/安全；不取疑问义

Semantic: Mismatch

Phonetic: Medium partial against strong an; no semantic support

Group: Coda /n/ is not an onset group hit · Sound control; rejected Featured · Priority: None

Counterevidence: 不得将尾n套入d-t-n-l；不比较未核Old English IPA

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码

K03 某 mǒu

Modern Mandarin; selected pronominal sense · 现代；引用古例年代仅属原文metadata · A3 selected unspecified referent

Meaning: 不明说/不明确指明的人或物

Semantic: High in selected unspecified contexts; partial overall

Phonetic: Low

Group: Not applicable · Semantic control; not shortlisted · Priority: None

Counterevidence: 某常意味着特定但不明说；a可有非特指、类指和职业类别义

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码

ān · ONE：数词一

Old English · 约450–1100年语言层；非该词首次见证年

Chinese Mapping: Candidates recorded

语法化的来源基础; Historical IPA not independently verified; keep source spelling ān

Source refs: TCA-E1, TCA-E2

an / a · 不定限定功能；与数词用法分化

Middle English · 约1100–1500；AHD描述early Middle English；精确起点Pending

Chinese Mapping: Not selected

弱读、元音弱化及辅音前n脱落；不是只按字母分配; Full historical IPA Pending; no modern IPA back-projection

derivation from A1: Numeral to indefinite function with weak pronunciation; exact first year Pending.

Source refs: TCA-E2

a / an · 引入不定个体、类别成员等；不局限于听者/说者均未知

Modern English · 约1500年至今；本轮比较当代标准用法

Chinese Mapping: Candidates recorded

共时异形a/an及强弱式，不是两个依次替代的阶段; a /ə/, strong /eɪ/; an /ən/, strong /æn/

sense_continuation from A2: Modern a/an coexist as conditioned allomorphs; not an→a replacement of all uses.

Source refs: TCA-E1, TCA-E3

一 · candidate / shortlisted

Source unit: ān · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代读音；古义引文不等于古音

yī [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (Medium) — High at ONE; partial at modern article

Phonetic Fit: not_evaluated (Unknown) — Low modern; historical not_evaluated; [i]与/ə,eɪ/不等同；不能将现代yī用作上古音

• onset: No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.
• vowel: [i]与/ə,eɪ/不等同；不能将现代yī用作上古音
• coda_other_consonants: [i]与/ə,eɪ/不等同；不能将现代yī用作上古音
• syllables: Same syllable count is not evidence of equivalence.
• prosody: Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Online sense supported; print/early dating Pending [TCA-C1]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TCA-C1]
• chinese_sense: pending — Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码 []

一 · candidate / reserved

Source unit: ān · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Dialect · Contemporary Cantonese reference; exact original observation locality Pending · 现代粤语参照；地域细分原始方言条目Pending

jat1 [Contemporary Cantonese]

Semantic Fit: direct (Medium) — High for ONE; article role Pending

Phonetic Fit: not_evaluated (Unknown) — Low; jat1有/j/和塞音尾/t/，a无此两项，an尾/n/也不同；声调不等于重音

• onset: No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.
• vowel: jat1有/j/和塞音尾/t/，a无此两项，an尾/n/也不同；声调不等于重音
• coda_other_consonants: jat1有/j/和塞音尾/t/，a无此两项，an尾/n/也不同；声调不等于重音
• syllables: Same syllable count is not evidence of equivalence.
• prosody: Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Online Cantonese reading; Mainland dialect print entry/construction Pending [TCA-C1]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TCA-C1]
• chinese_sense: pending — Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码 []

一 + classifier + noun · candidate / shortlisted

Source unit: a + singular count noun; grammatical/structural comparison · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 当代；完整语法化年代链Pending

yī + classifier + noun (dictionary forms; connected speech varies) [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (Medium) — High in selected indefinite NPs; not universal

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Low; 多成分构式不能被缩成/a/；音节数和辅音均不匹配

• onset: No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.
• vowel: 多成分构式不能被缩成/a/；音节数和辅音均不匹配
• coda_other_consonants: 多成分构式不能被缩成/a/；音节数和辅音均不匹配
• syllables: Construction length is not a one-syllable match.
• prosody: Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Online senses + Mainland paper abstract + supplementary research abstract [TCA-C1, TCA-C2, TCA-P1, TCA-P2]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TCA-C1, TCA-C2, TCA-P1, TCA-P2]
• chinese_sense: pending — Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码 []

