Unilanguage

Language Book · Author: Jinkai Liu

SOUND

Standard Translation: 声音

Featured Mapping: Pending

声是标准／语义Mapping；响／发声解释动词。嗓只留人声子域Research。历史根对应与拟声解释Pending；健康、测深不得并入听觉历史链。

Featured Mapping is optional. Pending 是有效研究状态，不是页面错误。

Featured 是编辑选择，不是证据等级。Historical Relation: Not claimed。

Stage / Cultural Mappings｜阶段与文化分层

sound · auditory phenomenon / make sound

Modern English · Modern English; final -d develops in late ME–16th century

Stage candidate: 声 · shēng

Semantic: direct · Phonetic: weak · Historical Relation: Not claimed

Supported只可指译义；不能继承为音近或同源等级；OC专项*[l̥]eŋ不支持不变s起首; Featured Mapping: Pending。声是标准／语义Mapping；响／发声解释动词。嗓只留人声子域Research。历史根对应与拟声解释Pending；健康、测深不得并入听觉历史链。

Research / Evidence · 研究与证据

sound · auditory phenomenon / make sound

Modern English · Modern English; final -d develops in late ME–16th century

Stage candidate: 响 · xiǎng

Semantic: direct · Phonetic: weak · Historical Relation: Not claimed

声音大义是另一sense；动词不能直接替代所有名词sound; Featured Mapping: Pending。声是标准／语义Mapping；响／发声解释动词。嗓只留人声子域Research。历史根对应与拟声解释Pending；健康、测深不得并入听觉历史链。

Research / Evidence · 研究与证据

① Literary Introduction（文学引言）

小提琴的声音响起时，
仿佛森林里一条小小的溪水正在流动。
琴声流淌的时候，我正路过一座雄伟的教堂。
我看见教堂两座圆形角楼的顶，
也看见那扇圆窗，以及像太阳般向四方放射的窗棂。
一位圣人伸开双臂，仿佛天使正在招手；
他身后的光环，又像一轮太阳。
那些圆柱使人想起古老的雅典神庙。
一位戴着礼帽的绅士从大门走过。
小提琴起伏的旋律，
使我想象一双仙侣从中世纪的山间漂流而来。
那是我曾经熟悉的音乐，还是作曲家的新作呢？
太阳照着教堂大理石的外墙，
又为它涂上一层淡淡的黄色。
那是凝固的音乐。

When the violin sounded,
it was like a small stream flowing through the forest.
As the violin's current rose, I was passing a majestic church.
I saw its two round corner towers, its circular window,
and tracery radiating like the sun.
A saint extended his arms as though an angel were beckoning;
behind him, a halo shone like another sun.
Columns recalled an ancient Athenian temple.
A gentleman in a top hat passed through the great doorway.
The violin's rising and falling melody made me imagine
a pair of immortal companions drifting down from the mountains of the Middle Ages.
Was this music I had once known, or a composer's new work?
Sunlight touched the church's marble wall
and spread over it a pale layer of yellow.
It was frozen music.

Literary boundary · 文学边界： 小提琴、森林溪流、教堂、太阳、圣人与“凝固的音乐”均属文学意象，不构成历史或语音证据。中文依据 Jinkai Liu 原稿整理；英文为文学译文。

Research archive · ② Definition（定义）

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Sound is vibration perceived by living beings. In physics, sound is a mechanical wave. In language, sound is the medium of speech.

在 Unilanguage 中，Sound 不只是物理声音， 而是意义出现之前最早可以被感知的信息形式。

Sound = Vibration + Perception + Memory

Research archive · ③ Multilingual Mapping（多语言对应）

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English: sound /saʊnd/ — 声音；响起
Chinese: 声 shēng — 名词；响 xiǎng — 动词
French: son /sɔ̃/ — 名词；sonner /sɔ.ne/ — 动词

备注：名词 sound 通常译为“声音”，动词 to sound 在本条语境中对应“响／响起”； 单字“声 shēng”作为特色词义形式单独展示。

Research archive · ④ Etymology（词源）

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表示“可听见的声音”的英语 sound，经中古英语 soun、盎格鲁法语 son / sun，追溯至拉丁语 sonus，并与 sonare“发声”相关。

