ABOVE

1. languagesbook.com legacy entry: above，上面。上 over · REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE
2. Merriam-Webster Dictionary: above · REF-MW-ABOVE
3. ABOVE — focused dictionary verification · FS-ABOVE
4. 汉典 上 — basic/detailed senses only · FS-ZDIC-上

{
  "evidence": {
    "Historical": {
      "status": "Established",
      "confidence": "High",
      "summary": {
        "en": "Old English abufan (a- + bufan; bufan from be- + ufan) → Middle English above/aboven → above. Over is a related Germanic comparison, not an intervening ancestor.",
        "zh-Hans": "Old English abufan (a- + bufan; bufan from be- + ufan) → Middle English above/aboven → above. Over is a related Germanic comparison, not an intervening ancestor."
      },
      "items": [
        {
          "evidence_id": "HIST-ABOVE-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "Above is inherited from Old English abufan/onbufan, a Germanic formation. Over is a semantic and historically related Germanic comparison, but Chinese 上 is not a historical cognate.",
            "zh-Hans": "above 继承自古英语 abufan／onbufan，属日耳曼构词；over 是语义上相关且有日耳曼词史联系的比较词，但汉语“上”并非历史同源。"
          },
          "status": "Established",
          "confidence": "High",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-MW-ABOVE"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-MW-ABOVE",
        "FS-ABOVE"
      ]
    },
    "Phonetic-Semantic": {
      "status": "Candidate",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "summary": {
        "en": "No English–Chinese phonetic claim is needed for the standard spatial mapping above ↔ 上方.",
        "zh-Hans": "标准空间映射 above ↔ 上方不需要英汉语音主张。"
      },
      "items": [
        {
          "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABOVE-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "No English–Chinese phonetic claim is needed for the standard spatial mapping above ↔ 上方.",
            "zh-Hans": "标准空间映射 above ↔ 上方不需要英汉语音主张。"
          },
          "status": "Candidate",
          "confidence": "Low",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE",
            "REF-MW-ABOVE"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE",
        "REF-MW-ABOVE"
      ]
    },
    "Cognitive": {
      "status": "Interpretive",
      "confidence": "Medium",
      "summary": {
        "en": "UP/HIGHER THAN is a stable spatial schema shared by above, over and 上方.",
        "zh-Hans": "UP／HIGHER THAN 是 above、over 与“上方”共享的稳定空间图式。"
      },
      "items": [
        {
          "evidence_id": "COG-ABOVE-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "UP/HIGHER THAN is a stable spatial schema shared by above, over and 上方.",
            "zh-Hans": "UP／HIGHER THAN 是 above、over 与“上方”共享的稳定空间图式。"
          },
          "status": "Interpretive",
          "confidence": "Medium",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE"
      ]
    },
    "Speculative": {
      "status": "Unestablished",
      "confidence": "High",
      "summary": {
        "en": "Shared spatial meaning is not proof of shared historical origin.",
        "zh-Hans": "共享空间意义不能证明共享历史来源。"
      },
      "items": [
        {
          "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABOVE-001",
          "claim": {
            "en": "Shared spatial meaning is not proof of shared historical origin.",
            "zh-Hans": "共享空间意义不能证明共享历史来源。"
          },
          "status": "Unestablished",
          "confidence": "High",
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE",
            "REF-MW-ABOVE"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE",
        "REF-MW-ABOVE"
      ]
    }
  },
  "hypotheses": [
    {
      "hypothesis_id": "UNI-LEGACY-ABOVE-001",
      "type": "Original Author Hypothesis / legacy phonetic-semantic observation",
      "claim": {
        "en": "Jinkai Liu’s original note is preserved verbatim: “above，上面。上 over。”",
        "zh-Hans": "Jinkai Liu 原始观察逐字保留：“above，上面。上 over。”"
      },
      "status": "Candidate",
      "confidence": "Low",
      "supporting_cases": [
        "above",
        "在……上方／高于"
      ],
      "counterexamples": [
        "Shared spatial meaning is not proof of shared historical origin.",
        "No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated."
