Language Book · Transformation / Structural-Semantic
PRESS
Featured Mapping: Pending · Historical Relation: Not claimed
① Literary Introduction / Author Observation（作者原始观察）
Original observation · 原始观察
press压力，pression。exercée施加。peur怕……
Preserved as author provenance, not newly endorsed etymology.
② Basic Meaning（基本词义）
按 / 压；催促 / 逼迫（依语境）；本条聚焦施力动词
Context and sense determine the translation.
③ Multilingual Mapping（多语言对应）
press → 按 / 压；催促 / 逼迫（依语境）；本条聚焦施力动词. Modern semantic comparison; Historical Relation: Not claimed.
④ Etymology（词源）
Latin premere / its frequentative pressare → Anglo-French presser → English press. French pression is a related nominal branch, not an obligatory ancestor. The enlistment homograph (press into service) has a separate prest history and is outside this selected lexical identity.
Historical / lexical branches
- premere / pressare · Latin · Antiquity: press / squeeze / harass; related base and frequentative.
- presser · Old / Anglo-French · Medieval: press / compress / urge.
- press · English · 14th century onward for selected verb: apply force / urge / insist.
These are explicitly scoped branches and comparisons. Transformation arrows below are not historical chronology.
⑤ Multidimensional Mapping（多维映射）
PRESS
Standard Meaning / Identity
按 / 压；催促 / 逼迫（依语境）；本条聚焦施力动词
Featured Mapping: Pending
Evidence Status: Reviewed · Unrated (entry mapping only). Featured selection is editorial, not an evidence grade. Pending is a valid research result.
PHYSICAL
按 àn / 压 yā compare hand contact and applied pressure. Force, pressure and compression are related but are not interchangeable physical quantities or outcomes.
Interpretive · Historical Relation: Not claimed
ABSTRACT
压 yā / 逼 bī / 催 cuī compare constraint and urging by sense. Physical Force → Constraint / Urgency is an interpretive transformation, NOT verified chronology or necessary causation.
Interpretive · Historical Relation: Not claimed
Evidence boundaries / 证据边界
Final Tier D Batch 2: Transformation / Structural-Semantic; Ready to migrate with Pending layer.
Featured Mapping: Pending. Semantic research value is independent of phonetic resemblance. Mainland print evidence remains Pending.
Transformation Mapping ≠ diachronic chronology. Protocol relation ≠ lexical etymology. Literary freedom ≠ historical evidence. Historical Relation: Not claimed.
Research / Evidence / Counterinterpretation
- Jinkai Liu: press source/raw research note · REF-JL-PRESS-RAW
- Merriam-Webster Dictionary: press · REF-MW-PRESS
- CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de pression · REF-CNRTL-PRESSION
- CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de presser · REF-CNRTL-PRESSER
- PRESS — focused dictionary verification · FS-PRESS
- PRESSER — focused dictionary verification · FS-PRESSER
- PRESSION — focused dictionary verification · FS-PRESSION
- 汉典 压 — basic/detailed senses only · FS-ZDIC-压
- 汉典 按 — basic/detailed senses only · FS-ZDIC-按
- 汉典 逼 — basic/detailed senses only · FS-ZDIC-逼
- 汉典 催 — basic/detailed senses only · FS-ZDIC-催
{
"evidence": {
"Historical": {
"status": "Established",
"confidence": "High",
"summary": {
"en": "Latin premere / its frequentative pressare → Anglo-French presser → English press. French pression is a related nominal branch, not an obligatory ancestor. The enlistment homograph (press into service) has a separate prest history and is outside this selected lexical identity.",
"zh-Hans": "Latin premere / its frequentative pressare → Anglo-French presser → English press. French pression is a related nominal branch, not an obligatory ancestor. The enlistment homograph (press into service) has a separate prest history and is outside this selected lexical identity."
