Language Book · Author: Jinkai Liu

ABACK

Standard Translation: 吃了一惊／感到惊愕

Featured Mapping: Pending

背仅比较历史空间／back成分；蒙仅为突发失措子义候选。

Featured Mapping is optional. Pending 是有效研究状态，不是页面错误。

Featured 是编辑选择，不是证据等级。Historical Relation: Not claimed。

Stage / Cultural Mappings｜阶段与文化分层

on bæc / aback · behind / backward

Old / Middle English · OE c.450–1100 → ME c.1100–1500; dictionary first-attestation boundaries differ

Stage candidate: 背 · bèi

Semantic: direct · Phonetic: not_evaluated · Historical Relation: Not claimed

不取 bēi 背负义；不把字母 a 的名称当 aback 发音；OC另见专项; Featured Mapping: Pending。背仅比较历史空间／back成分；蒙仅为突发失措子义候选。Pending是有效研究结果，不是页面错误。

Research / Evidence · 研究与证据

taken aback · surprised / startled; momentarily disconcerted

Modern English · Figurative construction recorded 1792; modern reference

Stage candidate: 蒙（了） · mēng (le)

Semantic: partial · Phonetic: weak · Historical Relation: Not claimed

排除méng覆盖、měng蒙古与欺骗/瞎猜；不推成永久无知或必定昏迷; Featured Mapping: Pending。背仅比较历史空间／back成分；蒙仅为突发失措子义候选。Pending是有效研究结果，不是页面错误。

Research / Evidence · 研究与证据

文明在你背后 · Civilization Behind You

作者中文原文 · Author’s Chinese Text

那自古至今不断变换地方的，
文明世界的人啊，
你是文明的载体，
文明在你的背后。

爱你，与你无关；
我想为我的人们做事，
那种情感，是我自己的本意。
你的来到，
在我的眼界中，
是你应该来临的。

如果说你是我的火种，
点燃了我的大地的温暖，
那是否可以说，
那火种以你为载体？

我是那快要成熟的果啊，
在你的阳光下，
明媚灿烂。

English Literary Translation · 英文文学译文

People of the civilized world,
who have moved from place to place
from ancient times until today—
you are the bearers of civilization;
civilization stands behind you.

Loving you has nothing to do with you.
I want to do something for my people;
that feeling is my own intention.
Your arrival was, within the reach of my sight,
something that ought to come.

If you are the spark
that kindled warmth across my earth,
may we also say
that the spark chose you as its bearer?

I am a fruit nearing ripeness,
bright and radiant
beneath your sunlight.

Literary boundary · 文学边界： 文明、火种、大地、果实与阳光属于文学意象。“文明在背后”可以激活 BACK / BEHIND 的空间隐喻，但不构成词源或同源证据。中文依据 Jinkai Liu 原稿轻度整理；英文为文学译文。

Research archive · Meaning and Structure · 词义与结构

迁移前研究档案：旧 Featured、合并评分及假说不代表当前结论；请以页首和当前模型为准。

aback/əˈbæk/ · adv.

吃惊地；猝不及防地

Modern use is chiefly in taken aback.

back/bæk/ · n.

背；背部；后面

An English word with a documented Old English history.

背bèi

背部；背后

Featured Chinese sound–meaning candidate; not an etymological claim.

dos/do/ · n.m.

背；背部

Standard French word for the back.