法语 son 源自拉丁语 sonus； sonner 源自拉丁语 sonare。

汉语“声”偏向声音本身； “响”偏向声音发生、发出、回荡。

说明：上述拉丁—英法词史与汉语“声／响”的历史相互独立。 sound 与“声 shēng”的对应是低置信的现代语音—语义候选，不是同源结论。

Research archive · ⑤ Unilanguage Interpretation（共通语言解释）

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当小提琴声音响起时， 真正进入意识的，不只是音乐， 而是一次振动。

空气开始振动，耳朵感受到振动， 记忆开始寻找相似的经验， 于是意义逐渐形成。

如果我们认为语言可能由更早的共同语言变化而来， 那么辅音可以被看作一种相对稳定的语言要素。 即使两个词属于不同语系， 也可以通过辅音、元音和语义关系寻找其深层共通性。

如果不从共同起源的角度解释， Unilanguage 仍然可以刻意地寻找不同语言之间的共通性。 这种共通性可以是两个词开头的辅音， 也可以是词根中间的元音或声音结构。

因此，英语 sound 可以与汉语 声 shēng 建立对应关系。 这种对应不是简单的翻译， 而是一种声音、意义与结构之间的映射。

Research archive · ⑥ Semantic Rules（语义规则）

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Physical Vibration
↓
Sound
↓
Perception
↓
Memory
↓
Meaning
↓
Language
↓
Knowledge

声音不仅可以听见。声音占据空间，经历时间， 唤起情感，形成记忆，并最终进入语言。

Rule 1 · Consonant Stability（辅音稳定原则）

Consonants may preserve relatively stable structural information during language evolution.

在语言演化过程中，辅音可能比元音更稳定， 因此可以作为跨语言映射的重要线索。

Rule 2 · Intentional Mapping（主动映射原则）

Even without proving a direct historical origin, Unilanguage may intentionally search for common phonetic and semantic structures between languages.

即使不能证明两个词有直接历史来源， 我们也可以有意识地寻找语言之间的共通性。

Rule 3 · Initial Consonant（首辅音原则）

The first consonant of a word may become an anchor for semantic comparison.

词汇开头的辅音，可以作为建立语义对应的一个锚点。

Rule 4 · Internal Vowel（内部元音原则）

The vowel inside a root may also help reveal sound patterns, emotional direction and semantic tendency.

词根内部的元音，也可能提示声音方向、情感色彩和语义倾向。

Research archive · ⑥A Protocol Example（协议实例）

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sound
↓
initial consonant: s
↓
声 shēng
↓
sound / voice / resonance

In this example, English sound and Chinese 声 shēng are connected through both meaning and a broad initial-sibilant resemblance.

在这个例子中，英语 sound 与汉语 声 shēng 通过意义和宽泛的起首擦音近似建立联系。

English /s/ and Mandarin sh /ʂ/ are not the same consonant. This low-confidence comparison does not claim regular sound change or historical cognacy.

Research archive · ⑦ Protocol Position（协议位置）

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Sound is the first layer of the Semantic Protocol. Without sound, language has no first entrance into human perception.

Sound
↓
Space
↓
Time
↓
Meaning
↓
Language
↓
Human
↓
Knowledge
Research archive · ⑧ Related Concepts（相关概念）

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Space · Time · Meaning · Language · Human · Knowledge

Research archive · ⑨ Reflection（思考）

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When we hear a violin, we are not hearing only sound. We are hearing space, time, memory, emotion and civilization condensed into vibration.

当我们听见一把小提琴， 我们听见的并不仅仅是声音。 我们听见的是空间、时间、记忆、情感与文明， 它们共同凝聚在一次振动之中。

Research archive · ⑩ Community（社区共创）

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This page is part of the Unilanguage Protocol. Readers, writers, linguists, translators, artists and researchers may contribute literary texts, lexical explanations, semantic mappings, etymology notes or protocol ideas.