},
"items": [
{
"evidence_id": "HIST-PRESS-001",
"claim": {
"en": "English press comes through Anglo-French presser from Latin pressare, an intensive/frequentative of premere ‘press’. French presser follows the same Latin path; pression is from Latin pressio/pressum, likewise from premere. This is a genuine historical family.",
"zh-Hans": "英语 press 经盎格鲁法语 presser 来自拉丁语 pressare（premere“压”的加强／反复形式）；法语 presser 同源，pression 来自拉丁语 pressio／pressum，也基于 premere。这是真实历史词族。"
},
"status": "Established",
"confidence": "High",
"source_refs": [
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "HIST-PRESS-CORRECTION-002",
"claim": {
"en": "The strong result is lexical-semantic and within the English/French Latin family; no English/French–Chinese cognacy is proposed.",
"zh-Hans": "强结论是词义对应及英法内部的拉丁词族关系；不提出英法词与汉语同源。"
},
"status": "Established",
"confidence": "High",
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW",
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
}
],
"source_refs": [
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER",
"FS-PRESS",
"FS-PRESSER",
"FS-PRESSION"
]
},
"Phonetic-Semantic": {
"status": "Interpretive",
"confidence": "Low",
"summary": {
"en": "The Chinese mapping 压 yā is semantically strong but not phonetically close to press/pression; 迫 pò has partial semantic overlap in compulsion, not a demonstrated sound relation.",
"zh-Hans": "汉语“压”yā 与 press／pression 语义对应强，但声音并不近；“迫”pò 在强迫义上部分重合，也没有已证音系关系。"
},
"items": [
{
"evidence_id": "PHONSEM-PRESS-001",
"claim": {
"en": "The Chinese mapping 压 yā is semantically strong but not phonetically close to press/pression; 迫 pò has partial semantic overlap in compulsion, not a demonstrated sound relation.",
"zh-Hans": "汉语“压”yā 与 press／pression 语义对应强，但声音并不近；“迫”pò 在强迫义上部分重合，也没有已证音系关系。"
},
"status": "Interpretive",
"confidence": "Low",
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW",
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
}
],
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW",
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
},
"Cognitive": {
"status": "Interpretive",
"confidence": "Medium",
"summary": {
"en": "FORCE → CONTACT → COMPRESSION → PRESSURE is a stable comparable semantic structure.",
"zh-Hans": "FORCE → CONTACT → COMPRESSION → PRESSURE 是稳定的可比较语义结构。"
},
"items": [
{
"evidence_id": "COG-PRESS-001",
"claim": {
"en": "FORCE → CONTACT → COMPRESSION → PRESSURE is a stable comparable semantic structure.",
"zh-Hans": "FORCE → CONTACT → COMPRESSION → PRESSURE 是稳定的可比较语义结构。"
},
"status": "Interpretive",
"confidence": "Medium",
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW"
]
}
],
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW"
]
},
"Speculative": {
"status": "Unestablished",
"confidence": "Low",
"summary": {
"en": "The strong result is lexical-semantic and within the English/French Latin family; no English/French–Chinese cognacy is proposed.",
"zh-Hans": "强结论是词义对应及英法内部的拉丁词族关系；不提出英法词与汉语同源。"
},
"items": [
{
"evidence_id": "SPEC-PRESS-001",
"claim": {
"en": "The strong result is lexical-semantic and within the English/French Latin family; no English/French–Chinese cognacy is proposed.",
"zh-Hans": "强结论是词义对应及英法内部的拉丁词族关系；不提出英法词与汉语同源。"
},
"status": "Unestablished",
"confidence": "High",
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW",
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
}
],
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW",
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
}
},
"hypotheses": [
{
"hypothesis_id": "UNI-PRESS-001",
"type": "Original author phonetic-semantic / consonantal-skeleton hypothesis",
"claim": {
"en": "The author's comparison around press压力，pression; exercée施加; peur怕…… may support a mnemonic or semantic association without establishing common origin.",
"zh-Hans": "作者观察“press压力，pression。exercée施加。peur怕……”可作为记忆或语义联想，但不建立共同来源。"
},
"status": "Unestablished",
"confidence": "Low",
"supporting_cases": [
"press",
"pressure",
"pression",
"presser",
"按压"
],
"counterexamples": [
"The strong result is lexical-semantic and within the English/French Latin family; no English/French–Chinese cognacy is proposed.",
"No regular cross-language sound correspondence has been demonstrated."