a + back → at / on the back → backward → taken aback → SURPRISE

这条英语内部语义链有历史材料支持；最后的 taken aback 是现代最常见用法。中文“背”与法语 dos 是比较和翻译层，不能混入英语词源链。

Research archive · The a- Element · a- 成分

迁移前研究档案：旧 Featured、合并评分及假说不代表当前结论；请以页首和当前模型为准。

Author’s synchronic reading · 作者的现代切分

a.back

作者提出：为了现代结构阅读，可以把 a- 看成不承载独立词义，把注意力集中到 back。

Historical evidence · 历史证据

Old English on bæc → Middle English abak → aback

标准词史并不把这里的 a- 解释成否定前缀或原本“无意义”的字母；它是较早 on“在／向”的弱化形式。现代分析与历史来源必须分开。

Research archive · back ↔ 背 bèi · Sound–Meaning Candidate

迁移前研究档案：旧 Featured、合并评分及假说不代表当前结论；请以页首和当前模型为准。

Meaning · 词义Strong overlap

back 与“背”都可以指身体背部或后方。

Actual word sounds · 实际词音Partial resemblance

back 是 /bæk/；普通话“背”bèi 可记作 /peɪ˥˩/。开头辅音与韵母都不完全相同。

Letter-name observation · 字母名称观察Interpretive

字母 a 的名称 /eɪ/ 与“背”bèi 的韵母听感较近，但 back 中字母 a 实际读 /æ/。字母名称不能替代词内发音。

History · 历史关系Not established

没有规律音变、借词路径或文献链证明英语 back 与汉语“背”同源。

Research archive · Translation Guidance · 翻译指导

迁移前研究档案：旧 Featured、合并评分及假说不代表当前结论；请以页首和当前模型为准。

taken aback → 吃了一惊

She was taken aback by the news.
这个消息使她吃了一惊。

back → 背／后面

He carried the child on his back.
他把孩子背在背上。

behind → 在……背后

Civilization stands behind you.
文明在你的背后。

Research archive · References · 参考资料

迁移前研究档案：旧 Featured、合并评分及假说不代表当前结论；请以页首和当前模型为准。

Merriam-Webster: aback — definition and word history.
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary: aback — modern use and Old English origin.
Merriam-Webster: back — English lexical history.
Jinkai Liu legacy publication — original lexical note and literary source.

Editorial principle · 编辑原则： 词条可以发表，假说必须标级，文学可以自由展开，证据必须独立核验。

Open full evidence record · 打开完整证据记录 →

Research / Evidence｜研究与证据

当前模型、证据与 Pending

Entry: Published · Publication: Published · Featured: Pending · Evidence: 各项独立评级，纸本 Pending。

Discovery候选完整记录

下列是已冻结的有限检索记录；历史阶段未冻结音值时，现代参照评分不会转入历史音评分。

A01 背 bèi

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · A0 component / A1 spatial

Meaning: 人体后背；物体后面

Semantic: direct 对 back 名词；partial 对 aback 方向副词；对 A3 mismatch

Phonetic: weak：/bæk/ 对 [pei˥˩]；b/[p]清浊不同，æ/ei不同，-k缺失；整词还多ə-

Group: b baseline；不是同音 · shortlist · Priority: 高

Counterevidence: 不取 bēi 背负义；不把字母 a 的名称当 aback 发音；OC另见专项

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源具体来源

A02 背后 bèi hòu

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · A1

Meaning: 后方／后面，背的方位构式

Semantic: direct 位置；运动需向背后等构式

Phonetic: weak：两音节对aback两音节不构成逐音节对应；hòu无相应音段

Group: b baseline，同背家族 · semantic_control · Priority: 中

Counterevidence: 不等于突然吃惊；不是新的独立音义成功

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

A03 退 tuì

Modern Mandarin / historical sense · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；古义版本Pending · A1 movement

Meaning: 向后移动

Semantic: direct 对向后运动；对帆状态仅partial

Phonetic: mismatch：/bæk/ 与 [tʰwei] 声韵均异

Group: 组外；t不能因d-t-n-l而与b自动对应 · semantic_control · Priority: 中

Counterevidence: 不是所有aback情境都真的移动；现代taken aback不必后退

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

A04 却 què

Modern Mandarin / historical sense · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；退却义历史层首证Pending · A1 movement / A2 explanatory control

Meaning: 退、却步、退却

Semantic: direct 对退却；A2 partial

Phonetic: mismatch：现代 [tɕʰɥe] 对 /bæk/；古音未评分

Group: 组外；q不临时塞入g-k-h；末尾-k不能改作声母命中 · shortlist · Priority: 高

Counterevidence: 区分退却动词与现代转折副词却；不证明英语惊讶义来自汉语

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

A05 反 / 返 fǎn

Modern Mandarin / historical sense · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；古文返回义的具体版本Pending · A1 reversal / A2 contrast