本页面是 Unilanguage Protocol 的一部分。 欢迎读者、作者、语言学家、翻译者、艺术家和研究者共同参与。 可以提交文学引言、词汇解释、语义映射、词源补充或协议规则建议。

  • Literature：诗歌、散文、场景描写
  • Lexical Notes：词汇解释、例句、词源
  • Protocol Notes：语义规则、结构建议
  • Mapping：英、汉、法及其他语言对应
  • Knowledge Graph：概念连接与知识图谱
  • Images / Music：图片、音乐、插图

All contributions will be reviewed before publication. 所有投稿在发布前都需要审核。

Review Hypothesis Lab · 查看假说实验室
← Back to Protocol

Research / Evidence｜研究与证据

当前模型、证据与 Pending

Entry: Published · Publication: Published · Featured: Pending · Evidence: 各项独立评级，纸本 Pending。

Discovery候选完整记录

下列是已冻结的有限检索记录；历史阶段未冻结音值时，现代参照评分不会转入历史音评分。

S01 声 shēng

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-A3 auditory noun

Meaning: 能引起听觉的声音；声响

Semantic: direct

Phonetic: weak：/s/≠[ʂ]；/aʊ/≠[ɤ/ə]，/nd/≠ŋ；整词一音节但韵不合

Group: sh不属于冻结的z-c-s；仅独立宽泛咝音观察 · shortlist · Priority: 高

Counterevidence: Supported只可指译义；不能继承为音近或同源等级；OC专项*[l̥]eŋ不支持不变s起首

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源 具体来源

S02 响 xiǎng

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-A3 auditory verb

Meaning: 发出声音、响起；亦有声响名词义

Semantic: direct 对不及物发声；使动需使…响

Phonetic: weak：/s/对[ɕ]，iaŋ与aʊnd差异明显

Group: 组外；x不自动纳入z-c-s · shortlist · Priority: 高

Counterevidence: 声音大义是另一sense；动词不能直接替代所有名词sound

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

S03 音 yīn

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-A1/S-A3

Meaning: 声音、音响；特定语境有音乐/音调限制

Semantic: direct 在声音义；部分古代乐论有声/音区分

Phonetic: mismatch：现代无s起首，in≠aʊnd；Latin历史音未冻结

Group: 组外语义控制 · semantic_control · Priority: 中

Counterevidence: 古音/古义不能直接从现代声音合成词推出；不把一切声限定成音乐

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

S04 鸣 míng

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-A3 auditory verb

Meaning: 鸟兽叫；器物发声

Semantic: partial：适合钟鸣/鸟鸣，不包所有声音

Phonetic: mismatch：m、iŋ与saʊnd不同

Group: 组外语义控制；不从s临时跳到m组 · semantic_control · Priority: 中

Counterevidence: 附加声源与语体限制；不能将每次声音译成鸣

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

S05 嗓 sǎng

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-A3 restricted voice

Meaning: 嗓音、人声；另义为喉咙

Semantic: partial：voice子域，不是一般auditory phenomenon

Phonetic: partial 局部：s相同，a类元音与鼻音尾近似；a≠aʊ，ŋ≠nd，无-d，声调不同

Group: s baseline · shortlist · Priority: 高

Counterevidence: 必须选嗓音义；器官喉咙≠声音；水声/钟声不可通用；不是sonus的已证根对应

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

S06 噪 zào

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-A3 noise subtype

Meaning: 喧嚷、嘈杂声

Semantic: partial：附加杂乱/高声限制

Phonetic: partial 局部：ao接近aʊ；[ts]≠s，缺-nd，声调不同

Group: z-c-s 扩展 z · reserved · Priority: 中

Counterevidence: noise不是中性sound全义；仅留子类对照

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

S07 诵 sòng

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-A3 verb attempted

Meaning: 有抑扬地念、诵读

Semantic: partial：发声的一种行为

Phonetic: weak：s相同；uŋ与aʊnd不同；法语son的拼写不当历史IPA

Group: s baseline · rejected · Priority: 低

Counterevidence: 言语内容与诵读方式过窄；不因法语son近拼写升为通用sound

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

S08 嘶 sī

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-A3 vocal subtype

Meaning: 马叫、声音沙哑

Semantic: partial：受声源/音质约束

Phonetic: weak：s相同，i舌尖元音与aʊnd不同；缺鼻塞尾

Group: s baseline · reserved · Priority: 中

Counterevidence: 嘶不代表所有声；仅可单列声象子类型，不能证明sound本词拟声

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

S09 飒 sà

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-A3 wind-sound subtype

Meaning: 形容风声

Semantic: partial：风声子类

Phonetic: weak：s相同，a对aʊ只是局部，缺-nd

Group: s baseline · reserved · Priority: 中

Counterevidence: 拟声词属性属于飒而非自动属于英语sound；不因含sound义同源