],
"testability": {
"en": "Test sound similarity and semantic fit separately with blinded ratings, explicit negative controls and historical-source review.",
"zh-Hans": "用盲法评分、明确负对照与独立词源核验分别检验声音相似度和语义适配。"
},
"experiment_link": null,
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW",
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
}
],
"experiments": [],
"related_words": [
{
"word": "pressure",
"language": "English",
"relationship_type": "Etymological derivative",
"family": "Latin premere / pressus",
"relation_to_entry": {
"en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.",
"zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。"
},
"status": "Established",
"source_refs": [
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
},
{
"word": "presser / pression",
"language": "French",
"relationship_type": "Historical cognate/borrowing family",
"family": "Latin pressare / pressio / premere",
"relation_to_entry": {
"en": "Documented historical relation within the stated family.",
"zh-Hans": "在所列词族内有文献支持的历史关系。"
},
"status": "Established",
"source_refs": [
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
},
{
"word": "压 yā",
"language": "Chinese",
"relationship_type": "Strong semantic mapping",
"family": "independent Sinitic history",
"relation_to_entry": {
"en": "Comparison or association only; not a historical derivation.",
"zh-Hans": "仅作比较或联想；不是历史派生关系。"
},
"status": "Interpretive",
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW",
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
},
{
"word": "迫 pò",
"language": "Chinese",
"relationship_type": "Partial semantic association",
"family": "independent Sinitic history",
"relation_to_entry": {
"en": "Comparison or association only; not a historical derivation.",
"zh-Hans": "仅作比较或联想；不是历史派生关系。"
},
"status": "Interpretive",
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW",
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
}
],
"source": {
"type": "author-provided raw research note",
"author": "Jinkai Liu",
"status": "Preserved; claims independently classified above",
"normalization": "Spelling and punctuation normalized only in evaluated fields; raw note retained verbatim here.",
"raw_note": "press压力，pression。exercée施加。peur怕……"
},
"research_candidate_discovery": {
"reviewer": "Codex focused research under conditional user authorization",
"freeze_status": "Ready to migrate with Pending layer",
"primary_pipeline": "Transformation / Structural-Semantic",
"historical_path": "Latin premere / its frequentative pressare → Anglo-French presser → English press. French pression is a related nominal branch, not an obligatory ancestor. The enlistment homograph (press into service) has a separate prest history and is outside this selected lexical identity.",
"stages": [
{
"stage_id": "PRESS-1",
"form": "premere / pressare",
"language": "Latin",
"approximate_period": "Antiquity",
"meaning": "press / squeeze / harass; related base and frequentative",
"source_refs": [
"FS-PRESS",
"FS-PRESSER",
"FS-PRESSION"
],
"boundary": "No one-character-per-stage rule; listed branches/comparisons are not a single chain."
},
{
"stage_id": "PRESS-2",
"form": "presser",
"language": "Old / Anglo-French",
"approximate_period": "Medieval",
"meaning": "press / compress / urge",
"source_refs": [
"FS-PRESS",
"FS-PRESSER",
"FS-PRESSION"
],
"boundary": "No one-character-per-stage rule; listed branches/comparisons are not a single chain."
},
{
"stage_id": "PRESS-3",
"form": "press",
"language": "English",
"approximate_period": "14th century onward for selected verb",
"meaning": "apply force / urge / insist",
"source_refs": [
"FS-PRESS",
"FS-PRESSER",
"FS-PRESSION"
],
"boundary": "No one-character-per-stage rule; listed branches/comparisons are not a single chain."
