ACUMEN

ACUMEN-01 锐／銳 ruì

Historical character sense + modern reading · 古汉语义项；首见年代未冻结；读音为现代普通话 · AC1/AC2/AC3

Meaning: 锋利；敏锐、精明

Semantic: 强：物理锋利及心智敏锐的结构对应

Phonetic: 弱：ruì 不对应 /ækjəmən/ 或 /əkjuːmən/

Group: 组外 · retain · Priority: 1

Counterevidence: 义项并存不等于双方同一路径或同年代演变

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending

ACUMEN-02 颖／穎 yǐng

Historical character sense + modern reading · 古汉语义项；首见年代未冻结；读音为现代普通话 · AC1/AC2

Meaning: 尖端；才智出众

Semantic: 强：尖端→才智的比喻结构；聪颖不全等于实际判断力

Phonetic: 弱：无 /k/，韵母韵尾不同

Group: 组外 · retain · Priority: 1

Counterevidence: 中文演变顺序及首见书证尚未冻结；不能把现代音充古音

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending

ACUMEN-03 慧 huì

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音 · AC2/AC3

Meaning: 聪明、有才智

Semantic: 中强：智力相近；不专指审断力

Phonetic: 弱：h 常实现 [x]，与 /k/ 发音方式不同；元音及尾部不合

Group: g-k-h 扩展探针：现代词内 /k/→h · retain-limited · Priority: 2

Counterevidence: 不是规则音变；不以组命中增加评分

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending

ACUMEN-04 快 kuài

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音 · AC1/AC2/AC3

Meaning: 刀刃锋利；反应灵敏

Semantic: 中强：两义对应值得比较；速度快不保证判断准确

Phonetic: 有限局部：k=[kʰ] 与英语 /k/ 有软腭塞音共同点；/uaɪ/≠/juː/，缺 /mən/；重音变体也不能消除差异

Group: k baseline；不计扩展新增 · retain-limited · Priority: 1

Counterevidence: 不是 acu- 的历史音译；不可把 pleasure/FAST 全部映成 acumen

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending

ACUMEN-05 尖 jiān

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音 · AC1

Meaning: 尖端、锐利的形状

Semantic: 强：物理尖锐控制；不自动指心智敏锐

Phonetic: 弱：j=[tɕ] 与 /k/ 不同；尾部不合

Group: 不把拼音 j 私自归 g-k-h · control · Priority: 0

Counterevidence: 人物尖刻不是 acumen 义

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending

ACUMEN-06 聚 jù

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音 · AC3

Meaning: 聚集

Semantic: 不匹配心智敏锐

Phonetic: 局部弱：j=[tɕ] 与 /k/ 不同，ü=[y]≠/juː/；后续 /mən/ 缺失

Group: 旧 cum 切分不成立 · reject · Priority: 0

Counterevidence: acū- + -men 不等于 a/cum/en；集中注意力只是另加的认知桥

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending

ACUMEN-07 酷 kù

Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音 · AC3

Meaning: 残酷、严酷

Semantic: 无关

Phonetic: 局部 /k,u/ 相似却语义错配；仍缺全词其他音节

Group: k baseline · control · Priority: 0

Counterevidence: 不换成网络 cool 义营造聪明联想

Historical Relation: Not claimed

Mainland: Pending

acuere / acū- · SHARPEN

Latin · 古典拉丁语；首见未核

Chinese Mapping: Not selected

动词干；acū- 与 -men 构成名词; Chinese Mapping: Not selected

Source refs: TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-01

acūmen · 尖端、锐利之物

Latin · 古典拉丁语；物理义与比喻义的精确先后未核

Chinese Mapping: Candidates recorded

acū- + -men; Chinese Mapping: 锐、颖；快为有限比较

derivation from AC0: acū- + -men; Chinese Mapping: 锐、颖；快为有限比较

Source refs: TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-01

acūmen · 敏锐的心智

Latin · 古典拉丁语，已含心智义

Chinese Mapping: Candidates recorded

同一拉丁形式的比喻义，AC1/AC2 是 sense nodes; Chinese Mapping: 锐、颖、快；慧保留

sense_continuation from AC1: Related physical and mental senses of the same Latin form; not a dated chronology. 精确先后与转义机制未冻结。

Source refs: TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-01

acumen · 洞察/审断能力

English · 1579年左右起，至现代

Chinese Mapping: Candidates recorded

直接借入拉丁语；不是英语先物理后心智; Chinese Mapping: 锐、快等；Featured Pending

borrowing from AC2: 直接借入拉丁语；不是英语先物理后心智; Chinese Mapping: 锐、快等；Featured Pending

Source refs: TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-01

颖 · candidate / shortlisted

Source unit: acūmen · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Historical character sense · Modern Mandarin · 古汉语义项；首见年代未冻结；读音为现代普通话

yǐng [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (Medium) — 强：尖端→才智的比喻结构；聪颖不全等于实际判断力

