abundāre · OVERFLOW；充足、富有
Latin · 古典拉丁语；首见未核
Stage candidate: 溢 · yì
Semantic: direct · Phonetic: not_evaluated · Historical Relation: Not claimed
有数量多但没有容器溢出的情境; 强：OVERFLOW；不能替代全部现代大量存在义
Research / Evidence · 研究与证据Language Book · Author: Jinkai Liu
ABOUND
Standard Translation: 大量存在；富有／充满（in/with 构式）
Featured Mapping: Pending
溢 yì对应abundāre的overflow义，丰 fēng对应abundance/plenty及现代大量义。满 mǎn仅留适用构式Research；溢→丰不是中文历史派生链，蹦不是词源依据。
Featured Mapping is optional. Pending 是有效研究状态，不是页面错误。
Featured 是编辑选择，不是证据等级。Historical Relation: Not claimed。
Stage / Cultural Mappings｜阶段与文化分层
abound · 大量存在；abound in/with 充满/富有
Modern English · 现代
Stage candidate: 丰 · fēng
Semantic: direct · Phonetic: weak · Historical Relation: Not claimed
不把简体丰的字形当豐义历史证明；丰富不必是经济繁荣; 强：PLENTY；词性/构式须另配，通常非不及物动词
Research / Evidence · 研究与证据① Literary / Author Layer
原作者观察保留在Research；本轮没有新增文学文本。
② Basic Meaning
大量存在；富有／充满（in/with 构式）
③ Multilingual Mapping
Featured Mapping: Pending。溢 yì对应abundāre的overflow义，丰 fēng对应abundance/plenty及现代大量义。满 mǎn仅留适用构式Research；溢→丰不是中文历史派生链，蹦不是词源依据。
④ Historical Etymology
unda / undāre [AO1]; abundāre [AO2]; abunder → abounden [AO3]; abound [AO4]。语义节点不等于严格时间阶梯；具体分支见Research。
⑤ Unilanguage Mapping / Level
Featured is optional. 原Mapping Level Unrated保持；Featured编辑选择不提升证据。
⑥ Mapping Justification
Featured Mapping: Pending。溢 yì对应abundāre的overflow义，丰 fēng对应abundance/plenty及现代大量义。满 mǎn仅留适用构式Research；溢→丰不是中文历史派生链，蹦不是词源依据。 Semantic research value ≠ phonetic match.
⑦ Protocol References
Meaning first; consonant groups generate candidates, not evidence scores.
⑧ Translation Protocol
大量存在；富有／充满（in/with 构式）。按词性、义项和构式选择；不以候选替代通用译义。
⑨ Sense Boundaries
Featured Mapping: Pending。溢 yì对应abundāre的overflow义，丰 fēng对应abundance/plenty及现代大量义。满 mǎn仅留适用构式Research；溢→丰不是中文历史派生链，蹦不是词源依据。
⑩ Community
欢迎具体词条和反例；纸本原条、古音及未证演变继续Pending。
Research / Evidence
历史阶段、完整候选、控制与冻结决定
Entry: Reviewed · Publication: Published · Featured: Pending · Evidence: 各项独立评级，纸本 Pending。
Discovery候选完整记录
下列是已冻结的有限检索记录；历史阶段未冻结音值时，现代参照评分不会转入历史音评分。
ABOUND-01 溢 yì
Historical character sense + modern reading · 古汉语义项；首见年代未冻结；读音为现代普通话 · AO1/AO2
Meaning: 液体满而流出；充满、超出
Semantic: 强：OVERFLOW；不能替代全部现代大量存在义
Phonetic: 弱：无 /b/，无 /aʊnd/ 音段对应
Group: 组外 · retain · Priority: 1
Counterevidence: 有数量多但没有容器溢出的情境
Historical Relation: Not claimed
Mainland: Pending
具体来源ABOUND-02 丰／豐 fēng
Historical character sense + modern reading · 古汉语义项；首见年代未冻结；读音为现代普通话 · AO2/AO4
Meaning: 数量丰富、充裕
Semantic: 强：PLENTY；词性/构式须另配，通常非不及物动词
Phonetic: 弱：f=[f]≠/b/；/əŋ/≠/aʊnd/，只属候选组
Group: b-p-m-f 扩展探针：现代词内 /b/→f · retain · Priority: 1
Counterevidence: 不把简体丰的字形当豐义历史证明；丰富不必是经济繁荣
Historical Relation: Not claimed
Mainland: Pending
具体来源ABOUND-03 满／滿 mǎn
Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音 · AO2/AO4
Meaning: 充满、达到容量
Semantic: 中：full；容器满与数量多并非处处互换
Phonetic: 弱局部：唇音/鼻音、末 /n/ 有局部特征；/m/≠/b/，无 /d/，元音不同
Group: b-p-m-f 扩展探针：现代词内 /b/→m · retain-limited · Priority: 2
Counterevidence: 大量分散存在不等于填满容器
Historical Relation: Not claimed
Mainland: Pending
具体来源ABOUND-04 沛 pèi
Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音 · AO2/AO4
Meaning: 充盛（如充沛）；水势盛的用法待原条深核
Semantic: 中：充足/盛多；不等于所有 abound 构式
Phonetic: 弱：p=[pʰ] 与 /b/ 送气/清浊不同；/eɪ/≠/aʊ/，无 /nd/
Group: b-p-m-f 扩展探针：现代词内 /b/→p · retain-limited · Priority: 2
Counterevidence: 复合词充沛的适用范围不能无限扩大；水→抽象路径保持 Pending
Historical Relation: Not claimed
Mainland: Pending
具体来源ABOUND-05 多 duō
Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音 · AO4
Meaning: 数量大
Semantic: 强：大量存在的语义控制
Phonetic: 弱：声母元音及韵尾不合
Group: 组外 · control · Priority: 0
Counterevidence: 只表示多，不能独自覆盖 be well supplied with 的构式
Historical Relation: Not claimed
Mainland: Pending
具体来源ABOUND-06 蹦 bèng
Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音 · AO4
Meaning: 跳跃
Semantic: 不匹配：繁荣只是旧作者联想
Phonetic: 局部弱：b=[p] 对 /b/；/əŋ/≠/aʊnd/，声调非英语重音
Group: b baseline · reject · Priority: 0
Counterevidence: 经济跳起不是 Latin overflow 证据；可存文学观察，不作映射依据
Historical Relation: Not claimed
Mainland: Pending
具体来源ABOUND-07 邦 bāng
Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音 · AO4
Meaning: 国家、邦国
Semantic: 无关
Phonetic: 局部唇塞音和低元音不足；/ɑŋ/≠/aʊnd/
Group: b baseline · control · Priority: 0
Counterevidence: 组内音近义远控制；无历史语义桥
Historical Relation: Not claimed
Mainland: Pending
具体来源unda / undāre [AO1]; abundāre [AO2]; abunder → abounden [AO3]; abound [AO4]
Related meaning nodes, not mechanically chronological: 浪／波动、涌流; OVERFLOW；充足、富有; 涌溢与丰富等义承继; 大量存在；abound in/with 充满/富有
Featured Mapping: Pending。溢 yì对应abundāre的overflow义，丰 fēng对应abundance/plenty及现代大量义。满 mǎn仅留适用构式Research；溢→丰不是中文历史派生链，蹦不是词源依据。
unda / undāre · 浪／波动、涌流
Latin · 古典拉丁语；首见未核
Chinese Mapping: Not selected
名词与派生动词，作为解释来源压缩一行; Chinese Mapping: 溢只比较涌流/溢出操作，不说溢=浪
Source refs: TC2-ABOUND-SRC-01
abundāre · OVERFLOW；充足、富有
Latin · 古典拉丁语；首见未核
Chinese Mapping: Candidates recorded
ab- + undāre；物理与抽象义均已存在; Chinese Mapping: 溢；丰、满；沛有限
derivation from AO1: ab- + undāre；物理与抽象义均已存在; Chinese Mapping: 溢；丰、满；沛有限
Source refs: TC2-ABOUND-SRC-01
abunder → abounden · 涌溢与丰富等义承继
Anglo-French → Middle English · 中世纪；英语14世纪起
Chinese Mapping: Not selected
借入；不是现代英语才首次出现大量义; Chinese Mapping: Not selected
borrowing from AO2: 借入；不是现代英语才首次出现大量义; Chinese Mapping: Not selected
Source refs: TC2-ABOUND-SRC-01
abound · 大量存在；abound in/with 充满/富有
Modern English · 现代
Chinese Mapping: Candidates recorded
现代构式/义项冻结; Chinese Mapping: 丰；满、沛有限；多为控制
sense_continuation from AO3: 现代构式/义项冻结; Chinese Mapping: 丰；满、沛有限；多为控制
Source refs: TC2-ABOUND-SRC-01
溢 · candidate / shortlisted
Source unit: abundāre · semantic_only
Chinese layer: Historical character sense · Modern Mandarin · 古汉语义项；首见年代未冻结；读音为现代普通话
yì [Modern Mandarin]
Semantic Fit: direct (Medium) — 强：OVERFLOW；不能替代全部现代大量存在义
Phonetic Fit: not_evaluated (Unknown) — Historical pronunciation not frozen; not_evaluated. Modern reference only: 弱：无 /b/，无 /aʊnd/ 音段对应
- onset: 弱：无 /b/，无 /aʊnd/ 音段对应; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- vowel: 弱：无 /b/，无 /aʊnd/ 音段对应; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- coda_other_consonants: 弱：无 /b/，无 /aʊnd/ 音段对应; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- syllables: 弱：无 /b/，无 /aʊnd/ 音段对应; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- prosody: 弱：无 /b/，无 /aʊnd/ 音段对应; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