}
],
"candidates": [
{
"chinese_form": "压",
"reading": "yā",
"chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin, present day; historical attestations not newly dated",
"source_unit": "press",
"meaning": "apply pressure / constrain; not yà in 压根儿",
"semantic_fit": "High within pressure sense",
"phonetic_fit": "Low; no sound-based selection",
"structural_fit": "Sense-specific comparison; not a universal transformation",
"evidence_status": "Mediated online lexical support; mainland print entry Pending",
"source_refs": [
"FS-ZDIC-压",
"FS-PRESS"
],
"consonant_group": "Not applicable: no group-derived evidence score",
"historical_relation": "Not claimed",
"decision": "Retain sense-specific semantic comparison; Not selected Featured"
},
{
"chinese_form": "按",
"reading": "àn",
"chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin, present day; historical attestations not newly dated",
"source_unit": "press",
"meaning": "press with the hand / hold down",
"semantic_fit": "High within contact sense",
"phonetic_fit": "Low; no sound-based selection",
"structural_fit": "Sense-specific comparison; not a universal transformation",
"evidence_status": "Mediated online lexical support; mainland print entry Pending",
"source_refs": [
"FS-ZDIC-按",
"FS-PRESS"
],
"consonant_group": "Not applicable: no group-derived evidence score",
"historical_relation": "Not claimed",
"decision": "Retain sense-specific semantic comparison; Not selected Featured"
},
{
"chinese_form": "逼",
"reading": "bī",
"chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin, present day; historical attestations not newly dated",
"source_unit": "press",
"meaning": "compel / constrain",
"semantic_fit": "High within coercion sense",
"phonetic_fit": "Low; no sound-based selection",
"structural_fit": "Sense-specific comparison; not a universal transformation",
"evidence_status": "Mediated online lexical support; mainland print entry Pending",
"source_refs": [
"FS-ZDIC-逼",
"FS-PRESS"
],
"consonant_group": "Not applicable: no group-derived evidence score",
"historical_relation": "Not claimed",
"decision": "Retain sense-specific semantic comparison; Not selected Featured"
},
{
"chinese_form": "催",
"reading": "cuī",
"chinese_layer": "Modern Mandarin, present day; historical attestations not newly dated",
"source_unit": "press",
"meaning": "urge / hurry",
"semantic_fit": "High within urgency sense",
"phonetic_fit": "Low; no sound-based selection",
"structural_fit": "Sense-specific comparison; not a universal transformation",
"evidence_status": "Mediated online lexical support; mainland print entry Pending",
"source_refs": [
"FS-ZDIC-催",
"FS-PRESS"
],
"consonant_group": "Not applicable: no group-derived evidence score",
"historical_relation": "Not claimed",
"decision": "Retain sense-specific semantic comparison; Not selected Featured"
}
],
"controls": [
"CNRTL records an abstract presser attestation around 1160 and a fruit-compressing use around 1200; those attestations do not support a simple physical-first French chronology.",
"Press the button does not entail fear or urgency.",
"peur/怕 concerns fear, not the lexical meaning or ancestry of press."
],
"rejected": [
"peur / 怕 as the historical basis of press",
"physical → abstract as a demonstrated strict chronology"
],
"pending": [
"Featured Mapping: Pending",
"Mainland large print dictionaries: specific edition/entry/page not directly obtained; Pending",
"Historical Chinese pronunciation and dating: not inferred from modern pinyin"
],
"shortlist": [
"压",
"按",
"逼"
],
"historical_relation": "Not claimed"
},
"phonetic_observation": [
{
"observation_id": "PHON-PRESS-001",
"claim": {
"en": "The Chinese mapping 压 yā is semantically strong but not phonetically close to press/pression; 迫 pò has partial semantic overlap in compulsion, not a demonstrated sound relation.",
"zh-Hans": "汉语“压”yā 与 press／pression 语义对应强，但声音并不近；“迫”pò 在强迫义上部分重合，也没有已证音系关系。"
},
"status": "Candidate",
"limitations": {
"en": "Modern spelling or sound resemblance is not a regular sound correspondence and does not prove cognacy.",
"zh-Hans": "现代拼写或声音近似不是规律音变，也不能证明同源。"
}
}
],