      ],
      "testability": {
        "en": "Test phonetic similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded controls and independent historical review.",
        "zh-Hans": "以盲法对照和独立词源核验分别测试声音相似度与语义适配。"
      },
      "experiment_link": null,
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE",
        "REF-MW-ABOVE"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "experiments": [],
  "related_words": [
    {
      "word": "over",
      "language": "English",
      "relationship_type": "semantic/deeper Germanic relative",
      "family": "Germanic spatial family",
      "relation_to_entry": {
        "en": "Documented relation in the stated historical family.",
        "zh-Hans": "在所列历史词族内有文献支持的关系。"
      },
      "status": "Established",
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-MW-ABOVE"
      ]
    },
    {
      "word": "上方",
      "language": "Chinese",
      "relationship_type": "standard semantic mapping",
      "family": "independent Sinitic history",
      "relation_to_entry": {
        "en": "Author comparison or semantic association only; not historical derivation.",
        "zh-Hans": "仅为作者比较或语义联想；不是历史派生。"
      },
      "status": "Interpretive",
      "source_refs": [
        "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE",
        "REF-MW-ABOVE"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "source": {
    "type": "author-published legacy website note",
    "author": "Jinkai Liu",
    "status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above",
    "normalization": "Legacy title/body excerpt retained; punctuation normalized only where needed for readability.",
    "raw_note": "above，上面。上 over。"
  },
  "research_candidate_discovery": {
    "reviewer": "Codex focused research under conditional user authorization",
    "freeze_status": "Ready to migrate with Pending layer",
    "primary_pipeline": "Space Protocol Primitive",
    "historical_path": "Old English abufan (a- + bufan; bufan from be- + ufan) → Middle English above/aboven → above. Over is a related Germanic comparison, not an intervening ancestor.",
    "stages": [
      {
        "stage_id": "ABOVE-1",
        "form": "abufan",
        "language": "Old English",
        "approximate_period": "Before 12th century",
        "meaning": "above / higher location",
        "source_refs": [
          "FS-ABOVE"
        ],
        "boundary": "No one-character-per-stage rule; listed branches/comparisons are not a single chain."
      },
      {
        "stage_id": "ABOVE-2",
        "form": "above / aboven",
        "language": "Middle English",
        "approximate_period": "Medieval",
        "meaning": "higher location; relational use",
        "source_refs": [
          "FS-ABOVE"
        ],
        "boundary": "No one-character-per-stage rule; listed branches/comparisons are not a single chain."
      },
      {
        "stage_id": "ABOVE-3",
        "form": "above",
        "language": "Modern English",
        "approximate_period": "Present day",
        "meaning": "higher than in location, rank or quantity",
        "source_refs": [
          "FS-ABOVE"
        ],
        "boundary": "No one-character-per-stage rule; listed branches/comparisons are not a single chain."
      }
    ],
    "candidates": [
      {
        "chinese_form": "上",
        "reading": "shàng",
        "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin, present day; historical attestations not newly dated",
        "source_unit": "above",
        "meaning": "higher location; not shǎng tone category",
        "semantic_fit": "High within spatial sense",
        "phonetic_fit": "Low; no sound-based selection",
        "structural_fit": "Sense-specific comparison; not a universal transformation",
        "evidence_status": "Mediated online lexical support; mainland print entry Pending",
        "source_refs": [
          "FS-ZDIC-上",
          "FS-ABOVE"
        ],
        "consonant_group": "Not applicable: no group-derived evidence score",
        "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
        "decision": "Retain sense-specific semantic comparison; Not selected Featured"
      },
      {
        "chinese_form": "在……之上",
        "reading": "zài…zhī shàng",
        "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin, present day; historical attestations not newly dated",
        "source_unit": "above",
        "meaning": "relative higher location",
        "semantic_fit": "High within relation",
        "phonetic_fit": "Low; no sound-based selection",
        "structural_fit": "Sense-specific comparison; not a universal transformation",
        "evidence_status": "Mediated online lexical support; mainland print entry Pending",
        "source_refs": [
          "FS-ZDIC-上",
          "FS-ABOVE"
        ],
        "consonant_group": "Not applicable: no group-derived evidence score",
        "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
        "decision": "Retain sense-specific semantic comparison; Not selected Featured"
      },
      {
        "chinese_form": "高于",
        "reading": "gāoyú",
        "chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin, present day; historical attestations not newly dated",
        "source_unit": "above",
        "meaning": "higher than; selected scalar comparisons",
        "semantic_fit": "High within comparison",
        "phonetic_fit": "Low; no sound-based selection",
        "structural_fit": "Sense-specific comparison; not a universal transformation",
        "evidence_status": "Mediated online lexical support; mainland print entry Pending",
        "source_refs": [
          "FS-ZDIC-上",
          "FS-ABOVE"
        ],
        "consonant_group": "Not applicable: no group-derived evidence score",
        "historical_relation": "Not claimed",
        "decision": "Retain sense-specific semantic comparison; Not selected Featured"
      }
    ],
    "controls": [
      "A lamp above a table need not touch it; a book on the table may do so.",
      "above suspicion is not a literal higher coordinate.",
      "UP direction and ABOVE relative position are not the same grammatical operation."