Meaning: 反：翻转、相反；返：回归原处；古反可表返

Semantic: partial：反向有用；回归原点不是aback必含义

Phonetic: weak：f/b 发音方式不同，an/æk韵尾不同，无ə-；古音not_evaluated

Group: b-p-m-f 扩展 f · reserved · Priority: 中

Counterevidence: 反、返不是所有义项可互换；返航不是taken aback的航海义

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源具体来源

A06 北 běi

Historical character sense + modern reading · 先秦传世书证经在线转引；读音为现代 · A1 movement

Meaning: 败逃、败北

Semantic: partial：退逃附加战败限制

Phonetic: weak 现代[pei]；不把OC north行借给败逃义加分

Group: b baseline · reserved · Priority: 中

Counterevidence: 北方义mismatch；bèi违背义另条不混；不能把转身、北方、败逃混为一义

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

A07 怕 pà

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · A3 surprise

Meaning: 恐惧

Semantic: partial：惊讶可伴恐惧但不蕴含恐惧

Phonetic: weak：pʰ/b有送气清浊差，a/æ近似有限，缺-k和ə-

Group: b-p-m-f 扩展 p · rejected · Priority: 低

Counterevidence: 被意外善意惊到可taken aback但不怕；不作为通用惊讶映射

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

A08 蒙（了） mēng (le)

Modern Mandarin colloquial · 现代口语；2019大陆语言专栏明确讨论 · A3

Meaning: 突然糊涂、惶惑、一时反应不过来

Semantic: partial：适合被突发消息弄蒙；强于单纯怕但非所有surprise

Phonetic: weak：m与b不同方式，eng/æk不同韵尾；了为构式不参与配音

Group: b-p-m-f 扩展 m · shortlist · Priority: 高

Counterevidence: 排除méng覆盖、měng蒙古与欺骗/瞎猜；不推成永久无知或必定昏迷

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源具体来源

A09 懵 měng

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · A3 attempted

Meaning: 糊涂、不明事理；懵懂

Semantic: partial到mismatch：状态无知不等于突发惊讶

Phonetic: weak，与蒙声韵相近但声调/字义不能互借

Group: b-p-m-f 扩展 m · rejected · Priority: 低

Counterevidence: 本轮采用杜永道对蒙了/懵懂的区分；不以网络混写升级；非断言所有当代用法非法

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源具体来源

A10 愕（然） è (rán)

Modern Mandarin / historical sense · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；汉书等书证经在线转引 · A3

Meaning: 惊讶、惊愕

Semantic: direct 限于突发惊愕

Phonetic: mismatch：零声母/ɤ/与/bæk/不同；不能把è配ə而丢掉back

Group: 组外语义控制 · semantic_control · Priority: 高

Counterevidence: 语体较书面；古字形含咢不证明与back同源

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

A11 白 bái

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · A1/A3 negative control

Meaning: 白色，限此义

Semantic: mismatch

Phonetic: weak：同为唇塞起首的局部近似；ai≠æ，无-k；不优于背的声音

Group: b 声音控制 · sound_control · Priority: 控制

Counterevidence: 不能用吓得脸白这种后果补成惊讶义；颜色不是back

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

A12 百 bǎi

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · A1/A3 negative control

Meaning: 一百，数词

Semantic: mismatch

Phonetic: weak：与背/白类似局部声近；现代无-k；本轮不挑古音凑似

Group: b 声音控制 · sound_control · Priority: 控制

Counterevidence: 数字义无关；声母命中不能使其入选

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

OE on bæc → ME aback → nautical taken aback → figurative taken aback. bæc is a component, not another whole-word stage.