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

S10 啧 zé

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-A3 mouth-sound subtype

Meaning: 啧啧类舌口声，亦有争辩等义

Semantic: partial：特定声响

Phonetic: weak：[ts]≠s，ɤ≠aʊ，缺-nd

Group: z-c-s 扩展 z · reserved · Priority: 中

Counterevidence: 固定啧啧构式/语用限制；不泛化作声音总称

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

S11 桑 sāng

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-A3 negative control

Meaning: 桑树

Semantic: mismatch

Phonetic: partial 局部：与嗓音段接近，s+a+ŋ；仍缺双元音与-d

Group: s 声音控制 · sound_control · Priority: 控制

Counterevidence: 桑不因与嗓同音段或作声旁而有voice义

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

S12 耸 sǒng

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-A3 negative control

Meaning: 高起；本轮控制sense取此

Semantic: mismatch

Phonetic: weak：s+鼻尾近似有限；uŋ≠aʊnd

Group: s 声音控制 · sound_control · Priority: 控制

Counterevidence: 耸人听闻不等于声音；古耳聋义更不等于声音现象

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

S13 健 jiàn

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-H healthy branch

Meaning: 强健、健康

Semantic: direct 对healthy子义；auditory mismatch

Phonetic: mismatch：tɕian≠saʊnd

Group: 组外义项边界控制 · semantic_control · Priority: 控制

Counterevidence: 不能把这个sound与声合成一条链；不覆盖sound argument所有用法

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

S14 探 tàn

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-P probe branch

Meaning: 探察、探测

Semantic: direct 对probe；测水深要探深/测深等构式

Phonetic: weak：tʰ≠s，an和aʊnd仅鼻音偶合

Group: 组外义项边界控制 · semantic_control · Priority: 控制

Counterevidence: 探测并不必借声音；现代声呐技术不证明两词源相同

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

S15 测 cè

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代 · S-P depth branch

Meaning: 测量；推测

Semantic: direct 对measure动作；水深对象需补出

Phonetic: mismatch：[tsʰɤ]与saʊnd不近

Group: z-c-s命中特征仅适用于probe表面音；不计auditory扩展收益 · semantic_control · Priority: 控制

Counterevidence: measure/probe的同形不许给声音义加分

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented

具体来源

Auditory: Latin sonus / sonāre family → AF/ME forms → sound. Independent identities: healthy sound ← OE gesund; depth-probing sound ← French sonder. No ancestry edges between these homographs.

Auditory: Latin sonus / sonāre family → AF/ME forms → sound. Independent identities: healthy sound ← OE gesund; depth-probing sound ← French sonder. No ancestry edges between these homographs.

Featured Mapping: Pending。声是标准／语义Mapping；响／发声解释动词。嗓只留人声子域Research。历史根对应与拟声解释Pending；健康、测深不得并入听觉历史链。

sonus / sonāre · sound (noun) / make sound (verb)

Latin · Classical Latin layer, c.1st century BCE–2nd century CE as reference, not first attestation

Chinese Mapping: Not selected

Retained to explain semantic development; no Chinese search selected.

Source refs: PF-SOUND-01, PF-SOUND-02, PF-SOUND-03, PF-SOUND-04

son / soun; sounen · auditory noun and verb family

Anglo-French / Middle English · Medieval layer; English noun attested 13th century

Chinese Mapping: Not selected

Retained to explain semantic development; no Chinese search selected.

borrowing from S-A1: Noun sonus and related verb sonāre remain distinct; AF noun/verb forms feed ME soun/sounen.

Source refs: PF-SOUND-01, PF-SOUND-02, PF-SOUND-03, PF-SOUND-04

sound · auditory phenomenon / make sound

Modern English · Modern English; final -d develops in late ME–16th century

Chinese Mapping: Candidates recorded

Existing comparison has research value; no new candidate search.

sense_continuation from S-A2: Auditory family continuation; noun and verb separately compared.