Historical Relation: Not claimed
- chinese_sense: mediated — Approved concrete online sense; mediated-HDC; print original Pending. [TC2-ABOUND-SRC-02]
- comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ABOUND-SRC-02]
- chinese_sense: pending — Mainland print original, edition/page and earliest attestation not obtained. []
丰 · candidate / shortlisted
Source unit: abound · semantic_only
Chinese layer: Historical character sense · Modern Mandarin · 古汉语义项；首见年代未冻结；读音为现代普通话
fēng [Modern Mandarin]
Semantic Fit: direct (Medium) — 强：PLENTY；词性/构式须另配，通常非不及物动词
Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Low / weak, modern reference only: 弱：f=[f]≠/b/；/əŋ/≠/aʊnd/，只属候选组
- onset: 弱：f=[f]≠/b/；/əŋ/≠/aʊnd/，只属候选组; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- vowel: 弱：f=[f]≠/b/；/əŋ/≠/aʊnd/，只属候选组; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- coda_other_consonants: 弱：f=[f]≠/b/；/əŋ/≠/aʊnd/，只属候选组; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- syllables: 弱：f=[f]≠/b/；/əŋ/≠/aʊnd/，只属候选组; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- prosody: 弱：f=[f]≠/b/；/əŋ/≠/aʊnd/，只属候选组; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
Historical Relation: Not claimed
- chinese_sense: mediated — Approved concrete online sense; online-entry; print original Pending. [TC2-ABOUND-SRC-03]
- comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ABOUND-SRC-03]
- chinese_sense: pending — Mainland print original, edition/page and earliest attestation not obtained. []
满 · candidate / reserved
Source unit: abound · semantic_only
Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音
mǎn [Modern Mandarin]
Semantic Fit: partial (Medium) — 中：full；容器满与数量多并非处处互换
Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Low / weak, modern reference only: 弱局部：唇音/鼻音、末 /n/ 有局部特征；/m/≠/b/，无 /d/，元音不同
- onset: 弱局部：唇音/鼻音、末 /n/ 有局部特征；/m/≠/b/，无 /d/，元音不同; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- vowel: 弱局部：唇音/鼻音、末 /n/ 有局部特征；/m/≠/b/，无 /d/，元音不同; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- coda_other_consonants: 弱局部：唇音/鼻音、末 /n/ 有局部特征；/m/≠/b/，无 /d/，元音不同; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- syllables: 弱局部：唇音/鼻音、末 /n/ 有局部特征；/m/≠/b/，无 /d/，元音不同; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- prosody: 弱局部：唇音/鼻音、末 /n/ 有局部特征；/m/≠/b/，无 /d/，元音不同; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
Historical Relation: Not claimed
- chinese_sense: mediated — Approved concrete online sense; online-entry; print original Pending. [TC2-ABOUND-SRC-04]
- comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ABOUND-SRC-04]
- chinese_sense: pending — Mainland print original, edition/page and earliest attestation not obtained. []
沛 · candidate / reserved
Source unit: abound · semantic_only
Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音