Featured Mapping: Pending。背仅比较历史空间／back成分；蒙仅为突发失措子义候选。Pending是有效研究结果，不是页面错误。

on bæc / aback · behind / backward

Old / Middle English · OE c.450–1100 → ME c.1100–1500; dictionary first-attestation boundaries differ

Chinese Mapping: Candidates recorded

bæc is a BACK component, not a modern surprise meaning; historical sound not frozen. Modern back /bæk/ comparison remains in Discovery archive.

Source refs: PF-ABACK-01, PF-ABACK-02, PF-ABACK-03

aback / taken aback · wind on the forward face of the sails; progress arrested

English nautical usage · Nautical construction recorded 1754 in the consulted dictionary, not absolute earliest

Chinese Mapping: Pending

Existing comparison has research value; no new candidate search.

sense_continuation from A1: Directional use in a sailing context; not necessarily the boat reversing course.

Source refs: PF-ABACK-01, PF-ABACK-02, PF-ABACK-03

taken aback · surprised / startled; momentarily disconcerted

Modern English · Figurative construction recorded 1792; modern reference

Chinese Mapping: Candidates recorded

Existing comparison has research value; no new candidate search.

sense_continuation from A2: Sailing setback to psychological surprise; no strict antonym reversal.

Source refs: PF-ABACK-01, PF-ABACK-02, PF-ABACK-03

背 · candidate / shortlisted

Source unit: on bæc / aback · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

bèi [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (High) — direct 对 back 名词；partial 对 aback 方向副词；对 A3 mismatch

Phonetic Fit: not_evaluated (Unknown) — Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: weak：/bæk/ 对 [pei˥˩]；b/[p]清浊不同，æ/ei不同，-k缺失；整词还多ə-

onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/bæk/ 对 [pei˥˩]；b/[p]清浊不同，æ/ei不同，-k缺失；整词还多ə-
vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/bæk/ 对 [pei˥˩]；b/[p]清浊不同，æ/ei不同，-k缺失；整词还多ə-
coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/bæk/ 对 [pei˥˩]；b/[p]清浊不同，æ/ei不同，-k缺失；整词还多ə-
syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/bæk/ 对 [pei˥˩]；b/[p]清浊不同，æ/ei不同，-k缺失；整词还多ə-
prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/bæk/ 对 [pei˥˩]；b/[p]清浊不同，æ/ei不同，-k缺失；整词还多ə-

Historical Relation: Not claimed

chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-ABACK-04, PF-ABACK-05]
comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-ABACK-04, PF-ABACK-05]
chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

背后 · meaning_control / reserved

Source unit: on bæc / aback · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

bèi hòu [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (High) — direct 位置；运动需向背后等构式

Phonetic Fit: not_evaluated (Unknown) — Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: weak：两音节对aback两音节不构成逐音节对应；hòu无相应音段

onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：两音节对aback两音节不构成逐音节对应；hòu无相应音段
vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：两音节对aback两音节不构成逐音节对应；hòu无相应音段
coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：两音节对aback两音节不构成逐音节对应；hòu无相应音段
syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：两音节对aback两音节不构成逐音节对应；hòu无相应音段
prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：两音节对aback两音节不构成逐音节对应；hòu无相应音段

Historical Relation: Not claimed

chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-ABACK-04]
comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-ABACK-04]
chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

退 · meaning_control / reserved

Source unit: on bæc / aback · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；古义版本Pending

tuì [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (High) — direct 对向后运动；对帆状态仅partial

Phonetic Fit: not_evaluated (Unknown) — Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: mismatch：/bæk/ 与 [tʰwei] 声韵均异

onset: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：/bæk/ 与 [tʰwei] 声韵均异
vowel: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：/bæk/ 与 [tʰwei] 声韵均异
coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：/bæk/ 与 [tʰwei] 声韵均异
syllables: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：/bæk/ 与 [tʰwei] 声韵均异
prosody: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：/bæk/ 与 [tʰwei] 声韵均异

Historical Relation: Not claimed

chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-ABACK-06]
comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-ABACK-06]
chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