    ],
    "rejected": [
      "above → over → 上 as a historical ancestry chain",
      "forced phonetic winner"
    ],
    "pending": [
      "Featured Mapping: Pending",
      "Mainland large print dictionaries: specific edition/entry/page not directly obtained; Pending",
      "Historical Chinese pronunciation and dating: not inferred from modern pinyin"
    ],
    "shortlist": [
      "上",
      "在……之上",
      "高于"
    ],
    "historical_relation": "Not claimed"
  },
  "phonetic_observation": [
    {
      "observation_id": "PHON-ABOVE-001",
      "claim": {
        "en": "No English–Chinese phonetic claim is needed for the standard spatial mapping above ↔ 上方.",
        "zh-Hans": "标准空间映射 above ↔ 上方不需要英汉语音主张。"
      },
      "status": "Candidate",
      "limitations": {
        "en": "Surface resemblance is not a regular cross-language sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.",
        "zh-Hans": "表面音近不是规律跨语言音变，也不能证明同源。"
      }
    }
  ],
  "semantic_structure": {
    "concepts": [
      "RELATION",
      "PROTOCOL"
    ],
    "relation": "Interface to SPACE / UP / DOWN / RELATION: ABOVE is a relative-position relation; UP may indicate direction. Protocol relation ≠ historical etymology. OVER is not interchangeable in every construction.",
    "status": "Interpretive"
  },
  "legacy_migration": {
    "version": "final-structural-0.1",
    "baseline_commit": "c0cab379544cc6f55db6daecb6e3a694347415e9",
    "previous_fields": {
      "primary_mapping": {
        "mapping_id": "MAP-above-primary",
        "source": {
          "language": "English",
          "word": "above",
          "pronunciation": "not recorded"
        },
        "target": {
          "language": "Chinese",
          "word": "在……上方／高于",
          "pronunciation": "zài…shàngfāng / gāoyú"
        },
        "gloss": {
          "en": "in or to a higher place or position than",
          "zh-Hans": "位于或移向比参照物更高的位置"
        },
        "meaning": {
          "en": "in or to a higher place or position than. The standard mapping is independent from the legacy sound hypothesis.",
          "zh-Hans": "位于或移向比参照物更高的位置。标准词义 Mapping 与旧站声音假说独立。"
        },
        "mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded legacy hypothesis",
        "rationale": {
          "en": "Ordinary meaning is primary; word history, sound comparison, cognition and speculation are evaluated on separate tracks.",
          "zh-Hans": "普通词义为主；词史、声音比较、认知与推测分轨评价。"
        }
      },
      "evidence": {
        "Historical": {
          "status": "Established",
          "confidence": "High",
          "summary": {
            "en": "Above is inherited from Old English abufan/onbufan, a Germanic formation. Over is a semantic and historically related Germanic comparison, but Chinese 上 is not a historical cognate.",
            "zh-Hans": "above 继承自古英语 abufan／onbufan，属日耳曼构词；over 是语义上相关且有日耳曼词史联系的比较词，但汉语“上”并非历史同源。"
          },
          "items": [
            {
              "evidence_id": "HIST-ABOVE-001",
              "claim": {
                "en": "Above is inherited from Old English abufan/onbufan, a Germanic formation. Over is a semantic and historically related Germanic comparison, but Chinese 上 is not a historical cognate.",
                "zh-Hans": "above 继承自古英语 abufan／onbufan，属日耳曼构词；over 是语义上相关且有日耳曼词史联系的比较词，但汉语“上”并非历史同源。"
              },
              "status": "Established",
              "confidence": "High",
              "source_refs": [
                "REF-MW-ABOVE"
              ]
            }
          ],
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-MW-ABOVE"
          ]
        },
        "Phonetic-Semantic": {
          "status": "Candidate",
          "confidence": "Low",
          "summary": {
            "en": "No English–Chinese phonetic claim is needed for the standard spatial mapping above ↔ 上方.",
            "zh-Hans": "标准空间映射 above ↔ 上方不需要英汉语音主张。"
          },
          "items": [
            {
              "evidence_id": "PHONSEM-ABOVE-001",
              "claim": {
                "en": "No English–Chinese phonetic claim is needed for the standard spatial mapping above ↔ 上方.",
                "zh-Hans": "标准空间映射 above ↔ 上方不需要英汉语音主张。"