"semantic_structure": {
"concepts": [
"PHYSICAL",
"ABSTRACT"
],
"relation": "压 yā / 逼 bī / 催 cuī compare constraint and urging by sense. Physical Force → Constraint / Urgency is an interpretive transformation, NOT verified chronology or necessary causation.",
"status": "Interpretive"
},
"legacy_migration": {
"version": "final-structural-0.1",
"baseline_commit": "c0cab379544cc6f55db6daecb6e3a694347415e9",
"previous_fields": {
"primary_mapping": {
"mapping_id": "MAP-press-primary",
"source": {
"language": "English",
"word": "press",
"pronunciation": "/pres/"
},
"target": {
"language": "Chinese",
"word": "按压／压",
"pronunciation": "ànyā / yā"
},
"gloss": {
"en": "to exert steady force; pressure or a pressing device",
"zh-Hans": "施加持续的力；压力或施压装置"
},
"meaning": {
"en": "to exert steady force; pressure or a pressing device. This ordinary mapping is independent from the author's cross-language sound/root hypothesis.",
"zh-Hans": "施加持续的力；压力或施压装置。普通词义 Mapping 与作者跨语言声音／词根假说独立。"
},
"mapping_type": "Standard lexical/semantic mapping with separately graded research hypothesis",
"rationale": {
"en": "The primary mapping follows ordinary meaning; historical and phonetic claims are evaluated on separate tracks.",
"zh-Hans": "主要 Mapping 依据普通词义；历史关系与语音主张在独立轨道评价。"
}
},
"evidence": {
"Historical": {
"status": "Established",
"confidence": "High",
"summary": {
"en": "English press comes through Anglo-French presser from Latin pressare, an intensive/frequentative of premere ‘press’. French presser follows the same Latin path; pression is from Latin pressio/pressum, likewise from premere. This is a genuine historical family.",
"zh-Hans": "英语 press 经盎格鲁法语 presser 来自拉丁语 pressare（premere“压”的加强／反复形式）；法语 presser 同源，pression 来自拉丁语 pressio／pressum，也基于 premere。这是真实历史词族。"
},
"items": [
{
"evidence_id": "HIST-PRESS-001",
"claim": {
"en": "English press comes through Anglo-French presser from Latin pressare, an intensive/frequentative of premere ‘press’. French presser follows the same Latin path; pression is from Latin pressio/pressum, likewise from premere. This is a genuine historical family.",
"zh-Hans": "英语 press 经盎格鲁法语 presser 来自拉丁语 pressare（premere“压”的加强／反复形式）；法语 presser 同源，pression 来自拉丁语 pressio／pressum，也基于 premere。这是真实历史词族。"
},
"status": "Established",
"confidence": "High",
"source_refs": [
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "HIST-PRESS-CORRECTION-002",
"claim": {
"en": "The strong result is lexical-semantic and within the English/French Latin family; no English/French–Chinese cognacy is proposed.",
"zh-Hans": "强结论是词义对应及英法内部的拉丁词族关系；不提出英法词与汉语同源。"
},
"status": "Established",
"confidence": "High",
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW",
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
}
],
"source_refs": [
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
},
"Phonetic-Semantic": {
"status": "Interpretive",
"confidence": "Low",
"summary": {
"en": "The Chinese mapping 压 yā is semantically strong but not phonetically close to press/pression; 迫 pò has partial semantic overlap in compulsion, not a demonstrated sound relation.",
"zh-Hans": "汉语“压”yā 与 press／pression 语义对应强，但声音并不近；“迫”pò 在强迫义上部分重合，也没有已证音系关系。"
},
"items": [
{
"evidence_id": "PHONSEM-PRESS-001",
"claim": {
"en": "The Chinese mapping 压 yā is semantically strong but not phonetically close to press/pression; 迫 pò has partial semantic overlap in compulsion, not a demonstrated sound relation.",
"zh-Hans": "汉语“压”yā 与 press／pression 语义对应强，但声音并不近；“迫”pò 在强迫义上部分重合，也没有已证音系关系。"
},
"status": "Interpretive",
"confidence": "Low",
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW",
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
}
],
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW",
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
},
"Cognitive": {
"status": "Interpretive",
"confidence": "Medium",
"summary": {
"en": "FORCE → CONTACT → COMPRESSION → PRESSURE is a stable comparable semantic structure.",
"zh-Hans": "FORCE → CONTACT → COMPRESSION → PRESSURE 是稳定的可比较语义结构。"
},
"items": [
{
"evidence_id": "COG-PRESS-001",
"claim": {
"en": "FORCE → CONTACT → COMPRESSION → PRESSURE is a stable comparable semantic structure.",