却 · candidate / shortlisted

Source unit: on bæc / aback · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；退却义历史层首证Pending

què [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (High) — direct 对退却；A2 partial

onset: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代 [tɕʰɥe] 对 /bæk/；古音未评分
vowel: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代 [tɕʰɥe] 对 /bæk/；古音未评分
coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代 [tɕʰɥe] 对 /bæk/；古音未评分
syllables: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代 [tɕʰɥe] 对 /bæk/；古音未评分
prosody: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代 [tɕʰɥe] 对 /bæk/；古音未评分

Historical Relation: Not claimed

chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-ABACK-07]
comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-ABACK-07]
chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

反 / 返 · candidate / reserved

Source unit: on bæc / aback · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；古文返回义的具体版本Pending

fǎn [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Low) — partial：反向有用；回归原点不是aback必含义

Phonetic Fit: not_evaluated (Unknown) — Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: weak：f/b 发音方式不同，an/æk韵尾不同，无ə-；古音not_evaluated

onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：f/b 发音方式不同，an/æk韵尾不同，无ə-；古音not_evaluated
vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：f/b 发音方式不同，an/æk韵尾不同，无ə-；古音not_evaluated
coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：f/b 发音方式不同，an/æk韵尾不同，无ə-；古音not_evaluated
syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：f/b 发音方式不同，an/æk韵尾不同，无ə-；古音not_evaluated
prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：f/b 发音方式不同，an/æk韵尾不同，无ə-；古音not_evaluated

Historical Relation: Not claimed

chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-ABACK-08, PF-ABACK-09]
comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-ABACK-08, PF-ABACK-09]
chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

北 · candidate / reserved

Source unit: on bæc / aback · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 先秦传世书证经在线转引；读音为现代

běi [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Low) — partial：退逃附加战败限制

Phonetic Fit: not_evaluated (Unknown) — Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: weak 现代[pei]；不把OC north行借给败逃义加分

onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak 现代[pei]；不把OC north行借给败逃义加分
vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak 现代[pei]；不把OC north行借给败逃义加分
coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak 现代[pei]；不把OC north行借给败逃义加分
syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak 现代[pei]；不把OC north行借给败逃义加分
prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak 现代[pei]；不把OC north行借给败逃义加分

Historical Relation: Not claimed

chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-ABACK-10]
comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-ABACK-10]
chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

白 · sound_control / reserved

Source unit: on bæc / aback · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

bái [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: mismatch (Low) — mismatch

Phonetic Fit: not_evaluated (Unknown) — Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: weak：同为唇塞起首的局部近似；ai≠æ，无-k；不优于背的声音

onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：同为唇塞起首的局部近似；ai≠æ，无-k；不优于背的声音
vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：同为唇塞起首的局部近似；ai≠æ，无-k；不优于背的声音
coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：同为唇塞起首的局部近似；ai≠æ，无-k；不优于背的声音
syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：同为唇塞起首的局部近似；ai≠æ，无-k；不优于背的声音
prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：同为唇塞起首的局部近似；ai≠æ，无-k；不优于背的声音

Historical Relation: Not claimed

chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-ABACK-16]
comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-ABACK-16]
chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

百 · sound_control / reserved

Source unit: on bæc / aback · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

bǎi [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: mismatch (Low) — mismatch

Phonetic Fit: not_evaluated (Unknown) — Historical-stage pronunciation not frozen: not_evaluated. Modern-reference analysis retained separately in Discovery archive: weak：与背/白类似局部声近；现代无-k；本轮不挑古音凑似

onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：与背/白类似局部声近；现代无-k；本轮不挑古音凑似
vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：与背/白类似局部声近；现代无-k；本轮不挑古音凑似
coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：与背/白类似局部声近；现代无-k；本轮不挑古音凑似
syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：与背/白类似局部声近；现代无-k；本轮不挑古音凑似
prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：与背/白类似局部声近；现代无-k；本轮不挑古音凑似

Historical Relation: Not claimed

chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-ABACK-17]
comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-ABACK-17]
chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