Source refs: PF-SOUND-01, PF-SOUND-02, PF-SOUND-03, PF-SOUND-04

gesund → sound · healthy / intact / solid

Old / Modern English · Independent Old English gesund lineage to modern English

Chinese Mapping: Pending

Existing comparison has research value; no new candidate search.

Source refs: PF-SOUND-01, PF-SOUND-02, PF-SOUND-03, PF-SOUND-04

sonde / sonder → sound · probe / measure depth

French / English · English 14th–15th-century evidence; earlier French origin unresolved

Chinese Mapping: Pending

Existing comparison has research value; no new candidate search.

Source refs: PF-SOUND-01, PF-SOUND-02, PF-SOUND-03, PF-SOUND-04

sund · waterway / strait

Old English / Old Norse · Medieval water-family control, separate from auditory family

Chinese Mapping: Not selected

Retained to explain semantic development; no Chinese search selected.

Source refs: PF-SOUND-01, PF-SOUND-02, PF-SOUND-03, PF-SOUND-04

声 · candidate / shortlisted

Source unit: sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

shēng [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (High) — direct

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — weak：/s/≠[ʂ]；/aʊ/≠[ɤ/ə]，/nd/≠ŋ；整词一音节但韵不合

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/≠[ʂ]；/aʊ/≠[ɤ/ə]，/nd/≠ŋ；整词一音节但韵不合
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/≠[ʂ]；/aʊ/≠[ɤ/ə]，/nd/≠ŋ；整词一音节但韵不合
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/≠[ʂ]；/aʊ/≠[ɤ/ə]，/nd/≠ŋ；整词一音节但韵不合
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/≠[ʂ]；/aʊ/≠[ɤ/ə]，/nd/≠ŋ；整词一音节但韵不合
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/≠[ʂ]；/aʊ/≠[ɤ/ə]，/nd/≠ŋ；整词一音节但韵不合

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-05, PF-SOUND-06]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-05, PF-SOUND-06]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

响 · candidate / shortlisted

Source unit: sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

xiǎng [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (High) — direct 对不及物发声；使动需使…响

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — weak：/s/对[ɕ]，iaŋ与aʊnd差异明显

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/对[ɕ]，iaŋ与aʊnd差异明显
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/对[ɕ]，iaŋ与aʊnd差异明显
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/对[ɕ]，iaŋ与aʊnd差异明显
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/对[ɕ]，iaŋ与aʊnd差异明显
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：/s/对[ɕ]，iaŋ与aʊnd差异明显

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-07]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-07]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

音 · meaning_control / reserved

Source unit: sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

yīn [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (High) — direct 在声音义；部分古代乐论有声/音区分

Phonetic Fit: mismatch (Low) — mismatch：现代无s起首，in≠aʊnd；Latin历史音未冻结

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代无s起首，in≠aʊnd；Latin历史音未冻结
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代无s起首，in≠aʊnd；Latin历史音未冻结
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代无s起首，in≠aʊnd；Latin历史音未冻结
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代无s起首，in≠aʊnd；Latin历史音未冻结
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：现代无s起首，in≠aʊnd；Latin历史音未冻结

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-08]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-08]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

鸣 · meaning_control / reserved

Source unit: sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

míng [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Low) — partial：适合钟鸣/鸟鸣，不包所有声音

Phonetic Fit: mismatch (Low) — mismatch：m、iŋ与saʊnd不同

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：m、iŋ与saʊnd不同
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：m、iŋ与saʊnd不同
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：m、iŋ与saʊnd不同
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：m、iŋ与saʊnd不同
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：m、iŋ与saʊnd不同

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-09]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-09]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

嗓 · candidate / reserved

Source unit: sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

sǎng [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Low) — partial：voice子域，不是一般auditory phenomenon