pèi [Modern Mandarin]
Semantic Fit: partial (Medium) — 中：充足/盛多；不等于所有 abound 构式
Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Low / weak, modern reference only: 弱：p=[pʰ] 与 /b/ 送气/清浊不同；/eɪ/≠/aʊ/，无 /nd/
- onset: 弱：p=[pʰ] 与 /b/ 送气/清浊不同；/eɪ/≠/aʊ/，无 /nd/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- vowel: 弱：p=[pʰ] 与 /b/ 送气/清浊不同；/eɪ/≠/aʊ/，无 /nd/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- coda_other_consonants: 弱：p=[pʰ] 与 /b/ 送气/清浊不同；/eɪ/≠/aʊ/，无 /nd/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- syllables: 弱：p=[pʰ] 与 /b/ 送气/清浊不同；/eɪ/≠/aʊ/，无 /nd/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- prosody: 弱：p=[pʰ] 与 /b/ 送气/清浊不同；/eɪ/≠/aʊ/，无 /nd/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
Historical Relation: Not claimed
- chinese_sense: mediated — Approved concrete online sense; online-entry; print original Pending. [TC2-ABOUND-SRC-05]
- comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ABOUND-SRC-05]
- chinese_sense: pending — Mainland print original, edition/page and earliest attestation not obtained. []
多 · meaning_control / reserved
Source unit: abound · semantic_only
Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音
duō [Modern Mandarin]
Semantic Fit: direct (Medium) — 强：大量存在的语义控制
Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Low / weak, modern reference only: 弱：声母元音及韵尾不合
- onset: 弱：声母元音及韵尾不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- vowel: 弱：声母元音及韵尾不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- coda_other_consonants: 弱：声母元音及韵尾不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- syllables: 弱：声母元音及韵尾不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- prosody: 弱：声母元音及韵尾不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
Historical Relation: Not claimed
- chinese_sense: mediated — Approved concrete online sense; online-entry; print original Pending. [TC2-ABOUND-SRC-06]
- comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ABOUND-SRC-06]
- chinese_sense: pending — Mainland print original, edition/page and earliest attestation not obtained. []
蹦 · sound_control / rejected
Source unit: abound · semantic_only
Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音
bèng [Modern Mandarin]
Semantic Fit: mismatch (Medium) — 不匹配：繁荣只是旧作者联想
Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Low / weak, modern reference only: 局部弱：b=[p] 对 /b/；/əŋ/≠/aʊnd/，声调非英语重音
- onset: 局部弱：b=[p] 对 /b/；/əŋ/≠/aʊnd/，声调非英语重音; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- vowel: 局部弱：b=[p] 对 /b/；/əŋ/≠/aʊnd/，声调非英语重音; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- coda_other_consonants: 局部弱：b=[p] 对 /b/；/əŋ/≠/aʊnd/，声调非英语重音; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- syllables: 局部弱：b=[p] 对 /b/；/əŋ/≠/aʊnd/，声调非英语重音; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- prosody: 局部弱：b=[p] 对 /b/；/əŋ/≠/aʊnd/，声调非英语重音; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
Historical Relation: Not claimed
- chinese_sense: mediated — Approved concrete online sense; online-entry; print original Pending. [TC2-ABOUND-SRC-07]
- comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ABOUND-SRC-07]
- chinese_sense: pending — Mainland print original, edition/page and earliest attestation not obtained. []
邦 · sound_control / reserved
Source unit: abound · semantic_only
Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音
bāng [Modern Mandarin]
Semantic Fit: mismatch (Medium) — 无关
Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Low / weak, modern reference only: 局部唇塞音和低元音不足；/ɑŋ/≠/aʊnd/
- onset: 局部唇塞音和低元音不足；/ɑŋ/≠/aʊnd/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- vowel: 局部唇塞音和低元音不足；/ɑŋ/≠/aʊnd/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- coda_other_consonants: 局部唇塞音和低元音不足；/ɑŋ/≠/aʊnd/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- syllables: 局部唇塞音和低元音不足；/ɑŋ/≠/aʊnd/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
- prosody: 局部唇塞音和低元音不足；/ɑŋ/≠/aʊnd/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
Historical Relation: Not claimed
- chinese_sense: mediated — Approved concrete online sense; online-entry; print original Pending. [TC2-ABOUND-SRC-08]
- comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ABOUND-SRC-08]
- chinese_sense: pending — Mainland print original, edition/page and earliest attestation not obtained. []
Migration baseline: e6109656fc350375a9719941f720294afb1db2b2. 原有评级、评分、反例及逐项来源见本页各折叠研究章节；本批按已批准 Freeze 校准；旧主张不代表当前证据等级。
Merriam-Webster · abound · TC2-ABOUND-SRC-01
识典古籍《汉语大词典》义项摘要 · 溢 · TC2-ABOUND-SRC-02
汉典 · 丰 · TC2-ABOUND-SRC-03
汉典 · 满 · TC2-ABOUND-SRC-04
汉典 · 沛 · TC2-ABOUND-SRC-05
汉典 · 多 · TC2-ABOUND-SRC-06
汉典 · 蹦 · TC2-ABOUND-SRC-07
汉典 · 邦 · TC2-ABOUND-SRC-08
Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries · abound · TC2-ABOUND-SRC-09
完整结构化研究记录References
[1] 英语词史与中文限定义项分开支持；纸本原条未取得者Pending。下列来源沿用已批准研究，不是迁移新增核验。
Merriam-Webster · abound · 2026-09-20 approved research; Chinese print edition/page Pending; digital transcription is mediated evidence.
识典古籍《汉语大词典》义项摘要 · 溢 · 2026-09-20 approved research; Chinese print edition/page Pending; digital transcription is mediated evidence.
汉典 · 丰 · 2026-09-20 approved research; Chinese print edition/page Pending; digital transcription is mediated evidence.
汉典 · 满 · 2026-09-20 approved research; Chinese print edition/page Pending; digital transcription is mediated evidence.
汉典 · 沛 · 2026-09-20 approved research; Chinese print edition/page Pending; digital transcription is mediated evidence.
汉典 · 多 · 2026-09-20 approved research; Chinese print edition/page Pending; digital transcription is mediated evidence.
汉典 · 蹦 · 2026-09-20 approved research; Chinese print edition/page Pending; digital transcription is mediated evidence.
汉典 · 邦 · 2026-09-20 approved research; Chinese print edition/page Pending; digital transcription is mediated evidence.
Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries · abound · 2026-09-20 approved research; Chinese print edition/page Pending; digital transcription is mediated evidence.