Phonetic Fit: not_evaluated (Unknown) — Historical pronunciation not frozen; not_evaluated. Modern reference only: 弱：无 /k/，韵母韵尾不同

• onset: 弱：无 /k/，韵母韵尾不同; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• vowel: 弱：无 /k/，韵母韵尾不同; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• coda_other_consonants: 弱：无 /k/，韵母韵尾不同; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• syllables: 弱：无 /k/，韵母韵尾不同; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• prosody: 弱：无 /k/，韵母韵尾不同; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Approved concrete online sense; mediated-HDC; print original Pending. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-03]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-03]
• chinese_sense: pending — Mainland print original, edition/page and earliest attestation not obtained. []

尖 · meaning_control / reserved

Source unit: acūmen · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音

jiān [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (Medium) — 强：物理尖锐控制；不自动指心智敏锐

Phonetic Fit: not_evaluated (Unknown) — Historical pronunciation not frozen; not_evaluated. Modern reference only: 弱：j=[tɕ] 与 /k/ 不同；尾部不合

• onset: 弱：j=[tɕ] 与 /k/ 不同；尾部不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• vowel: 弱：j=[tɕ] 与 /k/ 不同；尾部不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• coda_other_consonants: 弱：j=[tɕ] 与 /k/ 不同；尾部不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• syllables: 弱：j=[tɕ] 与 /k/ 不同；尾部不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• prosody: 弱：j=[tɕ] 与 /k/ 不同；尾部不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Approved concrete online sense; online-entry; print original Pending. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-06]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-06]
• chinese_sense: pending — Mainland print original, edition/page and earliest attestation not obtained. []

锐 · candidate / shortlisted

Source unit: acūmen · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin reference; historical attestations remain in Research

ruì [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (Medium) — 锐 ruì是Structural-Semantic Candidate：Latin acūmen兼有物理尖锐与心智敏锐义，锐也用于锋利与精明/敏锐。Phonetic Fit = Low（现代参照）；历史音not_evaluated。中文演变顺序仍Pending，不主张相同词义史或历史同源。

Phonetic Fit: not_evaluated (Unknown) — Modern English acumen vs ruì: Low; different onset, vowels and syllable count. Historical pronunciation not_evaluated.

• onset: Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.
• vowel: Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.
• coda_other_consonants: Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.
• syllables: Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.
• prosody: Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Existing entry’s scoped dictionary/platform evidence; original print edition audit unchanged. Migration is not new verification. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-02]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-02]
• chinese_sense: pending — Chinese dated trajectory / original print entry Pending. []

锐 · candidate / shortlisted

Source unit: Latin acūmen: physical and mental senses (AC1/AC2); structural comparison only · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Historical character sense · Modern Mandarin · 古汉语义项；首见年代未冻结；读音为现代普通话

ruì [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (Medium) — 强：物理锋利及心智敏锐的结构对应

Phonetic Fit: not_evaluated (Unknown) — Historical pronunciation not frozen; not_evaluated. Modern reference only: 弱：ruì 不对应 /ækjəmən/ 或 /əkjuːmən/

• onset: 弱：ruì 不对应 /ækjəmən/ 或 /əkjuːmən/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• vowel: 弱：ruì 不对应 /ækjəmən/ 或 /əkjuːmən/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• coda_other_consonants: 弱：ruì 不对应 /ækjəmən/ 或 /əkjuːmən/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• syllables: 弱：ruì 不对应 /ækjəmən/ 或 /əkjuːmən/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• prosody: 弱：ruì 不对应 /ækjəmən/ 或 /əkjuːmən/; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Approved concrete online sense; online-entry; print original Pending. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-02]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-02]
• chinese_sense: pending — Mainland print original, edition/page and earliest attestation not obtained. []

慧 · candidate / reserved

Source unit: acumen · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音

huì [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Medium) — 中强：智力相近；不专指审断力

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Low / weak, modern reference only: 弱：h 常实现 [x]，与 /k/ 发音方式不同；元音及尾部不合

• onset: 弱：h 常实现 [x]，与 /k/ 发音方式不同；元音及尾部不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• vowel: 弱：h 常实现 [x]，与 /k/ 发音方式不同；元音及尾部不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• coda_other_consonants: 弱：h 常实现 [x]，与 /k/ 发音方式不同；元音及尾部不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• syllables: 弱：h 常实现 [x]，与 /k/ 发音方式不同；元音及尾部不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• prosody: 弱：h 常实现 [x]，与 /k/ 发音方式不同；元音及尾部不合; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Approved concrete online sense; online-entry; print original Pending. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-04]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-04]
• chinese_sense: pending — Mainland print original, edition/page and earliest attestation not obtained. []