Phonetic Fit: partial (Low) — partial 局部：s相同，a类元音与鼻音尾近似；a≠aʊ，ŋ≠nd，无-d，声调不同

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：s相同，a类元音与鼻音尾近似；a≠aʊ，ŋ≠nd，无-d，声调不同
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：s相同，a类元音与鼻音尾近似；a≠aʊ，ŋ≠nd，无-d，声调不同
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：s相同，a类元音与鼻音尾近似；a≠aʊ，ŋ≠nd，无-d，声调不同
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：s相同，a类元音与鼻音尾近似；a≠aʊ，ŋ≠nd，无-d，声调不同
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：s相同，a类元音与鼻音尾近似；a≠aʊ，ŋ≠nd，无-d，声调不同

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-10]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-10]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

噪 · candidate / reserved

Source unit: sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

zào [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Low) — partial：附加杂乱/高声限制

Phonetic Fit: partial (Low) — partial 局部：ao接近aʊ；[ts]≠s，缺-nd，声调不同

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：ao接近aʊ；[ts]≠s，缺-nd，声调不同
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：ao接近aʊ；[ts]≠s，缺-nd，声调不同
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：ao接近aʊ；[ts]≠s，缺-nd，声调不同
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：ao接近aʊ；[ts]≠s，缺-nd，声调不同
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：ao接近aʊ；[ts]≠s，缺-nd，声调不同

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-11]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-11]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

诵 · candidate / rejected

Source unit: sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

sòng [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Low) — partial：发声的一种行为

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — weak：s相同；uŋ与aʊnd不同；法语son的拼写不当历史IPA

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同；uŋ与aʊnd不同；法语son的拼写不当历史IPA
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同；uŋ与aʊnd不同；法语son的拼写不当历史IPA
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同；uŋ与aʊnd不同；法语son的拼写不当历史IPA
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同；uŋ与aʊnd不同；法语son的拼写不当历史IPA
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同；uŋ与aʊnd不同；法语son的拼写不当历史IPA

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-12]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-12]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

嘶 · candidate / reserved

Source unit: sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

sī [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Low) — partial：受声源/音质约束

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — weak：s相同，i舌尖元音与aʊnd不同；缺鼻塞尾

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，i舌尖元音与aʊnd不同；缺鼻塞尾
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，i舌尖元音与aʊnd不同；缺鼻塞尾
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，i舌尖元音与aʊnd不同；缺鼻塞尾
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，i舌尖元音与aʊnd不同；缺鼻塞尾
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，i舌尖元音与aʊnd不同；缺鼻塞尾

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-13]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-13]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

飒 · candidate / reserved

Source unit: sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

sà [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Low) — partial：风声子类

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — weak：s相同，a对aʊ只是局部，缺-nd

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，a对aʊ只是局部，缺-nd
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，a对aʊ只是局部，缺-nd
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，a对aʊ只是局部，缺-nd
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，a对aʊ只是局部，缺-nd
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s相同，a对aʊ只是局部，缺-nd

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-14]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-14]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

啧 · candidate / reserved

Source unit: sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

zé [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Low) — partial：特定声响

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — weak：[ts]≠s，ɤ≠aʊ，缺-nd

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：[ts]≠s，ɤ≠aʊ，缺-nd
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：[ts]≠s，ɤ≠aʊ，缺-nd
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：[ts]≠s，ɤ≠aʊ，缺-nd
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：[ts]≠s，ɤ≠aʊ，缺-nd
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：[ts]≠s，ɤ≠aʊ，缺-nd

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-15]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-15]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

桑 · sound_control / reserved

Source unit: sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

sāng [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: mismatch (Low) — mismatch

Phonetic Fit: partial (Low) — partial 局部：与嗓音段接近，s+a+ŋ；仍缺双元音与-d

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：与嗓音段接近，s+a+ŋ；仍缺双元音与-d
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：与嗓音段接近，s+a+ŋ；仍缺双元音与-d
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：与嗓音段接近，s+a+ŋ；仍缺双元音与-d
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：与嗓音段接近，s+a+ŋ；仍缺双元音与-d
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: partial 局部：与嗓音段接近，s+a+ŋ；仍缺双元音与-d

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-16]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-16]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

耸 · sound_control / reserved

Source unit: sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

sǒng [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: mismatch (Low) — mismatch