"zh-Hans": "FORCE → CONTACT → COMPRESSION → PRESSURE 是稳定的可比较语义结构。"
},
"status": "Interpretive",
"confidence": "Medium",
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW"
]
}
],
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW"
]
},
"Speculative": {
"status": "Unestablished",
"confidence": "Low",
"summary": {
"en": "The strong result is lexical-semantic and within the English/French Latin family; no English/French–Chinese cognacy is proposed.",
"zh-Hans": "强结论是词义对应及英法内部的拉丁词族关系；不提出英法词与汉语同源。"
},
"items": [
{
"evidence_id": "SPEC-PRESS-001",
"claim": {
"en": "The strong result is lexical-semantic and within the English/French Latin family; no English/French–Chinese cognacy is proposed.",
"zh-Hans": "强结论是词义对应及英法内部的拉丁词族关系；不提出英法词与汉语同源。"
},
"status": "Unestablished",
"confidence": "High",
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW",
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
}
],
"source_refs": [
"REF-JL-PRESS-RAW",
"REF-MW-PRESS",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"REF-CNRTL-PRESSER"
]
}
},
"semantic_structure": {
"concepts": [
"PRESS",
"PRESSURE",
"FORCE",
"COMPRESSION"
],
"relation": "PRESS → PRESSURE → FORCE → COMPRESSION",
"status": "Interpretive"
},
"semantic_associations": [
{
"association_id": "ASSOC-PRESS-001",
"relation": "PRESS → PRESSURE → FORCE → COMPRESSION",
"status": "Interpretive",
"is_etymological": false
}
],
"references": [
{
"reference_id": "REF-JL-PRESS-RAW",
"title": "Jinkai Liu: press source/raw research note",
"type": "author research note",
"url": null,
"path": null,
"provenance": "author-provided in conversation; preserved independently from evaluation"
},
{
"reference_id": "REF-MW-PRESS",
"title": "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: press",
"type": "dictionary",
"url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/press",
"path": null,
"provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01"
},
{
"reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-PRESSION",
"title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de pression",
"type": "historical dictionary",
"url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/pression",
"path": null,
"provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01"
},
{
"reference_id": "REF-CNRTL-PRESSER",
"title": "CNRTL/TLFi: étymologie de presser",
"type": "historical dictionary",
"url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/presser",
"path": null,
"provenance": "external lexicographic reference; accessed 2026-09-01"
}
],
"editorial_notes": [
{
"en": "Batch disposition: Reviewed. Priority score 86.4/100 is editorial triage, not a scientific measurement.",
"zh-Hans": "批次归类：Reviewed。优先分 86.4/100 仅用于编辑分流，不是科学测量。"
},
{
"en": "The strong result is lexical-semantic and within the English/French Latin family; no English/French–Chinese cognacy is proposed.",
"zh-Hans": "强结论是词义对应及英法内部的拉丁词族关系；不提出英法词与汉语同源。"
}
],
"search_terms": [
"press",
"pressure",
"pression",
"presser",
"按压",
"压",
"压力",
"迫",
"施加",
"force",
"compression"
],
"page": null
},
"previously_absent_fields": [
"standard_translation",
"featured_mapping_status",
"research_candidate_discovery"
]
}
}⑥ Mapping Justification（映射论证）
Meaning and structural fit are independent of phonetic resemblance. No Featured winner is selected. Mainland print evidence remains Pending.
CNRTL records an abstract presser attestation around 1160 and a fruit-compressing use around 1200; those attestations do not support a simple physical-first French chronology.
Full record / reversible provenance · Focused review and freeze
⑦ Protocol References（协议依据）
Mapping Framework · Sound Protocol. Protocol relation ≠ lexical etymology.
⑧ Translation Protocol（UTP）
Translate the selected sense first: 按 / 压；催促 / 逼迫（依语境）；本条聚焦施力动词. A literary or structural comparison never replaces the ordinary meaning automatically.
⑨ Examples（例句）
Press the button.
按下按钮。
Editorial illustration, not an early attestation.
⑩ Community（社区共创）
Contribute precise dictionary entries, independent evidence or counterexamples. Pending is a valid research result.