              },
              "status": "Candidate",
              "confidence": "Low",
              "source_refs": [
                "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE",
                "REF-MW-ABOVE"
              ]
            }
          ],
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE",
            "REF-MW-ABOVE"
          ]
        },
        "Cognitive": {
          "status": "Interpretive",
          "confidence": "Medium",
          "summary": {
            "en": "UP/HIGHER THAN is a stable spatial schema shared by above, over and 上方.",
            "zh-Hans": "UP／HIGHER THAN 是 above、over 与“上方”共享的稳定空间图式。"
          },
          "items": [
            {
              "evidence_id": "COG-ABOVE-001",
              "claim": {
                "en": "UP/HIGHER THAN is a stable spatial schema shared by above, over and 上方.",
                "zh-Hans": "UP／HIGHER THAN 是 above、over 与“上方”共享的稳定空间图式。"
              },
              "status": "Interpretive",
              "confidence": "Medium",
              "source_refs": [
                "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE"
              ]
            }
          ],
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE"
          ]
        },
        "Speculative": {
          "status": "Unestablished",
          "confidence": "High",
          "summary": {
            "en": "Shared spatial meaning is not proof of shared historical origin.",
            "zh-Hans": "共享空间意义不能证明共享历史来源。"
          },
          "items": [
            {
              "evidence_id": "SPEC-ABOVE-001",
              "claim": {
                "en": "Shared spatial meaning is not proof of shared historical origin.",
                "zh-Hans": "共享空间意义不能证明共享历史来源。"
              },
              "status": "Unestablished",
              "confidence": "High",
              "source_refs": [
                "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE",
                "REF-MW-ABOVE"
              ]
            }
          ],
          "source_refs": [
            "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE",
            "REF-MW-ABOVE"
          ]
        }
      },
      "semantic_structure": {
        "concepts": [
          "ABOVE",
          "OVER",
          "上",
          "上面"
        ],
        "relation": "above → over → 上 → 上面",
        "status": "Interpretive"
      },
      "semantic_associations": [
        {
          "association_id": "ASSOC-ABOVE-001",
          "relation": "UP/HIGHER THAN is a stable spatial schema shared by above, over and 上方.",
          "status": "Interpretive",
          "is_etymological": false
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-LANGUAGESBOOK-ABOVE",
          "title": "languagesbook.com legacy entry: above，上面。上 over",
          "type": "legacy author publication",
          "url": "https://languagesbook.com/glossary/ab-ove%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%8a%e9%9d%a2/",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "author-published legacy website; imported 2026-09-01; original observation preserved independently from evaluation"
        },
        {
          "reference_id": "REF-MW-ABOVE",
          "title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: above",
          "type": "dictionary",
          "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/above",
          "path": null,
          "provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01"
        }
      ],
      "editorial_notes": [
        {
          "en": "Legacy Batch 001 disposition: Reviewed; priority 88.7/100 is editorial triage only.",
          "zh-Hans": "旧站 Batch 001 归类：Reviewed；优先分 88.7/100 仅用于编辑分流。"
        },
        {
          "en": "Shared spatial meaning is not proof of shared historical origin.",
          "zh-Hans": "共享空间意义不能证明共享历史来源。"
        }
      ],
      "search_terms": [
        "above",
        "over",
        "上",
        "上面",
        "上方",
        "高于",
        "higher",
        "up"
      ],
      "page": null
    },
    "previously_absent_fields": [
      "standard_translation",
      "featured_mapping_status",
      "research_candidate_discovery"
    ]
  }
}