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — weak：s+鼻尾近似有限；uŋ≠aʊnd

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s+鼻尾近似有限；uŋ≠aʊnd
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s+鼻尾近似有限；uŋ≠aʊnd
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s+鼻尾近似有限；uŋ≠aʊnd
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s+鼻尾近似有限；uŋ≠aʊnd
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：s+鼻尾近似有限；uŋ≠aʊnd

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-17]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-17]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

健 · meaning_control / reserved

Source unit: gesund → sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

jiàn [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (High) — direct 对healthy子义；auditory mismatch

Phonetic Fit: mismatch (Low) — mismatch：tɕian≠saʊnd

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：tɕian≠saʊnd
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：tɕian≠saʊnd
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：tɕian≠saʊnd
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：tɕian≠saʊnd
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：tɕian≠saʊnd

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-18]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-18]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

探 · meaning_control / reserved

Source unit: sonde / sonder → sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

tàn [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (High) — direct 对probe；测水深要探深/测深等构式

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — weak：tʰ≠s，an和aʊnd仅鼻音偶合

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: weak：tʰ≠s，an和aʊnd仅鼻音偶合
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: weak：tʰ≠s，an和aʊnd仅鼻音偶合
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: weak：tʰ≠s，an和aʊnd仅鼻音偶合
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: weak：tʰ≠s，an和aʊnd仅鼻音偶合
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: weak：tʰ≠s，an和aʊnd仅鼻音偶合

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-19]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-19]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

测 · meaning_control / reserved

Source unit: sonde / sonder → sound · whole_form

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话；本轮2026参考，不声称初见年代

cè [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (High) — direct 对measure动作；水深对象需补出

Phonetic Fit: mismatch (Low) — mismatch：[tsʰɤ]与saʊnd不近

  • onset: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：[tsʰɤ]与saʊnd不近
  • vowel: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：[tsʰɤ]与saʊnd不近
  • coda_other_consonants: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：[tsʰɤ]与saʊnd不近
  • syllables: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：[tsʰɤ]与saʊnd不近
  • prosody: See bounded segment analysis: mismatch：[tsʰɤ]与saʊnd不近

Historical Relation: Not claimed

  • chinese_sense: mediated — direct online lexicographic entry within listed basic/detailed section; ancient quotations mediated unless explicitly stated; Mainland-first scope retained, not a direct print audit. [PF-SOUND-20]
  • comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [PF-SOUND-20]
  • chinese_sense: pending — Pending: specific editions/entries not obtained; no page invented []

Migration baseline: be8bc2dcb1d3f517ba41bbaa2dacc8574335565b. 原有评级、评分、反例及逐项来源见本页各折叠研究章节；本批按已批准 Freeze 校准；旧主张不代表当前证据等级。

Merriam-Webster: sound · PF-SOUND-01

Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries: sound_1 · PF-SOUND-02

CNRTL: son · PF-SOUND-03

Etymonline: sound · PF-SOUND-04

汉典：声 · PF-SOUND-05

识典古籍《汉语大词典》摘要：聲 · PF-SOUND-06

汉典：响 · PF-SOUND-07

汉典：音 · PF-SOUND-08

汉典：鸣 · PF-SOUND-09

汉典：嗓 · PF-SOUND-10

汉典：噪 · PF-SOUND-11

汉典：诵 · PF-SOUND-12

汉典：嘶 · PF-SOUND-13

汉典：飒 · PF-SOUND-14

汉典：啧 · PF-SOUND-15

汉典：桑 · PF-SOUND-16

汉典：耸 · PF-SOUND-17

汉典：健 · PF-SOUND-18

汉典：探 · PF-SOUND-19

汉典：测 · PF-SOUND-20

完整结构化研究记录
迁移前摘要：已被当前分层结论取代，非当前 Featured

Protocol · Chapter 01

sound↔ 声 shēng· 声音

Featured lexical mapping · 特色词义映射

Standard translation · 通用翻译：声音 shēngyīn（名词）· 响／响起 xiǎng / xiǎngqǐ（动词）

Reader note · 读者说明： “声”先作为简洁汉语形式展示，“声音”仍是现代通用名词翻译；sound /saʊnd/ 与“声”shēng 的辅音近似只作低置信现代音义观察，不主张同源。