个 · candidate / reserved

Source unit: a / an · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代；页面古例仅mediated，不证明冠词起点

gè [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Medium) — Partial; construction-dependent

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Low; /k/为额外声母；局部弱读元音近似不能抵消句法差异

• onset: No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.
• vowel: /k/为额外声母；局部弱读元音近似不能抵消句法差异
• coda_other_consonants: /k/为额外声母；局部弱读元音近似不能抵消句法差异
• syllables: Same syllable count is not evidence of equivalence.
• prosody: Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Concrete online classifier sense; exact grammatical status Pending [TCA-C2, TCA-P2]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TCA-C2, TCA-P2]
• chinese_sense: pending — Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码 []

甲 · candidate / rejected

Source unit: a / an · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代参照；旧注采集年代/地域未明

jiǎ [Modern Mandarin]; gaap3 [Contemporary Cantonese]

Semantic Fit: mismatch (Medium) — Mismatch

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Low; 粤语有/k/及/p/尾；普通话有/tɕ/介音；都不等于a/an

• onset: No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.
• vowel: 粤语有/k/及/p/尾；普通话有/tɕ/介音；都不等于a/an
• coda_other_consonants: 粤语有/k/及/p/尾；普通话有/tɕ/介音；都不等于a/an
• syllables: Same syllable count is not evidence of equivalence.
• prosody: Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Online contrary reading/sense evidence; original author hearing unresolved [TCA-C3]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TCA-C3]
• chinese_sense: pending — Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码 []

啊 · sound_control / rejected

Source unit: a / an · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代

a (neutral-tone particle) [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: mismatch (Medium) — Mismatch

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Limited surface resemblance only; 元音单音节有表层兴趣，但/a/不等于弱式/ə/或强式/eɪ/；句法位置不同

• onset: No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.
• vowel: 元音单音节有表层兴趣，但/a/不等于弱式/ə/或强式/eɪ/；句法位置不同
• coda_other_consonants: 元音单音节有表层兴趣，但/a/不等于弱式/ə/或强式/eɪ/；句法位置不同
• syllables: Same syllable count is not evidence of equivalence.
• prosody: Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Online concrete particle sense [TCA-C5]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TCA-C5]
• chinese_sense: pending — Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码 []

安 · sound_control / rejected

Source unit: a / an · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代读音、安定义

ān [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: mismatch (Medium) — Mismatch

Phonetic Fit: partial (Low) — Medium partial against strong an; no semantic support; 都有鼻音尾/n/；元音/æ/与汉语an有差异且有声调；拼写an相同不等于同音

• onset: No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.
• vowel: 都有鼻音尾/n/；元音/æ/与汉语an有差异且有声调；拼写an相同不等于同音
• coda_other_consonants: 都有鼻音尾/n/；元音/æ/与汉语an有差异且有声调；拼写an相同不等于同音
• syllables: Same syllable count is not evidence of equivalence.
• prosody: Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Online concrete sense [TCA-C6]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TCA-C6]
• chinese_sense: pending — Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码 []

某 · meaning_control / reserved

Source unit: a / an · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代；引用古例年代仅属原文metadata

mǒu [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Medium) — High in selected unspecified contexts; partial overall

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Low; /m/与复合韵母不匹配a/an；入b-p-m-f无来源声母支撑

• onset: No source consonant onset supporting a defined group; a/an are vowel-initial.
• vowel: /m/与复合韵母不匹配a/an；入b-p-m-f无来源声母支撑
• coda_other_consonants: /m/与复合韵母不匹配a/an；入b-p-m-f无来源声母支撑
• syllables: Same syllable count is not evidence of equivalence.
• prosody: Tone and English stress are different dimensions; no historical reconstruction inferred.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Online basic/detailed sense [TCA-C4]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TCA-C4]
• chinese_sense: pending — Pending: 未取得《现代汉语词典》《新华字典》《汉语大词典》《汉语大字典》《辞源》具体纸本条目/页码 []