快 · candidate / reserved

Source unit: acumen · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音

kuài [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: partial (Medium) — 中强：两义对应值得比较；速度快不保证判断准确

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Low / weak, modern reference only: 有限局部：k=[kʰ] 与英语 /k/ 有软腭塞音共同点；/uaɪ/≠/juː/，缺 /mən/；重音变体也不能消除差异

• onset: 有限局部：k=[kʰ] 与英语 /k/ 有软腭塞音共同点；/uaɪ/≠/juː/，缺 /mən/；重音变体也不能消除差异; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• vowel: 有限局部：k=[kʰ] 与英语 /k/ 有软腭塞音共同点；/uaɪ/≠/juː/，缺 /mən/；重音变体也不能消除差异; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• coda_other_consonants: 有限局部：k=[kʰ] 与英语 /k/ 有软腭塞音共同点；/uaɪ/≠/juː/，缺 /mən/；重音变体也不能消除差异; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• syllables: 有限局部：k=[kʰ] 与英语 /k/ 有软腭塞音共同点；/uaɪ/≠/juː/，缺 /mən/；重音变体也不能消除差异; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• prosody: 有限局部：k=[kʰ] 与英语 /k/ 有软腭塞音共同点；/uaɪ/≠/juː/，缺 /mən/；重音变体也不能消除差异; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Approved concrete online sense; online-entry; print original Pending. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-05]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-05]
• chinese_sense: pending — Mainland print original, edition/page and earliest attestation not obtained. []

聚 · sound_control / rejected

Source unit: acumen · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音

jù [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: mismatch (Medium) — 不匹配心智敏锐

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Low / weak, modern reference only: 局部弱：j=[tɕ] 与 /k/ 不同，ü=[y]≠/juː/；后续 /mən/ 缺失

• onset: 局部弱：j=[tɕ] 与 /k/ 不同，ü=[y]≠/juː/；后续 /mən/ 缺失; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• vowel: 局部弱：j=[tɕ] 与 /k/ 不同，ü=[y]≠/juː/；后续 /mən/ 缺失; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• coda_other_consonants: 局部弱：j=[tɕ] 与 /k/ 不同，ü=[y]≠/juː/；后续 /mən/ 缺失; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• syllables: 局部弱：j=[tɕ] 与 /k/ 不同，ü=[y]≠/juː/；后续 /mən/ 缺失; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• prosody: 局部弱：j=[tɕ] 与 /k/ 不同，ü=[y]≠/juː/；后续 /mən/ 缺失; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Approved concrete online sense; online-entry; print original Pending. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-07]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-07]
• chinese_sense: pending — Mainland print original, edition/page and earliest attestation not obtained. []

酷 · sound_control / reserved

Source unit: acumen · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · 现代普通话（本轮2026年检索），不倒推古音

kù [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: mismatch (Medium) — 无关

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Low / weak, modern reference only: 局部 /k,u/ 相似却语义错配；仍缺全词其他音节

• onset: 局部 /k,u/ 相似却语义错配；仍缺全词其他音节; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• vowel: 局部 /k,u/ 相似却语义错配；仍缺全词其他音节; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• coda_other_consonants: 局部 /k,u/ 相似却语义错配；仍缺全词其他音节; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• syllables: 局部 /k,u/ 相似却语义错配；仍缺全词其他音节; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.
• prosody: 局部 /k,u/ 相似却语义错配；仍缺全词其他音节; historical phonetics not_evaluated; modern tone is not English stress.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Approved concrete online sense; online-entry; print original Pending. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-08]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-08]
• chinese_sense: pending — Mainland print original, edition/page and earliest attestation not obtained. []

锐 · candidate / shortlisted

Source unit: acumen · semantic_only

Chinese layer: Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin · Modern Mandarin reference; historical attestations remain in Research

ruì [Modern Mandarin]

Semantic Fit: direct (Medium) — 锐 ruì是Structural-Semantic Candidate：Latin acūmen兼有物理尖锐与心智敏锐义，锐也用于锋利与精明/敏锐。Phonetic Fit = Low（现代参照）；历史音not_evaluated。中文演变顺序仍Pending，不主张相同词义史或历史同源。

Phonetic Fit: weak (Low) — Modern English acumen vs ruì: Low; different onset, vowels and syllable count. Historical pronunciation not_evaluated.

• onset: Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.
• vowel: Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.
• coda_other_consonants: Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.
• syllables: Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.
• prosody: Not separately evaluated in existing research; no new rating.

Historical Relation: Not claimed

• chinese_sense: mediated — Existing entry’s scoped dictionary/platform evidence; original print edition audit unchanged. Migration is not new verification. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-02]
• comparison_inference: lead — Editorial comparison; previous qualitative levels and unvalidated component scores remain in original Research fields. [TC2-ACUMEN-SRC-02]
• chinese_sense: pending — Chinese dated trajectory / original print entry Pending. []