怕 · candidate / rejected

Source unit: taken aback · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

pà [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Low) — partial：惊讶可伴恐惧但不蕴含恐惧

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — weak：pʰ/b有送气清浊差，a/æ近似有限，缺-k和ə-

onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：pʰ/b有送气清浊差，a/æ近似有限，缺-k和ə-
vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：pʰ/b有送气清浊差，a/æ近似有限，缺-k和ə-
coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：pʰ/b有送气清浊差，a/æ近似有限，缺-k和ə-
syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：pʰ/b有送气清浊差，a/æ近似有限，缺-k和ə-
prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：pʰ/b有送气清浊差，a/æ近似有限，缺-k和ə-

Historical Relation: Not claimed

chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-ABACK-11]
comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-ABACK-11]
chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

蒙（了） · candidate / shortlisted

Source unit: taken aback · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代口语；2019大陆语言专栏明确讨论

mēng (le) [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Low) — partial：适合被突发消息弄蒙；强于单纯怕但非所有surprise

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — weak：m与b不同方式，eng/æk不同韵尾；了为构式不参与配音

onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：m与b不同方式，eng/æk不同韵尾；了为构式不参与配音
vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：m与b不同方式，eng/æk不同韵尾；了为构式不参与配音
coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：m与b不同方式，eng/æk不同韵尾；了为构式不参与配音
syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：m与b不同方式，eng/æk不同韵尾；了为构式不参与配音
prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：m与b不同方式，eng/æk不同韵尾；了为构式不参与配音

Historical Relation: Not claimed

chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-ABACK-12, PF-ABACK-13]
comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-ABACK-12, PF-ABACK-13]
chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

懵 · candidate / rejected

Source unit: taken aback · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

měng [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Low) — partial到mismatch：状态无知不等于突发惊讶

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — weak，与蒙声韵相近但声调/字义不能互借

onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak，与蒙声韵相近但声调/字义不能互借
vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak，与蒙声韵相近但声调/字义不能互借
coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak，与蒙声韵相近但声调/字义不能互借
syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak，与蒙声韵相近但声调/字义不能互借
prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak，与蒙声韵相近但声调/字义不能互借

Historical Relation: Not claimed

chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-ABACK-14, PF-ABACK-12]
comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-ABACK-14, PF-ABACK-12]
chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

愕（然） · meaning_control / reserved

Source unit: taken aback · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代；汉书等书证经在线转引

è (rán) [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (High) — direct 限于突发惊愕

Phonetic Fit: mismatch (Low) — mismatch：零声母/ɤ/与/bæk/不同；不能把è配ə而丢掉back

onset: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：零声母/ɤ/与/bæk/不同；不能把è配ə而丢掉back
vowel: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：零声母/ɤ/与/bæk/不同；不能把è配ə而丢掉back
coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：零声母/ɤ/与/bæk/不同；不能把è配ə而丢掉back
syllables: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：零声母/ɤ/与/bæk/不同；不能把è配ə而丢掉back
prosody: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：零声母/ɤ/与/bæk/不同；不能把è配ə而丢掉back

Historical Relation: Not claimed

chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-ABACK-15]
comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-ABACK-15]
chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

Migration baseline: be8bc2dcb1d3f517ba41bbaa2dacc8574335565b. 原有评级、评分、反例及逐项来源见本页各折叠研究章节；本批按已批准 Freeze 校准；旧主张不代表当前证据等级。

Merriam-Webster: aback · PF-ABACK-01

Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries: aback · PF-ABACK-02

Etymonline: aback · PF-ABACK-03

汉典：背 · PF-ABACK-04

识典古籍《汉语大词典》摘要：背 · PF-ABACK-05

汉典：退 · PF-ABACK-06

汉典：却 · PF-ABACK-07

汉典：反 · PF-ABACK-08

汉典：返 · PF-ABACK-09

汉典：北 · PF-ABACK-10

汉典：怕 · PF-ABACK-11